We evaluated the reliability, validity, and differential item functioning (DIF) of a shorter version of the Defining Issues Test-1 (DIT-1), the behavioral DIT (bDIT), measuring the development of moral reasoning. 353 college students (81 males, 271 females, 1 not reported; age M = 18.64 years, SD = 1.20 years) who were taking introductory psychology classes at a public University in a suburb area in the Southern United States participated in the present study. First, we examined the reliability of the bDIT (...) using Cronbach’s α and its concurrent validity with the original DIT-1 using disattenuated correlation. Second, we compared the test duration between the two measures. Third, we tested the DIF of each question between males and females. Findings reported that first, the bDIT showed acceptable reliability and good concurrent validity. Second, the test duration could be significantly shortened by employing the bDIT. Third, DIF results indicated that the bDIT items did not favour any gender. Practical implications of the present study based on the reported findings are discussed. (shrink)

Introduction The Defining Issues Test (DIT) aimed to measure one’s moral judgment development in terms of moral reasoning. The Neo-Kohlbergian approach, which is an elaboration of Kohlbergian theory, focuses on the continuous development of postconventional moral reasoning, which constitutes the theoretical basis of the DIT. However, very few studies have directly tested the internal structure of the DIT, which would indicate its construct validity. Objectives Using the DIT-2, a later revision of the DIT, we examined whether a bi-factor model or (...) 3-factor CFA model showed a better model fit. The Neo-Kohlbergian theory of moral judgment development, which constitutes the theoretical basis for the DIT-2, proposes that moral judgment development occurs continuously and that it can be better explained with a soft-stage model. Given these assertions, we assumed that the bi-factor model, which considers the Schema-General Moral Judgment (SGMJ), might be more consistent with Neo-Kohlbergian theory. Methods We analyzed a large dataset collected from undergraduate students. We performed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) via weighted least squares. A 3-factor CFA based on the DIT-2 manual and a bi-factor model were compared for model fit. The three factors in the 3-factor CFA were labeled as moral development schemas in Neo-Kohlbergian theory (i.e., personal interests, maintaining norms, and postconventional schemas). The bi-factor model included the SGMJ in addition to the three factors. Results In general, the bi-factor model showed a better model fit compared with the 3-factor CFA model although both models reported acceptable model fit indices. Conclusion We found that the DIT-2 scale is a valid measure of the internal structure of moral reasoning development using both CFA and bi-factor models. In addition, we conclude that the soft-stage model, posited by the Neo-Kohlbergian approach to moral judgment development, can be better supported with the bi-factor model that was tested in the present study. (shrink)

Incremental implicit theories are associated with a belief regarding it is possible to improve one’s intelligence or ability through efforts. Previous studies have demonstrated that incremental implicit theories contributed to better academic achievement and positive youth development. Our study aimed to examine whether incremental implicit theories of morality significantly influenced change in students’ engagement in voluntary service activities. In our study, 54 Korean college students for Study 1 and 180 Korean 8th graders for Study 2 were recruited to conduct two (...) two-wave studies. We surveyed participants’ implicit theories of morality and participation in voluntary service activities. The effect of implicit theories of morality on change in service engagement was analyzed through regression analysis. In Study 1, the moral growth mindset significantly moderated longitudinal change in service engagement. In Study 2, the moral growth mindset significantly influenced engagement in art-related activities, while it significantly moderated change in engagement in youth-related activities. (shrink)

We explored the relationship between 24 character strengths measured by the Global Assessment of Character Strengths (GACS), which was revised from the original VIA instrument, and moral functioning comprising postconventional moral reasoning, empathic traits and moral identity. Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) was employed to explore the best models, which were more parsimonious than full regression models estimated through frequentist regression, predicting moral functioning indicators with the 24 candidate character strength predictors. Our exploration was conducted with a dataset collected from 666 (...) college students at a public university in the Southern United States. Results showed that character strengths as measured by GACS partially predicted relevant moral functioning indicators. Performance evaluation results demonstrated that the best models identified by BMA performed significantly better than the full models estimated by frequentist regression in terms of AIC, BIC, and cross-validation accuracy. We discuss theoretical and methodological implications of the findings for future studies addressing character strengths and moral functioning. (shrink)

