Linked bibliography for the SEP article "Affirmative Action" by Robert Fullinwider
This is an automatically generated and experimental page
If everything goes well, this page should display the bibliography of the aforementioned article as it appears in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, but with links added to PhilPapers records and Google Scholar for your convenience. Some bibliographies are not going to be represented correctly or fully up to date. In general, bibliographies of recent works are going to be much better linked than bibliographies of primary literature and older works. Entries with PhilPapers records have links on their titles. A green link indicates that the item is available online at least partially.
This experiment has been authorized by the editors of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The original article and bibliography can be found here.
- 65 Leading American Businesses, 2003: Brief Supporting Respondents
in Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244:
1–11.[available online] (Scholar)
- 823 Social Scientists, 2015: Brief Supporting Respondents in
Fisher v. University of Texas, 136 S. Ct. 2198 (2016):
1–42.[available online] (Scholar)
- Adams, Matthew, 2021, “Nonideal Justice, Fairness, and Affirmative Action,” Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy, 20 (November): 310–341. (Scholar)
- Allen, Anita L., 1990–1991, “On Being a Role
Model,” Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law and Justice
(formerly Berkeley Women’s Law Journal), 6:
22–42. (Scholar)
- –––, 2011, “Was I Entitled or Should I Apologize? Affirmative Action Going Forward,” Journal of Ethics, 15 (September): 253–263. (Scholar)
- Alon, Sigal, 2015, Race, Class, and Affirmative Action,
New York: Russell Sage Foundation. (Scholar)
- ––– and Marta Tienda, 2005, “Assessing the
Mismatch Hypothesis: Differences in College Graduation Rates by
Institutional Selectivity,” Sociology of Education, 78
(October): 294–315. (Scholar)
- American Council on Education and 37 Other Higher Education
Organizations, 2015: Brief Supporting Respondents in Fisher v.
University of Texas, 136 S. Ct.2198 (2016):
1–23.[available online] (Scholar)
- American Educational Research Association et. al., 2013: Brief
Supporting Respondents in Fisher v. University of Texas, 570
U.S. 297:
1–37.[available online] (Scholar)
- American Psychological Association, 2015: Brief Supporting
Respondents in Fisher v. University of Texas, 136 S. Ct. 2198
(2016):1–37.[available online] (Scholar)
- Anderson, Elizabeth S., 2002, “Integration, Affirmative
Action, and Strict Scrutiny,” New York University Law
Review, 77 (November): 1195–1271. (Scholar)
- –––, 2004, “Racial Integration as a Compelling Interest,” Constitutional Commentary, 21 (Spring): 15–40. (Scholar)
- –––, 2010, The Imperative of Integration, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)
- –––, 2011, “Affirmative Action Is About
Helping Us All,” Chronicle of Higher Education, 57
(38): 811–813. (Scholar)
- Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 2000, “Stereotypes and the Shaping of
Identity,” California Law Review, 88: 41–54. (Scholar)
- –––, 2011, “Group Rights and Racial Affirmative Action,” Journal of Ethics, 15 (September): 265–280. (Scholar)
- ––– and Amy Gutmann, 1996, Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)
- Arcidiacono, Peter et al., 2011a, “Representation
versus Assimilation: How Do Preferences in College Admissions Affect
Social Interaction?” Journal of Public Economics, 95
(February): 1–15. (Scholar)
- –––, 2011b, “Does Affirmative Action Lead
to Mismatch? A New Test and Evidence,” Quantitative
Economics, 2 (November): 303–333. (Scholar)
- –––, 2012, “What Happens After Enrollment?
An Analysis of the Time Path of Racial Differences in GPA and Major
Choice,” IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 1
(October). (Scholar)
- –––, 2014, “Affirmative Action and
University Fit: Evidence from Prop 209,” IZA Journal of
Labor Economics, 3: 1–29. (Scholar)
- ––– and Jacob L. Vigdor, 2010, “Does the
River Spill Over? Estimating the Economic Returns to Attending a
Racial Diverse College,” Economic Inquiry, 48 (3):
537–557. (Scholar)
- ––– and Cory Koedel, 2014, “Race and
College Success: Evidence from Missouri,” American Economic
Journal:Applied Economics, 6 (3): 20–57. (Scholar)
- ––– and Michael Lovenheim, 2015,
“Affirmative Action and Quality–Fit Tradeoff,”
National Bureau of Economic Research: Working Paper No. 20–962:
1–84. (Scholar)
- Arnold, N. Scott, 1998, “Affirmative Action and the Demands of Justice,” Social Philosophy and Policy, 15 (Summer): 133–175. (Scholar)
- Astin, Alexander W. and Dongbin Kim, 2004, “Cross-Racial
Interaction Among Undergraduates: Some Consequences, Causes, and
Patterns,” Research in Higher Education, 45 (August):
529–554. (Scholar)
- Ayers, Ian and Richard Brooks, 2005, “Does Affirmative
Action Reduce the Number of Black Lawyers?” Stanford Law
Review, 57 (May): 1807–1854. (Scholar)
- Barnes, Katherine Y., 2007, “Is Affirmative Action
Responsible for the Achievement Gap Between Black and White Law
Students?” Northwestern University Law Review, 101
(Fall): 1759–1808. (Scholar)
- –––, 2011, “Is Affirmative Action
Responsible for the Achievement Gap Between Black and White Law
Students? A Correction, a Lesson and an Update,”
Northwestern University Law Review, 101 (Spring):
791–812. (Scholar)
- Beauchamp, Tom L., 1998, “In Defense of Affirmative Action,” Journal of Ethics, 2: 143–158. (Scholar)
- Beckwith, Francis J., 1999, “The ‘No One Deserves His
or Her Talents’ Argument for Affirmative Action: A Critical
Analysis,” Social Theory and Practice, 25 (Spring):
53–60. (Scholar)
- ––– and Todd E. Jones (eds.), 1997,
Affirmative Action: Social Justice or Reverse Discrimination?
Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. (Scholar)
- Bell, Derrick, 2003, “Diversity’s Distractions,”
Columbia Law Review, 103 (October): 1622–1633. (Scholar)
- Bergmann, Barbara R., 1996, In Defense of Affirmative
Action. New York: Basic Books. (Scholar)
- Berrey, E., 2015, The Enigma of Diversity: The Language of
Race and the Limits of Racial Justice, Chicago: University of
Chicago Press. (Scholar)
- Black, Virginia, 1974, “The Erosion of Legal Principles in the Creation of Legal Policies,” Ethics, 84 (January): 93–115. (Scholar)
- Bleemer, Zachary, 2023, “Affirmative Action and Its
Race-Neutral Alternatives,” Journal of Public
Economics, 220: 1–16. (Scholar)
- Blum, Lawrence, 2015, “Race and Class Categories and
Subcategories in Educational Thought and Research,” Theory
and Research in Education, 13: 87–104. (Scholar)
- Boddie, Elise C., 2016, “The Constitutionality of Racially
Integrative Purpose,” Cardozo Law Review, 38:
531–550. (Scholar)
- Boonin, David, 2011, Should Race Matter? Unusual Answers to the Usual Questions, New York: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
- Borter, Gabriella, 2023, “Most Americans Think College
Admissions Should Not Consider Race,” Reuters/Isos Poll,
February
15.[available online] (Scholar)
- Boudreaux, Paul, 2004, “Diversity and Democracy,”
University of Cincinnati Law Review, 72: 961–976. (Scholar)
- Bovens, Luc, 2016, “Selection Under Uncertainty: Affirmative Action at Shortlisting Stage,” Mind, 125: 421–437. (Scholar)
- Bowen, Dierdre M., 2010, “Brilliant Disguise: An Empirical
Study of a Social Experiment Banning Affirmative Action,”
Indiana Law Journal, 85 (Fall): 1197–1254. (Scholar)
- Bowen, William G. and Derek Bok, 1998. The Shape of the River:
Long-Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University
Admissions, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University
Press (Scholar)
- –––, Matthew M. Chingos, and Michael S.
