From PhilPapers forum Metaphysics:

2009-09-28
Two-Dimensional Semantics
Reply to Robin Robin
That sounds right. Maybe the the scientists are wrong. Water isn't H2O, its actually some other substance (lets abbreviate its chemical make up as "XYZ"). Under such a supposition, any substance that is not XYZ does not count as water -- this includes very watery collections of H2O. A moral here is this: in order to make counterfactual assessments one must make antecedent assumptions about actuality. For a discussion of cases like this and the even trickier case of Dry Earth see Korman(2006).