Empiricism and the Epistemology of Instruments

The Monist 78 (2):207-229 (1995)
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Abstract

There are scientific theories that can be tested only through the use of instruments. Thus, we use, for example, instruments such as microscopes, telescopes, Wilson cloud chambers, and so on, to test theories. This use of instruments in science has been pointed out often by philosophers of science, who then correctly draw the conclusion that what is tested is not so much a single theory T but rather a conjunction.

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Galileo's lunar observations: do they imply the rejection of traditional lunar theory?Fred Wilson - 2001 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 32 (3):557-570.

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