McPherson, 2009, Crossing the Finish Line: Completing College at
America’s Public Universities, Princeton: Princeton
University Press. (Scholar)
- Boxill, Bernard, 1972, “The Morality of Reparation,” Social Theory and Practice, 2 (Spring): 113–123. (Scholar)
- –––, 1978, “The Morality of Preferential Hiring,” Philosophy & Public Affairs, 7 (Spring): 246–268. (Scholar)
- –––, 1984, Blacks and Social Justice, Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Allanheld; revised edition, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1992. (Scholar)
- –––, 2010, “Discrimination, Affirmative Action, and Diversity in Business,” in George G. Brenkert and Tom L. Beauchamp (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Business Ethics,Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.535–562. (Scholar)
- ––– and Jan Boxill, 2003, “Affirmative Action” in R. G. Frey (ed), A Companion to Applied Ethics, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 118–127. (Scholar)
- Boylan, Michael, 2002, “Affirmative Action: Strategies for the Future,” Journal of Social Philosophy, 33 (Spring): 117–130. (Scholar)
- Bridges, Khiara M., 2017, “The Deserving Poor, the
Undeserving Poor, and Class-Based Affirmative Action,” Emory
Law Journal, 66: 1049–1114. (Scholar)
- Brown, Kevin, 2010, “Perspective and Point of View on
Affirmative Action,” Indiana Law Journal, 85 (Fall):
1301–1313. (Scholar)
- ––– and Jeannine Bell, 2008, “Demise of
the Talented Tenth: Affirmative Action and the Increasing
Underrepresentation of Ascendant Blacks at Selective Higher
Educational Institutions,” Ohio State Law Journal, 69:
1229–1284. (Scholar)
- Burns, Prue and Jan Schapper, 2008, “The Ethical Case for Affirmative Action,” Journal of Business Ethics, 83 (December): 369–379. (Scholar)
- Cahn, Steven M. (ed.), 1993, Affirmative Action and the University: A Philosophical Inquiry, Philadelphia: Temple University Press. (Scholar)
- ––– (ed.), 1995, The Affirmative Action Debate, New York: Routledge. [Contains main articles from the 1970s.] (Scholar)
- Camilli, Gregory and Kevin G. Welner, 2011, “Is There a
Mismatch Effect in Law School, Why Might It Arise, and What Would It
Mean?” Journal of College and University Law, 37:
491–527. (Scholar)
- ––– and Darrel D. Jackson, 2011, “The
Mismatch Hypothesis in Law School Admissions,” Widener
Journal of Law, Economics, and Race, 2: 165–209. (Scholar)
- Campbell, Colin and Dale Smith, 2017, “Deliberative Freedoms
and the Asymmetric Features of Anti-Discrimination Law,”
University of Toronto Law Journal, 67: 247–287. (Scholar)
- Capaldi, Nicholas, 1985, Out of Order: Affirmative Action and
the Crisis of Doctrinaire Liberalism, Buffalo, New York:
Prometheus Books. (Scholar)
- –––, 1998, “The Liberal Paradigm in
Affirmative Action Law,” Loyola Law Review, 43
(Winter): 525–568. (Scholar)
- Card, Robert F., 2005, “Making Sense of the Diversity–Based Legal Argument for Affirmative Action,” Public Affairs Quarterly, 19 (January): 11–24. (Scholar)
- Carleton, Francis and Jennifer Nutt Carleton, 1998, “An
Ethic of Care Applied: A Critical Analysis of Affirmative Action
Jurisprudence,” Temple Political & Civil Rights Law
Review, 8: 87–111. (Scholar)
- Carnevale, Anthony P. and Stephen J. Rose, 2003, Socioeconomic
Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Selective College Admissions, New
York: The Century Foundation. (Scholar)
- Carter, Stephen L., 1991, Reflections of an Affirmative Action
Baby, New York: Basic Books. (Scholar)
- Chambers, David L., Timothy T. Clydesdale, William Kidder, and
Richard O. Lempert, 2005, “The Real Impact of Eliminating
Affirmative Action in American Law Schools: An Empirical Critique of
Richard Sander’s Study,” Stanford Law Review, 57
(May): 1855–1898. (Scholar)
- Chang, Mitchell J. et al. (eds.), 2003, Compelling
Interest: Examining the Evidence on Racial Dynamics in Colleges and
Universities, Stanford, California: Stanford University
Press. (Scholar)
- Clarke, Simon, 2006, “The Case for Affirmative Action,” The Philosopher’s Magazine, Issue 33 (First Quarter): 73–77. (Scholar)
- Cohen, Carl, 1995, Naked Racial Preference, Lanham,
Maryland: Madison Books. (Scholar)
- –––, 1998, “The Corruption That is Group
Preference,” Academic Questions, 11 (Summer):
14–22. (Scholar)
- –––, 2007, “The Michigan Civil Rights
Initiative and the Civil Rights Act of 1964,” Michigan Law
Review First Impressions, 105: 117–122. (Scholar)
- ––– and James Sterba, 2003. Affirmative Action and Racial Preferences: A Debate, New York: Oxford University Press. Reviewed by:
- Beauchamp, T. L., 2006, “Affirmative Action and Racial Preference: A Debate,” Mind, 115 (July): 747–750. (Scholar)
- Ball, Stephen W., 2005, “Affirmative Action and Racial
Preference: A Debate,” Ethics, 116 (October):
226–228. (Scholar)
- Kershnar, Stephen, 2004, “Review of Carl Cohen, James Sterba, Affirmative Action and Racial Preference,” Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, July 6. [available online] (Scholar)
- –––, 2011, “Review: The Next Twenty Five
Years: Affirmative Action in Higher Education in the United States and
South Africa,” Academic Questions, 24 (March):
31–33. (Scholar)
- Cohen, Marshall et al. (eds.), 1977, Equality and
Preferential Treatment, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
[Contains the early articles in Philosophy & Public
Affairs.] (Scholar)
- Cokorinos, Lee, 2003, The Assault on Diversity:An Organized
Challenge to Racial and Gender Justice, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman
& Littlefield. (Scholar)
- Consolidated Brief of Lt. General Julius W. Becton, Jr., et al.,
2003, in Grutter v. Bollinger, S. Ct. Nos. 02-241 &
02-516, pp. 1–30. (Scholar)
- Corlett, J. Angelo, 1993, “Racism and Affirmative Action,” Journal of Social Philosophy, 24 (Spring): 163–175. (Scholar)
- –––, 2003, Race, Racism, and Reparations, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. (Scholar)
- Cowan, J. L., 1972, “Inverse Discrimination,” Analysis, 33 (October): 10–12. (Scholar)
- Cox, Archibald, 1976, The Role of the Supreme Court in
American Government, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
