Though the vast majority of work on Hobbes looks at his political philosophy, there are general books on Hobbes that look at his non-political philosophy, such as Sorell 1986 and Martinich 2005. The best modern biography is Martinich 1999.

References to The Elements of Law, Leviathan, and De Corpore are by chapter and paragraph number. This should enable readers to find references in editions other than the ones used here (even though most editions of Leviathan do not print paragraph numbers). All other references are given by volume and page number. Most works are referred to using their author’s name and their date of first publication. A few others — Hobbes’s Elements of Law and Behemoth, Aubrey’s Brief Lives, and some works of Leibniz — are referred to using their dates of composition, because they were published several years after they were written.

Primary Literature

• Aubrey, J., 1696, Brief Lives, in A. Clark (ed.), ‘Brief Lives’, Chiefly of Contemporaries, set down by John Aubrey, between the years 1669 & 1696, Oxford: Clarendon, 1898. (Scholar)
• Descartes, R., 1641a, Meditations on First Philosophy, in J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff, and D. Murdoch (eds.), The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, vol. 2. (Scholar)
• Descartes, R., 1641b, Letter to Marin Mersenne for Hobbes, in N. Malcolm (ed.), The Correspondence of Thomas Hobbes, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, 94–101 (Scholar)
• Descartes, R., 1643, Letter to Father ****, in J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff, and D. Murdoch (eds.), The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, 3.230–1 (Scholar)
• Hobbes, T., 1640, The Elements of Law, in J.C.A. Gaskin (ed.) The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. (Scholar)
• Hobbes, T., 1651, Leviathan, in E. Curley (ed.), Leviathan, with selected variants from the Latin edition of 1668, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1994. (Scholar)
• Hobbes, T., 1655, De Corpore, chapters 1–6, in A.P. Martinich (trans.), Part I of De Corpore, New York: Abaris Books, 1981. (Scholar)
• Hobbes, T., 1662, An Answer to Bishop Bramhall’s Book, called “The Catching of the Leviathan”, in W. Molesworth (ed.), The English Works of Thomas Hobbes, London: John Bohn, 1839–40, 4.279–384. (Scholar)
• Hobbes, T., 1668a, Behemoth; or, The Long Parliament, in F. Tönnies (ed.), Behemoth; or, The Long Parliament, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990 (Scholar)
• Hobbes, T., 1668b, Leviathan (Latin edition), in E. Curley (ed.), Leviathan, with selected variants from the Latin edition of 1668, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1994. (Scholar)
• Leibniz, G.W., 1666, “Of the Art of Combination”, in G.H.R. Parkinson (ed.), Leibniz: Logical Papers, Oxford: Clarendon, 1966, 1–11. (Scholar)
• Leibniz, G.W., 1670, “Preface to an Edition of Nizolius”, in L.E. Loemker (ed.), Philosophical Papers and Letters, second edition, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1969, 121–30. (Scholar)
• Leibniz, G.W., 1679, “Samples of the Numerical Characteristic”, in R. Ariew and D. Garber (ed.), Philosophical Essays, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1989, 10–8. (Scholar)
• More, H., 1659, The Immortality of the Soul, London. (Scholar)