- Crosby, Faye L., 2004, Affirmative Action Is Dead: Long Live
Affirmative Action, New Haven: Yale University Press. (Scholar)
- Crenshaw, Kimberle W., 2007, “Framing Affirmative
Action,” Michigan Law Review First Impressions, 105:
123–133. (Scholar)
- Curry, George E. (ed.), 1996, The Affirmative Action
Debate, Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company. (Scholar)
- Darby, Derrick, 2009, “Educational Inequality and the Science of Diversity in Grutter: A Lesson for the Reparations Debate in the Age of Obama,” Kansas Law Review, 57: 755–793. (Scholar)
- Davis, Michael, 1981. “Racial Quotas, Weights, and Real Possibilities,” Social Theory and Practice, 7 (Spring): 49–84. (Scholar)
- Dale, Stacy Berg and Alan B. Krueger, 2002, “Estimating the
Payoff to Attending a More Selective College: An Application of
Selection on Observables and Nonobservables,” Quarterly
Journal of Economics, 117 (November): 1491–1527. (Scholar)
- –––, 2014, “Estimating the Effects of
College Characteristics over the Career Using Administrative Earnings
Data,” Journal of Human Resources, 49:
323–358. (Scholar)
- Delgado, Richard, 2007, “Rodrigo’s Riposte: The
Mismatch Theory of Law School Admissions,” Syracuse Law
Review, 57 (3): 637–656. (Scholar)
- DeVille, Kenneth and Loretta M. Kopelman, 2003, “Diversity, Trust, and Patient Care: Affirmative Action in Medical Education 25 Years after Bakke,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 28 (August): 489–516. (Scholar)
- Dhingra, Neil and Campbell Scribner, 2021, “An Aristotelian
Defence of Affirmative Action: Alasdair MacIntyre, Sandra Day
O’Connor, and Grutter v. Bollinger,” Journal
of Philosophy of Education, 55 (1): 83–98. (Scholar)
- Dieterle, J. M., 2005, “Affirmative Action and Desert,” Public Affairs Quarterly, 19: 81–94. (Scholar)
- Dixon, Jeffrey C. and Michael S. Rosenbaum, 2004, “Nice to
Know You? Testing Contact, Cultural, and Group Threat Theories of
Anti-Black and Anti-Hispanic Stereotypes,” Social Science
Quarterly, 85 (June): 257–284 (Scholar)
- Dombrowski, Daniel, 2002, “Moral Individualism and Affirmative Action,” Professional Ethics, 10 (1): 39–60. (Scholar)
- Dreyfuss, Joel and Charles Lawrence III, 1979, The Bakke Case:
The Politics of Inequality, New York: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich. (Scholar)
- Durlauf, Steven N., 2008, “Affirmative Action, Meritocracy, and Efficiency,” Politics, Philosophy and Economics, 7 (May): 131–158. (Scholar)
- Dworkin, Ronald, 1977, Taking Rights Seriously, Cambridge,
Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (Chapter 9, “Reverse
Discrimination,” 223–239). (Scholar)
- –––, 1985, A Matter of Principle,
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (Chapter 14,
“Bakke’s Case: Are Quotas Unfair?” 293–303;
Chapter 15, “What Did Bakke.Really Decide?”
304–315). (Scholar)
- –––, 1998, “Is Affirmative Action
Doomed?” New York Review of Books, 45 (November 5):
56–60. (Scholar)
- –––, 2000, Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (Chapter 11, “Affirmative Action: Does It Work?” pp. 386–408; Chapter 12, “Affirmative Action: Is It Fair?” pp. 409–426). (Scholar)
- –––, 2003, “The Court and the
University,” New York Review of Books, May 15. (Scholar)
- –––, 2012, “The Case Against Color-Blind
Admissions,” New York Review of Books, May 15. (Scholar)
- Edwards, John, 1995, When Race Counts: The Morality of Racial
Preference in Britain and America, London: Routledge. (Scholar)
- Eastland, Terry, 1996, Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for
Colorblind Justice, New York: Basic Books. (Scholar)
- ––– and William J. Bennett, 1979, Counting
By Race: Equality from the Founding Fathers to Bakke and Weber,
New York: Basic Books. (Scholar)
- Edley, Christopher, Jr., 1996, Not All Black and White:
Affirmative Action and American Values, New York: Hill and
Wang. (Scholar)
- Elliott, Rogers et al., 1996, “The Role of Ethnicity in
Choosing and Leaving Science in Highly Selective Institutions,”
Research in Higher Education, 37 (December):
681–709. (Scholar)
- Epstein, Richard A., 2002, “A Rational Basis for Affirmative
Action: A Shaky but Classical Liberal Defense,” Michigan Law
Review, 100 (August): 2036–2061. (Scholar)
- Erler, Edward J., 1997, “The Future of Civil Rights: Affirmative Action Redivivus,” Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics and Public Policy, 11: 15–65. (Scholar)
- Espinshade, Thomas et al., 2004, “Admission
Preferences for Minority Students, Athletes, and Legacies at Elite
Universities,” Social Science Quarterly, 85:
1422–1446. (Scholar)
- Estlund, Cynthia L., 2000, “Working Together: The Workplace,
Civil Society, and the Law,” Georgetown Law Journal,
89: 79–85. (Scholar)
- Executive Order 11246, 1965, September 24.
- Ezorsky, Gertrude, 1991, Racism and Justice: The Case for
Affirmative Action, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University
Press. (Scholar)
- –––, 1977, “Hiring Women Faculty,” Philosophy & Public Affairs, 7 (Autumn): 82–91. (Scholar)
- Feinberg, Walter, 1998, On Higher Ground: Education and the
Case for Affirmative Action, New York: Teachers College
Press. (Scholar)
- –––, 2003, “Affirmative Action,” in Hugh LaFollette (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Practical Ethics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 272–299. (Scholar)
- Fischer, Mary J. and Douglas S. Massey, 2007, “The Effects
of Affirmative Action in Higher Education,” Social Science
Research, 36: 531–549. (Scholar)
- Fiscus, Ronald J., 1992, The Constitutional Logic of Affirmative Action, Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. (Scholar)
- Fishkin, James S., “Liberty Versus Equal Opportunity,” Social Philosophy & Policy, 5: 32–48. (Scholar)
- Fiss, Owen, 1976, “Groups and the Equal Protection Clause,” Philosophy & Public Affairs, 5 (Winter): 107–177. (Scholar)
- Forde-Mazrui, Kim, 2004, “Taking Conservatives Seriously: A
Moral Justification for Affirmative Action and Reparations,”
California Law Review, 92 (May): 683–753. (Scholar)
- Fortune 100 and Other Leading American Businesses, 2013: Brief
Supporting Respondents in Fisher v. University of Texas,570
U.S.