Secondary Literature

• Abizadeh, A., 2015, “The Absence of Reference in Hobbes’ Philosophy of Language”, Philosophers’ Imprint, 15(22): 1–17. (Scholar)
• Adams, M.P., 2019, “Hobbes’s Laws of Nature in Leviathan as a Synthetic Demonstration: Thought Experiments and Knowing the Causes”, Philosophers’ Imprint, 19(5): 1–23. (Scholar)
• Bernstein, H., 1980, “Conatus, Hobbes, and the Young Leibniz”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 11: 25–37. (Scholar)
• Bolton, M.B., 1977, “Leibniz and Hobbes on Arbitrary Truth”, Philosophy Research Archives, 3: 242–73. (Scholar)
• Curley, E., 1992, “‘I durst not write so boldly’ or, How to Read Hobbes’s Theological-Political Treatise”, in D. Bostrenghi (ed.), Hobbes e Spinoza, scienza e politica, Naples: Bibliopolis, pp. 497–593 [Preprint available from the author].
• Curley, E., 1995, “Hobbes versus Descartes”, in Roger Ariew and Marjorie Grene (ed.), Descartes and his Contemporaries, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 97–109. (Scholar)
• Darwall, S., 1994, review of Lloyd 1992 and Martinich 1992, Philosophical Review, 103: 748–752. (Scholar)
• Duncan, S., 2005, “Hobbes’s Materialism in the Early 1640s”, British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 13: 437–48 [Preprint available from the author]. (Scholar)
• Duncan, S., 2011, “Hobbes, Signification, and Insignificant Names”, Hobbes Studies, 24: 158–78 [Preprint available from the author]. (Scholar)
• Fodor, J.A., 1994, The Elm and the Expert, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (Scholar)
• Goldie, M., 1994, “The Reception of Hobbes”, in J.H. Burns and M. Goldie (ed.), The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450–1700, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 589–615. (Scholar)
• Gorham, G., 2013, “The Theological Foundations of Hobbesian Physics: A Defense of Corporeal God,” British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 21: 240–61. (Scholar)
• Hattab, H., 2014, “Hobbes’s and Zabarella’s Methods: A Missing Link”, Journal of the History of Philosophy, 52: 461–85. (Scholar)
• Haugeland, J., 1985, Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (Scholar)
• Hungerland, I.C., and G.R. Vick, 1981, “Hobbes’s Theory of Language, Speech, and Reasoning”, in T. Hobbes, Part I of De Corpore, New York: Abaris Books, pp. 7–169. (Scholar)
• Jackson, Nicholas D., 2007, Hobbes, Bramhall, and the Politics of Liberty and Necessity: A Quarrel of the Civil Wars and Interregnum, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Jesseph, D., 1998, “Leibniz on the Foundations of the Calculus: The Question of the Reality of Infinitesimal Magnitudes”, Perspectives on Science, 6: 6–40. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999, Squaring the Circle, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2002, “Hobbes’s Atheism”, Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 26: 140–66. (Scholar)
• Leijenhorst, C., 2002, The Mechanisation of Aristotelianism: The Late Aristotelian Setting of Thomas Hobbes’ Natural Philosophy, Leiden: Brill. (Scholar)
• Lloyd, S.A., 1992, Ideals as Interests in Hobbes’s Leviathan: The Power of Mind over Matter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Malcolm, N., 2002, “Hobbes and the European Republic of Letters”, in N. Malcolm, Aspects of Hobbes, Oxford: Clarendon, pp. 457–545. (Scholar)
• Martinich, A.P., 1992, Two Gods of Leviathan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999, Hobbes: A Biography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2005, Hobbes, New York: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Mintz, S. I., 1962, The Hunting of Leviathan, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Moll, K., 1996, Der junge Leibniz III, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Fromann-Holzboog. (Scholar)
• Nidditch, P.H., 1975, “Foreword”, in J. Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975, pp. vii–xxvi. (Scholar)
• Pécharman, M., 2004, “Sémantique et doctrine de la proposition: Hobbes inconciliable avec la tradition terministe?”, in R.L. Friedman and S. Ebbesen (ed.), John Buridan and Beyond: Topics in the Language Sciences, 1300–1700, Copenhagen: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, pp. 203–36. (Scholar)
• Pettit, P., 2008, Made with Words: Hobbes on Language, Mind, and Politics, Princeton: Princeton University Press (Scholar)
• Rogers, G. A. J., 1988, “Hobbes’s Hidden Influence”, in G.A.J. Rogers and A. Ryan, (ed.), Perspectives on Thomas Hobbes, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 189–205. (Scholar)
• Russell, P., 1985, “Hume’s Treatise and Hobbes’s The Elements of Law”, Journal of the History of Ideas, 46: 51–64. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008, The Riddle of Hume’s Treatise: Skepticism, Naturalism, and Irreligion, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Shapin, S. and S. Schaffer, 1989, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life, Princeton: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)
• Sorell, T., 1986, Hobbes, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London. (Scholar)
• –––, 1995, “Hobbes’s Objections and Hobbes’s System”, in Roger Ariew and Marjorie Grene (ed.), Descartes and his Contemporaries, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 83–96. (Scholar)
• Springborg, P., 2012, “Hobbes’s Challenge to Descartes, Bramhall and Boyle: A Corporeal God”, British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 20: 903–34. (Scholar)
• Talaska, R.A., 1988, “Analytic and Synthetic Method according to Hobbes”, Journal of the History of Philosophy, 26: 207–37. (Scholar)
• Wallace, W.A., 1984, Galileo and his Sources: The Heritage of the Collegio Romano in Galileo’s Science, Princeton: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)
• Warrender, H., 1957, The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: His Theory of Obligation, Oxford: Clarendon. (Scholar)
• Watkins, J.W.N., 1973, Hobbes’s System of Ideas, London: Hutchison University Library. (Scholar)
• Wilson, C., 1997, “Motion, Sensation, and the Infinite: the Lasting Influence of Hobbes on Leibniz,” British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 5: 339–351. (Scholar)