297: 1–19.[available online] (Scholar)
- Fullinwider, Robert K., 1975, “Preferential Hiring and Compensation,” Social Theory and Practice, (Spring): 307–320. (Scholar)
- –––, 1980, The Reverse Discrimination Controversy: A Moral and Legal Analysis, Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield. (Scholar)
- –––, 1986a, “Reverse Discrimination and Equal Opportunity,” in Joseph P. DeMarco and Richard M. Fox (eds), New Directions in Ethics: The Challenge of Applied Ethics, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 173–189. (Scholar)
- –––, 1986b, “Achieving Equal
Opportunity,” in Fullinwider and Mills (eds.),
99–114. (Scholar)
- –––, 1994, “Indefensible Defenses of
Affirmative Action,” in M. N. S. Sellers (ed.), An Ethical
Education: Community and Morality in the Multicultural
University, Oxford: Berg Publishers, 233–242. (Scholar)
- –––, 1997, “The Life and Death of Racial Preferences,” Philosophical Studies, 85 (March): 163–180. (Scholar)
- –––, 2002, “Diversity and Affirmative
Action,” in Verna V. Gehring and William A. Galston (eds.),
Philosophical Dimensions of Public Policy, New Brunswick, New
Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 115–124. (Scholar)
- –––, 2007, “The Case for Reparations,” in Michael T. Martin and Marilyn Yaquinto (eds.). Redress for Historical Injustices in the United States, Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 121–132. (Scholar)
- ––– and Claudia Mills, eds.), 1986, The Moral Foundations of Civil Rights, Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman & Littlefield. (Scholar)
- ––– and Judith Lichtenberg, 2004, Leveling the Playing Field: Justice, Politics, and College Admissions, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. (Scholar)
- Gahringer, Robert E., 1979, “Race and Class: The Basic Issue of the Bakke Case,” Ethics, 90 (October): 97–114. (Scholar)
- Gallegos Ordorica, Sergio A., 2015, “Prospects of a
Dusselian Ethics of Liberation Among U S Minorities: The Case of
Affirmative Action in Higher Education,” Inter-American
Journal of Philosophy, 6: 1–15. (Scholar)
- Galston, William A., 2023, “End College Legacy
Preferences,” Wall Street Journal, July 5: A13. (Scholar)
- Ghassemian, Andrew J. III, 2003, “Compensatory Justice in
Affirmative Action,” Current Surgery, 60 (November):
596–597. (Scholar)
- Gitlin, Adam, 2007, “What the MCRI Can Teach White Litigants
about White Dominance,” Michigan Law Review First
Impressions, 105: 134–138. (Scholar)
- Glazer, Nathan, 1975, Affirmative Discrimination: Ethnic
Inequality and Public Policy, New York: Basic Books. (Scholar)
- –––, 1998, “For Racial Dispensation in
Admissions,” Academic Questions, 11 (Summer):
22–32. (Scholar)
- Goldman, Alan, 1975, “Reparations to Individuals or Groups?” Analysis, 35 (April): 168–170. (Scholar)
- –––, 1976, “Affirmative Action,” Philosophy & Public Affairs, 5 (Winter): 178–195. (Scholar)
- –––, 1979, Justice and Reverse Discrimination, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)
- –––, 1987, “The Justification of Equal Opportunity,” Social Philosophy & Policy, 5: 88–103. (Scholar)
- Gramlich, John, 2023, “Americans and Affirmative Action: How
the Public Sees the Consideration of Race in College Admissions,
Hiring,” Pew Research Center, June
16.[available online] (Scholar)
- Graham, Hugh Davis, 1990, The Civil Rights Era: Origins and
Development of National Policy 1960–1972, New York: Oxford
University Press. (Scholar)
- Greenawalt, Kent, 1983, Discrimination and Reverse
Discrimination, New York: Alfred A. Knopf. (Scholar)
- Gross, Barry R., 1978, Discrimination in Reverse: Is Turnabout
Fair Play? New York: New York University Press. (Scholar)
- –––, (ed.), 1977a. Reverse
Discrimination, Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. (Scholar)
- –––, 1977b, “Is Turn About Fair Play?” in Gross (ed.), 379–408. (Scholar)
- Guenin, Louis M., 1997, “Affirmative Action in Higher Education as Redistribution,” Public Affairs Quarterly, 11 (April): 117–140. (Scholar)
- Guinier, Lani and Susan Sturm, 2001, Who’s
Qualified? Boston: Beacon Press. (Scholar)
- Gurin, Patricia, 1999, Expert Report, Grutter v.
Bollinger, Michigan Journal of Race and Law, 5 (Fall):
363–425. (Scholar)
- –––, Eric L. Day, Sylvia Hurtado, and Gerald
Gurin, 2002, “Diversity and Higher Education: Theory and Impact
on Educational Outcomes,” Harvard Educational Review,
72 (Fall): 330–337. (Scholar)
- –––, Brian A. Nagda, and Gretchin E. Lopez,
(2004), “The Benefits of Diversity in Education for Democratic
Citizenship,” Journal of Social Issues, 60 (March):
17–34. (Scholar)
- Gutmann, Amy and Dennis Thompson, 1996, Democracy and Disagreement, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
- Hajdin, Mane, 2002, “Affirmative Action, Old and New,” Journal of Social Philosophy, 33 (Spring): 83–96. (Scholar)
- Hansson, Sven Ove, 2004, “What are Opportunities and Why
Should They Be Equal?” Social Choice & Welfare, 22
(April): 305–317. (Scholar)
- Harris, Luke C., 2003, “Contesting the Ambivalence and Hostility to Affirmative Action within the Black Community,” in Tommy L. Lott (ed.), A Companion to African-American Philosophy, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 324–332. (Scholar)
- ––– and Uma Narayan, 1994, “Affirmative
Action and the Myth of Preferential: A Transformative Critique of the
Terms of the Affirmative Action Debate,” Harvard Journal of
Ethnic and Racial Justice (formerly Harvard Blackletter Law
Journal), 11: 1–35. (Scholar)
- Haslett, D. W., 2002, “Workplace Discrimination, Good Cause, and Color Blindness,” Journal of Value Inquiry, 36: 73–88. (Scholar)
- Hasnas, John, 2002, “Equal Opportunity, Affirmative Action,
and the Anti-Discrimination Principle: The Philosophical Basis for the
Legal Prohibition of Discrimination,” Fordham Law
Review, 71 (November): 423–542. (Scholar)
- Heilman, Madeline E., 1997, “Sex Discrimination and the Affirmative Action Remedy: The Role of Sex Stereotypes,” Journal of Business Ethics, 16 (June): 877–889. (Scholar)
- Hess, Ryan C., 2007, “A Sheep in Wolf’s Clothing: The
Michigan Civil Rights Initiative as the Savior of Affirmative
Action,” Michigan Law Review First Impressions, 105:
139–143. (Scholar)
- Hill, Thomas E., 1991, “The Message of Affirmative Action,” Social Philosophy & Policy, 8 (Spring): 108–129. (Scholar)
- Himma, Kenneth Einar, 2001, “Discrimination and Disidentification: The Fair-Start Defense of Affirmative Action,” Journal of Business Ethics, 30 (April): 277–289. (Scholar)
- –––, 2002, “Desert, Entitlement, and Affirmative Action: A Response to Francis Beckwith,” Social Theory and Practice, 28 (January): 157–166. (Scholar)
- Hinrichs, Peter, 2014, “Affirmative Action Bans and College
Graduation Rates,” Economics of Education Review, 42:
43–52. (Scholar)
- Ho, Daniel E., 2005, “Why Affirmative Action Does Not Cause
Black Students to Fail the Bar: A Reply to Sander,” Yale Law
Journal, 114 (June): 1997–2004. (Scholar)
- Hull, George, 2015, “Affirmative Action and the Choice of Amends,” Philosophia, 43: 113–134. (Scholar)
- –––, 2017, “Discrimination and
Diversity,” in Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen (ed.), The Routledge
Handbook of the Ethics of Discrimination, New York: Routledge,
pp. 407–420. (Scholar)
- Ibarra, Robert A., 2001, Beyond Affirmative Action: Reframing
the Context of Higher Education, Madison, Wisconsin: University
of Wisconsin Press. (Scholar)
- Issacharoff, Samuel, 2002, “Law and Misdirection in the
Debate Over Affirmative Action,” University of Chicago Legal
Forum, 2002(1): 11–43,
available online. (Scholar)
- Jacobs, Lesley A., 2004, Pursuing Equal Opportunities: The Theory and Practice of Egalitarian Justice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
- Jaggar, Alison, 1997, “Gender, Race, and Difference: Individual Consideration versus Group-Based Affirmative Action in Admission to Higher Education,” Southern Journal of Philosophy, 35 (Spring): 21–51. (Scholar)
- Johnson, Kevin R.and Angela Onwuachi–Willig, 2005,
“Cry Me a River: The Limits of A Systemic Analysis of
Affirmative Action in American Law Schools,”
African-American Law and Policy Report, 7 (1):
1–29. (Scholar)
- Johnson, Susan M. and Xia Li Lollar, 2002, “Diversity Policy
in Higher Education: The Impact of College Students’ Exposure to
Diversity on Cultural Awareness and Political Participation,”
Journal of Education Policy, 17 (June): 305–321. (Scholar)
- Jones, Trina, 2005, “The Diversity Rationale: A Problematic
Solution,” Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil
Liberties, 1: 171–215. (Scholar)
- Joshi, Yuvraj, 2017, “Measuring Diversity,”
Columbia Law Review Online, 117: 54–69. (Scholar)
- Kahlenberg, Richard D., 1996, The Remedy: Class, Race, and
Affirmative Action, New York: Basic Books. (Scholar)
- –––,(ed.), 2010, Rewarding Strivers: Helping
Low–Income Students Succeed in College, New York: Century
Foundation. (Scholar)
- –––, 2012, A Better Affirmative Action:
State Universities That Created Alternatives to Racial
Preferences, New York: The Century Foundation. (Scholar)
- Kahn, Jonathan, 2017, Race on the Brain: What Implicit Bias
Gets Wrong About the Struggle for Racial Justice, New York:
Columbia University Press. (Scholar)
- Kang, Jerry and Mahzarin R. Banajiff, 2006, “Fair Measures:
A Behavioral Realist Revision of Affirmative Action,”
California Law Review, 94: 1063–1118. (Scholar)
- Kennedy, Randall, 2015, For Discrimination: Race, Affirmative
Action, and the Law, New York: Vintage Books (Scholar)
- Kershnar, Stephen, 1997, “Strong Affirmative Action at State
Institutions Cannot Be Justified Via Compensatory Justice,”
Public Affairs Quarterly, 11 (October): 345–363. (Scholar)
- –––, 1999, “Uncertain Damages to Racial Minorities and Strong Affirmative Action,” Public Affairs Quarterly, 13 (January): 83–98. (Scholar)
- –––, 1999, “Strong Affirmative Action Programs and Disproportionate Burdens,” Journal of Value Inquiry, 33 (June): 201–209. (Scholar)
- –––, 2004, “Why Equal Opportunity is Not a Valuable Goal,” Journal of Applied Philosophy, 21 (August): 159–173. (Scholar)
- Ketchum, Sara Ann and Christine Pierce, 1976, “Implicit Racism,” Analysis, 36 (January): 91–95. (Scholar)
- Kidder, William c., 2016, “How Workable Are Class-Based and
Race-Neutral Alternatives at Leading American Universities?”
UCLA Law Review Discourse, 64: 100–131. (Scholar)
- ––– and Richard O. Lempert, 2015, “The
Mismatch Myth in U.S. Higher Education: A Synthesis of Empirical
Evidence at the Law School and Undergraduate Levels,” in Uma
Jayakumar and Liliana M. Garces (eds.), Affirmative Action and
Racial Equality, New York: Routledge, 105–129. (Scholar)
- Klor de Alva, Jorge, 1996, “Is Affirmative Action a
Christian Heresy?” Representations, 55 (Summer):
59–73. (Scholar)
- Kocis, Robert A., 2010, “Discriminatory Privileges, Compensatory Privileges, and Affirmative Action,” in Christi Favor et al.(eds.), Essays in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, Stanford, California:: Stanford University Press, 139–156. (Scholar)
- Koppelman, Andrew and Donald Rebstock, 2007, “On Affirmative
Action and Truly Individualized Consideration,” Northwestern
University Law Review, 101 (Spring): 1469–1481. (Scholar)
- Kull, Andrew, 1992, The Color Blind Constitution,
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
- Landau, Iddo, 1997, “Are You Entitled to Affirmative Action?” International Journal of Applied Philosophy, 11 (Winter-Spring): 17–22. (Scholar)
- Lawrence, Charles R. III, 2001, “Two Views of the River: A
Critique of the Liberal Defense of Affirmative Action,”
Columbia Law Review, 101 (May): 928–976. (Scholar)
- ––– and Mari J. Matsuda, 1997, We
Won’t Go Back: Making the Case for Affirmative Action,
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. (Scholar)
- Leach, Bryan W., 2004, “Race as Mission Critical: The
Occupational Need Rationale in Military Affirmative Action and
Beyond,” Yale Law Journal, 113 (March):
1093–1143. (Scholar)
- Leading Public Research Universities, 2015: Brief Supporting
Respondents in Fisher v. University of Texas, 136 S. Ct. 2198
(2016): 1–33. (Scholar)
- LeFevre, Joseph, 2003, “The Value of Diversity: A Justification of Affirmative Action,” Journal of Social Philosophy, 34 (March): 125–133. (Scholar)
- Leiter, Brian, 2017, “Is ‘Diversity’ the Best
Reason for Affirmative Action?” Chronicle of Higher
Education, 64 (September 29): 1. (Scholar)
- Lempert, Richard, 2016, “Mismatch and Science Desistance:
Failed Arguments against Affirmative Action,” UCLA Law
Review and Discourse, 64: 136–174. (Scholar)
- –––, David L. Chambers, and Terry K. Adams,
2000, “Michigan’s Minority Graduates in Practice: The
River Runs Through Law School,” Law and Social Inquiry,
25 (April): 395–505. (Scholar)
- Libertella, Anthony F., Sebastian A. Sora, and Samuel M. Natale, 2007, “Affirmative Action Policy and Changing Views,” Journal of Business Ethics, 74 (August): 65–71. (Scholar)
- Lichtenberg, Judith and David Luban, 2002, “The Merits of Merit,” in Verna V. Gehring and William A. Galston (eds). Philosophical Dimensions of Public Policy, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 101–113. (Scholar)
- Lindgren, J. Ralph, 1981, “The Irrelevance of Philosophical Treatments of Affirmative Action,” Social Theory and Practice, 7 (Spring): 1–19. (Scholar)
- Lippert–Rasmussen, Kasper, 2008, “Discrimination and the Aim of Proportional Representation,” Philosophy, Politics and Economics, 7 (May): 159–182. (Scholar)
- –––, 2011, “‘We Are All Different’: Statistical Discrimination and the Right to Be Treated as an Individual,” Journal of Ethics, 15: 47–59. (Scholar)
- –––, 2017, “Affirmative Action, Historical Injustice, and the Concept of Beneficiaries,” Journal of Political Philosophy, 5: 72–90. (Scholar)
- –––, 2020, Making Sense of Affirmative Action, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
- Loury, Glenn, 1987, “Why Should We Care About Group Inequality?” Social Philosophy & Policy, 5: 72–90. (Scholar)
- Lukes, Timothy J., and Bonnie G. Campodonico, 1996, “Merit Badgering: Dissecting a Slippery Concept in the Affirmative Action Debate,” Public Affairs Quarterly, 10 (July): 219–227. (Scholar)
- MacIntyre, Alasadair, 2016, Ethics in Conflicts of Modernity: An Essay on Desire, Practical Reasoning, and Narrative, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Chapter 5, “Four Narratives”). (Scholar)
- Malamud, Deborah C., 1997, “Assessing Class–Based
Affirmative Action,” Journal of Legal Education, 47
(4): 452–471. (Scholar)
- –––, 2011, “Class Privilege in Legal
Education: A Response to Sander,” Denver University Law
Review, 88 (4): 729–750. (Scholar)
- Massey, Douglas S. et al., 2007, “Black Immigrants
and Black Natives Attending Selective Colleges and Universities in the
United States,” American Journal of Education, 113
(February): 243–271. (Scholar)
- ––– and Margarita Mooney, 2007, “The
Effects of America’s Three Affirmative Action Programs on
Academic Performance,” Social Problems, 54:
99–117. (Scholar)
- Massey, Stephen J., 1981, “Rethinking Affirmative Action,” Social Theory and Practice, 7 (Spring): 21–47. (Scholar)
- Matthew, D. C., 2015, “Rawlsian Affirmative Action: A Reply to Robert Taylor,” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 19: 324–343. (Scholar)
- McHugh, Peter, 2005, “Shared Being, Old Promises, and the Just Necessity of Affirmative Action,” Human Studies, 28 (2): 129–156. (Scholar)
- Melguizo, Tatiana, 2008, “Quality Matters: Assessing the
Impact of Attending More Selective Institutions on College Completion
Rates of Minorities,” Research in Higher Education, 49:
214–236. (Scholar)
- Meshelski, Kristina, 2016, “Procedural Justice and Affirmative Action,” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 19: 425–443. (Scholar)
- Mills, Nicolaus (ed.), 1994, Debating Affirmative Action:
Race, Gender, Ethnicity, and the Politics of Inclusion, New York:
Dell Publishing. (Scholar)
- Moreau, Sophia, 2010, “What Is Discrimination?” Philosophy & Public Affairs, 38:143–172. (Scholar)
- –––, 2010, “Discrimination as Negligence,”Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 36 (December): 123–149. (Scholar)
- Morioka, Sharon, “Meet Michigan Law’s JD Class of
2026,” Michigan Law News,
[available online] (Scholar)
- Mosley, Albert G., 1998, “Policies of Straw or Policies of Inclusion? A Review of Pojman’s ‘Case against Affirmative Action’,” International Journal of Applied Philosophy, 12 (Fall): 161–168. (Scholar)
- ––– and Nicholas Capaldi, 1996, Affirmative
Action: Social Justice or Unfair Preference? Lanham, Maryland:
Rowman and Littlefield. (Scholar)
- Murray, Dale, 2005, “The Affirmative Action Debate,” Teaching Philosophy, 28 (June): 284–287. (Scholar)
- Nagel, Thomas, 1973, “Equal Treatment and Compensatory Discrimination,” Philosophy & Public Affairs, 2 (Summer): 348–363. (Scholar)
- –––, 2003, “John Rawls and Affirmative Action,” Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 28 (June): 284–287 (Scholar)
- Newton, Lisa, 1973, “Reverse Discrimination as Unjustified,” Ethics, 83 (July): 308–312. (Scholar)
- Nickel, James W., 1972, “Discrimination and Morally Relevant Characteristics,” Analysis, 32 (March): 113–114. (Scholar)
- –––, 1974, “Should Reparations Be to Individuals or Groups?” Analysis, 34 (April): 154–160. (Scholar)
- –––, 1987, “Equal Opportunity in a Pluralistic Society,” Social Philosophy & Policy, 5: 104–119. (Scholar)
- Nieli, Russell (ed.), 1991, Racial Preference and Racial
Justice: The New Affirmative Action Controversy, Washington,
D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center. (Scholar)
- –––, 2012, Wounds That Will Not
Heal: Affirmative Action and Our Continuing Racial Divide, New
York: Encounter Books. (Scholar)
- Nunn, William A., 1974, “Reverse Discrimination,” Analysis, 34 (April): 151–154. (Scholar)
- O’Neil, Robert M., 1975, Discriminating Against
Discrimination: Preferential Admissions and the DeFunis
Case, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. (Scholar)
- O’Neill, June Ellenhoff, 1987, “Discrimination and Income Inequality,” Social Philosophy & Policy 5: 169–187. (Scholar)
- O’Neill, Onora, 1987, “Rights to Compensation,” Social Policy & Philosophy, 5: 72–87. (Scholar)
- Onwuachi-Willig, Angela, 2007, “The Admission of Legacy
Blacks,” Vanderbilt Law Review, 60:
1138–1231. (Scholar)
- Orfield, Gary with Michael Kurlaender (eds.), 2001. Diversity
Challenged: Evidence on the Impact of Affirmative Action,
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Education Publishing Group. (Scholar)
- Orlans, Harold and June O’Neill (eds.), 1992,
Affirmative Action Revisited, Newbury Park, California:
Sage. (Scholar)
- Owen, Matthew S. and Danielle S. Barbour, 2007, “Disparate
Impact and the Use of Racial Proxies in Post–MCRI
Admissions,” Michigan Law Review First Impressions,
105: 144–148. (Scholar)
- Paul, Ellen Frankel et al. (eds.), 1991, Reassessing
Civil Rights, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. (Scholar)
- Pell, Terence J., 2003, “What’s the Big Deal about
Racial Preferences?” Journal of Social Philosophy, 34
(Summer): 326–329. (Scholar)
- –––, 2004, “The Nature of Claims about Race and the Debate over Racial Preferences” International Journal of Applied Philosophy, 18 (1): 13–26. (Scholar)
- Pidot, Justin, 2006, “Intuition or Proof: The Social Science
Justification for the Diversity Rationale in Grutter v. Bollinger and
Gratz v. Bollinger,” Stanford Law Review, 59
(December): 761–808. (Scholar)
- Pojman, Louis, 1992, “The Moral Status of Affirmative Action,” Public Affairs Quarterly, 6 (April): 181–206. (Scholar)
- –––, 1998, “The Case against Affirmative Action,” International Journal of Applied Philosophy, 12 (Spring): 97–115. (Scholar)
- –––, 1998, “Straw Man or Straw Theory? A
Reply to Albert Mosley,” International Journal of Applied
Philosophy, 12 (Fall): 169–180. (Scholar)
- Post, Robert, 1998, “Introduction: After Bakke,” in Robert Post and Michael Rogin (eds.), Race and Representation: Affirmative Action, New York: Zone Books, pp. 13–27. (Scholar)
- Purdy, Laura, 1994. “Why Do We Need Affirmative Action?” Journal of Social Philosophy, 25 (Spring): 133–143. (Scholar)
- Rachels, James, 1978, “What People Deserve,” in John
Arthur and William Shaw (eds.), Justice and Economic
Distribution, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,
150–163. (Scholar)
- Radin, Margaret Jane, 1991, “Affirmative Action Rhetoric,” Social Philosophy and Policy, 8 (Spring): 130–149. (Scholar)
- Rawls, John, 1971, A Theory of Justice, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
- –––, 2001, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
- Reynolds, William Bradford, 1984, “Individualism vs. Group
Rights: The Legacy of Brown,” Yale Law
Journal, 93 (May): 995–1005. (Scholar)
- Rosenberg, Alexander, 1987, “The Political Philosophy of Biological Endowments: Some Considerations,” Social Philosophy & Policy, 5: 1–31. (Scholar)
- Rosenfeld, Michel, 1991, Affirmative Action and Justice: A
Philosophical and Constitutional Inquiry, New Haven, Connecticut:
Yale University Press. (Scholar)
- Rothman, Stanley, S. M. Lipset, and Neil Nevitte, 2002,
“Diversity and Affirmative Action: The State of Campus
Opinion,” Academic Questions, 15 (Fall):
52–67. (Scholar)
- –––, 2003, “Racial Diversity
Reconsidered,” Public Interest, 151 (Spring):
25–38. (Scholar)
- Rothstein, Jesse and Albert H. Yoon, 2008, “Affirmative
Action in Law School Admissions: What Do Racial Preferences Do?”
University of Chicago Law Review, 75 (Spring):
649–714. (Scholar)
- Rush, Sharon, 1994, “Understanding Affirmative Action: One
Feminist’s Perspective,” in M. N. S. Sellers (ed.). An
Ethical Education: Community and Morality in the Multicultural
University, Oxford: Berg Publishers, 195–132. (Scholar)
- Sabbagh, Daniel, 2007, Equality and Transparency: A Strategic
Perspective on Affirmative Action in American Law, New York:
Palgrave Macmillan. (Scholar)
- Sandalow, Terrance, 1999, “Identity and Equality: Minority
Preferences Reconsidered,” Michigan Law Review, 97
(May): 1874–1916. (Scholar)
- Sandel, Michael J., 2009, Justice: What’s the Right
Thing to Do? New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. (Scholar)
- –––, 2020, The Tyranny of Merit: Can We Find
the Common Good? New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. (Scholar)
- Sander, Richard H., 1997, “Experimenting with
Class–Based Affirmative Action,” Journal of Legal
Education, 47 (4): 472–503. (Scholar)
- –––, 2004, “A Systemic Analysis of
Affirmative Action in American Law Schools,” Stanford Law
Review, 57 (November): 367–484. (Scholar)
- –––, 2005, “A Reply to Critics,”
Stanford Law Review, 57 (May): 1963–2016. (Scholar)
- –––, 2011, “Class in American Legal
Education,” Denver University Law Review, 88 (4):
631–682. (Scholar)
- ––– and Jane Bambauer, 2012, “The Secret
of My Success: How Status, Eliteness, and School Performance Shape
Legal Careers,” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 9:
893–930. (Scholar)
- ––– and Stuart Taylor, Jr., 2012, Mismatch:
How Affirmative Action Hurts Students It’s Intended to Help, and
Why Universities Won’t Admit It, Philadelphia: Basic
Books. (Scholar)
- Sartorelli, Joseph J., 1994, “Ruse on Gay Rights and Affirmative Action,” Analysis, 54 (April): 84–91. (Scholar)
- –––, 1997, “The Nature of Affirmative Action, Anti-Gay Oppression, and the Alleviation of Enduring Harm,” International Journal of Applied Philosophy, 11 (Winter-Spring): 23–30. (Scholar)
- Schmidt, Peter, 2008, “Scholars Mount Sweeping Effort to
Measure Affirmative Action in Higher Education,” Chronicle
of Higher Education, 54 (January 19): A19. (Scholar)
- Schmill, Stu, 2022, “We are reinstating our SAT/ACT
requirement for future admissions cycles,” MIT
[available online] (Scholar)
- Segev, Re’em, 2019, “Affirmative Action: Well-Being,
justice, and Qualifications,” Ratio Juris, 32 (June):
138–156.
- Shelby, Tommie, 2014, “Integration, Inequality, and Imperatives of Justice: A Review Essay,” Philosophy & Public Affairs, 42 (Summer): 253–285. (Scholar)
- Sher, George, 1975, “Justifying Reverse Discrimination in Employment,” Philosophy & Public Affairs, 4 (Winter): 159–170. (Scholar)
- –––, 1979, “Reverse Discrimination, the Future, and the Past,” Ethics, 90 (October): 81–87. (Scholar)
- –––, 1997, Approximate Justice: Studies in
Non-Ideal Theory, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman &
Littlefield. (Scholar)
- Shiner, Roger, 1973, “Individuals, Groups and Inverse Discrimination,” Analysis, 33 (June): 185–187. (Scholar)
- Silvestri, Philip, 1973, “The Justification of Inverse Discrimination,” Analysis, 34 (October): 31. (Scholar)
- Simon, Robert L., 1974, “Preferential Hiring: A Reply to Judith Jarvis Thomson,” Philosophy & Public Affairs, 3 (Spring): 312–320. (Scholar)
- –––, 1978, “Statistical Justification of Discrimination,” Analysis, 38 (January): 37–42. (Scholar)
- –––, 1979, “Individual Rights and
‘Benign’ Discrimination,” Ethics, 90
(October): 88–97. (Scholar)
- Skrentny, John David, 1996, The Ironies of Affirmative Action:
Politics, Culture, and Justice in America, Chicago: University of
Chicago Press. (Scholar)
- ––– (ed.), 2001, Color Lines: Affirmative
Action, Immigration, and Civil Rights Options for America,
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Scholar)
- Smyth, Frederick L. and John J. McArdle, 2004, “Ethnic and
Gender Differences in Science Graduation at Selective Colleges with
Implications for Admission Policy and College Choice,”
Research in Higher Education, 45 (June): 353–381. (Scholar)
- Social and Organizational Psychologists, 2015: Brief in Support of
Respondents in Fisher v. University of Texas, 136 S. Ct. 2198
(2016):1–44. (Scholar)
- Sowell, Thomas, 2004, Affirmative Action Around the World: An
Empirical Study, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
[Reviewed by Carl Cohen in Commentary, 117 (April 2004):
73–76, and by Bernard Boxill in Ethics & International
Affairs, 18: 114–115). (Scholar)
- Stark, Susan, 2004, “Taking Responsibility for Oppression: Affirmative Action and Racial Injustice,” Public Affairs Quarterly, 18 (July): 205–221. (Scholar)
- Steiner, Hillel, 1987, “Capitalism, Justice and Equal Starts,” Social Philosophy & Policy, 5: 49–71. (Scholar)
- Sterba, James P., 2003, “Defending Affirmative Action, Defending Preferences,” Journal of Social Philosophy, 34 (June): 285–300. (Scholar)
- –––, 2004, “The Michigan Cases and Furthering the Justification of Affirmative Action,” International Journal of Applied Philosophy, 18 (1): 1–12. (Scholar)
- –––, 2009, Affirmative Action for the
Future, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. (Scholar)
- –––, 2011, “Responses to Allen, Appiah, and Lawson,” Journal of Ethics, 15 (September): 291–306. (Scholar)
- Strasser, Mark, 2010, “On Disguises, Tokens, and Affirmative
Action Policies,” Indiana Law Journal, 85 (Fall):
1293–1301. (Scholar)
- Stroud, Sarah, 1999, “The Aim of Affirmative Action,” Social Theory and Practice, 25 (Fall): 385–408. (Scholar)
- Stroup, Timothy, 1982, “Affirmative Action and the Police,” International Journal of Applied Philosophy, 1 (Fall): 1–19. (Scholar)
- Sturm, Susan and Lani Guinier, 1996, “The Future of
Affirmative Action: Reclaiming an Innovative Ideal,”
California Law Review, 84 (July): 953–1036. (Scholar)
- Suk, Julie, 2017, “Discrimination and Affirmative
Action,” in Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen (ed.), The Routledge
Handbook of the Ethics of Discrimination, New York: Routledge,
pp. 394–406. (Scholar)
- Sumner, L. W., 1987, “Positive Sexism,” Social Philosophy & Policy, 5: 204–222. (Scholar)
- Symposium, 1979, “Bakke—Civil Rights
Perspectives,” Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law
Review, 14 (Spring). (Scholar)
- Symposium, 1996a, “Race-Based Remedies,”
California Law Review, 84 (July). (Scholar)
- Symposium, 1996b, “The Meanings of Merit—Affirmative
Action and the California Civil Rights Initiative,” Hastings
Constitutional Law Quarterly, 23 (Summer). (Scholar)
- Syverud, Kent D., 1999, Expert Report: Grutter v.
Bollinger, Michigan Journal of Race and Law, 5 (Fall):
451–454. (Scholar)
- Tam, Mo Yin S. and Gilbert W. Bassett, Jr., 2004, “Does
Diversity Matter? Measuring the Impact of High School Diversity on
Freshman GPA,” Policy Studies Journal, 32:
129–144. (Scholar)
- Taylor, Paul, 1973, “Reverse Discrimination and Compensatory Justice,” Analysis, 33 (June): 177–182. (Scholar)
- Taylor, Robert S., 2009, “Rawlsian Affirmative Action,” Ethics, 119 (April): 476–506. (Scholar)
- Thernstrom, Stephan and Abigail Thernstrom, 1997, America in
Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible, New York: Simon and
Schuster. (Scholar)
- –––, 1999, “Reflections on The Shape of
the River,” UCLA Law Review, 46 (June):
1583–1631. (Scholar)
- Thomas, Laurence, 2004, “Equality and the Mantra of Diversity,” University of Cincinnati Law Review, 72: 931–965. (Scholar)
- Thomson, Judith Jarvis, 1973, “Preferential Hiring,” Philosophy & Public Affairs, 2 (Summer): 364–384. (Scholar)
- Tushnet, Mark, 1991, “Change and Continuity in the Concept of Civil Rights: Thurgood Marshall and Affirmative Action,” Social Philosophy and Policy, 8 (Spring): 150–171. (Scholar)
- University of Texas, October 2015: Brief for Respondents,
Fisher v. University of Texas, 136 S. Ct. 2198 (2016):
1–37. (Scholar)
- Urofsky, Melvin I.,2022, The Affirmative Action Puzzle,
New York: Skyhorse Publishing. (Scholar)
- U. S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2007, Affirmative Action in
American Law Schools, Washington, D.C. (Scholar)
- Valls, Andrew, 1999, “The Libertarian Case for Affirmative Action,” Social Theory and Practice, 25 (Summer): 299–323. (Scholar)
- Van Laar, Colette, Shana Levin, and Stacey Sinclair, 2008,
“Social Identity and Personal Identity Stereotype Threat: The
Case of Affirmative Action,” Basic and Applied Social
Psychology, 30 (4): 295–310. (Scholar)
- Van Patten, Jim, 1995, “Affirmative Action: Retrospect and
Prospect,” Contemporary Philosophy, 17
(November-December): 2–7. (Scholar)
- Van Roojen, Mark, 1997, “Affirmative Action, Non-Consequentialism, and Responsibility for the Effects of Past Discrimination,” Public Affairs Quarterly, 11 (July): 281–301. (Scholar)
- Waldron, Jeremy, 1998, “Humility and the Curse of
Injustice,” in Robert Post and Michael Rogin (eds.). Race
and Representation: Affirmative Action, New York: Zone Books,
385–389. (Scholar)
- Warnke, Georgia, 1998, “Affirmative Action, Neutrality, and Integration,” Journal of Social Philosophy, 29 (Winter): 87–103. (Scholar)
- Warren, Mary Anne, 1977, “Secondary Sexism and Quota Hiring,” Philosophy & Public Affairs, 6 (Spring): 240–261. (Scholar)
- Washington, Tanya, 2004, “The Diversity Dichotomy: The
Supreme Court’s Reticence to Give a Capital R,”
University of Cincinnati Law Review, 72: 977–1009. (Scholar)
- Wasserstrom, Richard, 1976, “Racism, Sexism, and
Preferential Treatment: An Approach to the Topics,” UCLA Law
Review, 24 (February): 581–622. (Scholar)
- West–Faulcon, Kimberly, 2017, “Obscuring Asian Penalty
with Illusions of Black Bonus,” UCLA Law Review, 64:
590–645. (Scholar)
- Westmoreland, Robert, 2004, “A New and Improved Affirmative
Action,” University of Cincinnati Law Review, 72:
909–929. (Scholar)
- Wilkins, David B., 2000, “Law School Affirmative Action: An
Empirical Study Rollin’ on the River: Race, Elite Schools, and
the Equality Paradox,” Law and Social Inquiry, 25
(April): 527–555. (Scholar)
- –––, 2005, “A Systematic Response to
Systematic Disadvantage? A Response to Sander,” Stanford Law
Review, 57 (May): 1915–1961. (Scholar)
- Williams, Doug, 2013, “Do Racial Preferences Affect Minority
Learning in Law Schools?” Journal of Empirical Legal
Studies, 10 (June): 171–195. (Scholar)
- –––, Richard H. Sander, Marc Luppino, and Roger
Bolus, 2011, “Revisiting Law School Mismatch: A Comment on
Barnes (2007, 2011),” Northwestern University Law
Review, 105 (2): 813–828. (Scholar)
- Williams, Reginald, 2005, “Affirmative Action, the
‘May the Best Person Win’ Intuition, and Mill’s The
Subjection of Women,” Public Affairs Quarterly, 19
(January): 65–80. (Scholar)
- Wise, Tim, 2005, Affirmative Action: Racial Preference in
Black and White, New York: Routledge. (Scholar)
- Wolf-Devine, Celia, 1988, “An Inequity in Affirmative Action,” Journal of Applied Philosophy, 5 (March): 107–108. (Scholar)
- –––, 1997, Diversity and Community in the Academy: Affirmative Action in Faculty Appointments, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. (Scholar)
- Wood, Peter, 2003, Diversity: The Invention of a Concept,
San Francisco: Encounter Books. (Scholar)
- Woodruff, Paul, 1976, “What’s Wrong with
Discrimination?” Analysis, 36 (March):
158–160. (Scholar)
- Yates, Steven, 1994, Civil Wrongs: What Went Wrong with
Affirmative Action, San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary
Studies. (Scholar)
- Young, Iris Marion, 1990, Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)
- Xiang, Alice and Donald B. Rubin, 2015, “Assessing the
Potential Impact of a Nationwide Class–Based Affirmative Action
System,” Statistical Science, 30 (3):
297–327. (Scholar)