Background: Moral Growth Mindset (MGM) is a belief about whether one can become a morally better person through efforts. Prior research showed that MGM is positively associated with promotion of moral motivation among adolescents and young adults. We developed and tested the English version of the MGM measure in this study with data collected from college student participants. Methods: In Study 1, we tested the reliability and validity of the MGM measure with two-wave data (N = 212, Age mean = (...) 24.18 years, SD = 7.82 years). In Study 2, we retested the construct validity of the MGM measure once again and its association with other moral and positive psychological indicators to test its convergent and discriminant validity (N = 275, Age mean = 22.02 years, SD = 6.34 years). Results: We found that the MGM measure was reliable and valid from Study 1. In Study 2, the results indicated that the MGM was well correlated with other moral and positive psychological indicators as expected. Conclusions: We developed and validated the English version of the MGM measure in the present study. The results from studies 1 and 2 supported the reliability and validity of the MGM measure. Given this, we found that the English version of the MGM measure can measure one’s MGM as we intended. (shrink)

We examined the links between moral identity—the centrality of moral principles to identity—and political purpose during emerging adulthood. We analyzed data from two waves of a longitudinal study of civic purpose. T1 surveys were collected before high school graduation and T2 survey were collected two years later. We categorized people (N = 1,578 at T1 and N = 480 at T2) into political purpose groups based on the person-centered perspective and then performed multinomial logistic regression analysis to test whether moral (...) identity was associated with categories of political purpose. The findings from our study indicate that moral identity at T1 is linked with the maintenance and formation of T2 political purpose. (shrink)

Despite the general expectation that ethical leadership fosters employees’ ethical behaviors, surprisingly little empirical effort has been made to verify this expected effect of ethical leadership. To address this research gap, we examine the role of ethical leadership in relation to a direct ethical outcome of employees: moral voice. Focusing on how and when ethical leadership motivates employees to speak up about ethical issues, we propose that moral efficacy serves as a psychological mechanism underlying the relationship, and that leader–follower value (...) congruence serves as a boundary condition for the effect of ethical leadership on moral efficacy. We tested the proposed relationships with matched reports from 154 Korean white-collar employees and their immediate supervisors, collected at two different points in time. The results revealed that ethical leadership was positively related to moral voice, and moral efficacy mediated the relationship. Importantly, as the relationship between ethical leadership and moral efficacy depended on leader–follower value congruence, the mediated relationship was effective only under high leader–follower value congruence. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (shrink)

This paper deals with two different problems in which infinity plays a central role. I first respond to a claim that infinity renders counting knowledge-level beliefs an infeasible approach to measuring and comparing how much we know. There are two methods of comparing sizes of infinite sets, using the one-to-one correspondence principle or the subset principle, and I argue that we should use the subset principle for measuring knowledge. I then turn to the normalizability and coarse tuning objections to fine-tuning (...) arguments for the existence of God or a multiverse. These objections center on the difficulty of talking about the epistemic probability of a physical constant falling within a finite life-permitting range when the possible range of that constant is infinite. Applying the lessons learned regarding infinity and the measurement of knowledge, I hope to blunt much of the force of these objections to fine-tuning arguments. (shrink)

This essay analyses the ethical importance and religious implications of ‘the man within’ in Adam Smith's moral philosophy. Not introduced until the second edition of Theory of Moral Sentiments, ‘the man within’ appears as the internalization of the impartial spectator. With the invention of the man within, Smith was able to explain how moral agents pursue virtues and behave morally beyond immediate and quotidian concerns with either praises or blames from society. Having complied with the general dictates of the impartial (...) spectator with conscience, humans become morally autonomous individuals whose moral judgements are derived from constant dialogues with the man within in an ethical microcosm within their breasts. The man within possesses a transcendent nature that preempts social judgements. Because of that transcendent nature, Smith also denominated the man within as ‘the substitute of Deity’. This essay also argues that even conscientious and virtuous individuals can be wronged and misjudged by socie... (shrink)

The Middle East Summit is the unofficial name for a series of meetings between several key figures from the Middle Eastern art world and it was proposed here that a Picasso from the collection of the Van Abbemuseum be brought to Palestine. The meaning of Picasso’s Buste de femme crossing this non-place, is here brought to light.

Korea has undergone so much transformation under modernization and industrialization to an extent that tourists visiting from anywhere in the world will not feel inconvenienced for lack of modern facilities. In this modern day and age, it is not easy for foreigners to meet shamans or see shamanistic rituals, even if they try to. The same thing can even be said of educated Koreans. In contrast, shamanists or those attached to shamanism hear shamans perform their rituals anytime and anyplace. There (...) are an estimated 0.2 million shamans in Korea, though the statistics differ according to the researchers’ survey methods. This number surpasses that of all priests of any other established religions. These shamans take their position at the base or margins of Korean society, not readily visible from the surface. (shrink)

Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, inwieweit Kant in der _Kritik der Urteilskraft _versucht, die Prinzipien der theoretischen und der praktischen Philosophie durch das bloß subjektive transzendentale Prinzip der Urteilskraft zu einem System zu verbinden. Auf der Sachebene steht damit das Problem des Übergangs von der Natur zur Freiheit im Zentrum der Untersuchung. Viele Kantinterpretationen betrachten diesen Übergang entweder als unmöglich oder suchen die Möglichkeit einseitig unter der Perspektive der moralischen Freiheit zu klären. Dagegen setzt der Verfasser auf eine eingehende Analyse der (...) Selbstgesetzlichkeit der Urteilskraft in ihrer Struktur und Funktion und legt damit eine Gesamtinterpretation der _Kritik der Urteilskraft _vor, die sich an alle wendet, die ein intensives Kantstudium anstreben. In der Bestimmung der Urteilskraft als Vermögen der „Darstellung“ und „Reflexion“, was mit der innerteleologischen Auffassung der Kantischen Vernunft übereinstimmt, welche die Vernunftkritik voraussetzt, tritt der Zusammenhang mit der ästhetischen Urteilskraft deutlich hervor. Als ausführende Instanz der Vernunftprinzipien bringt die Urteilskraft in ihrem reflektierenden Wirklichkeitsbezug das Zusammenwirken der Erkenntnisvermögen ans Licht. Die Einheit der drei Kritiken sowie die Einheit der beiden Hauptteile der _Kritik der Urteilskraft _selbst lassen sich nicht nur dadurch begreiflich machen, sondern der Übergang vom Sinnlichen zum Übersinnlichen gewinnt auch eine pragmatische Bedeutung im Kantischen Sinne. (shrink)

RésuméʾAbū Saʿīd al-Siǧzī, astronome et mathématicien du ive/xe siècle, fut l'un des premiers auteurs du genre ʿilm al-hayʾa ; mais on connaît peu la genèse de cette discipline et sa relation aux autres écrits et pratiques en astronomie. Dans cet article, je présente de nouvelles découvertes permettant de préciser la biographie d'al-Siǧzī. Je décris ensuite, pour la première fois, une composition d'astronomie théorique du ive/xe siècle, la « Structure des orbes » d'al-Siǧzī, et je montre sa place dans la formation (...) de la discipline ʿilm al-hayʾa en comparant ce livre à l'ouvrage antérieur d'al-Farġānī sur la taille de la Terre et le nombre des sphères célestes. Je conclus que la Tarkīb al-aflāk d'al-Siǧzī est le plus ancien exemple connu d'un livre traitant des sujets abordés plus tard en hayʾa, et qu'il contient peutêtre la première occurrence du neuvième orbe céleste, classique dans les écrits du genre. (shrink)

The way individuals embody their homeland has been addressed by several scholars. However, this article questions how female refugees embody transnational settings while seeking a new home and homeland. The tales of bodies are traced through the writings of three Iranian female refugees living in Europe. The article analyses their autobiographies through a critical reading of Thomas Csordas’s phenomenology of body–world relations and then diverges from him to draw inspiration from Deleuzian becoming. The study attempts to offer an anthropology of (...) becoming to highlight how corporeality is the realm of bodies becoming. (shrink)

In this article, I trace a shift in Confucian scholars’ interpretations about the idea of ‘learning for one’s self’ vs. ‘learning for others’ from the Analects: a shift from the philological interpretation to the philosophical one. Despite its defect, most Neo-Confucians accepted the philosophical interpretation, because it was considered to play a role of minimizing a newly emerged educational bane, that is, students’ exclusively instrumental study for civil service examinations, while establishing the supremacy of ‘learning for the cultivation of mind’. (...) I will examine whether this shift would also be said to be valid to contemporary Koreans or East Asians, who are often pictured as exam obsessed. (shrink)

In this study, the demographic transition from social factors, social context factors, and factors of social conditions affect people in Taiwan support or not support the abolition of the death penalty related to social factors. The main impact of public support for abolishing the death penalty factors, including social factors, demographic transition , social context factors , social conditions, factors . For two hundred people in Taiwan have done face to face interview survey results show that the theory proposed in (...) this study architecture in the empirical data analysis has been very strong support. The second demographic transition brought about by the policy aspect of post-materialism values, social context factors, and factors of social conditions on public support for abolishing the death penalty system is the attitude of positive expectations of a significant role. Post-materialism values ​​through the social policy side of situational factors and social factors on the conditions of the public supported the abolition of the death penalty system is the attitude of the role of direct and indirect effects. Policy aspect of the post-materialistic values ​​of the people support the Government to reduce the death penalty, the law of the tendency to have indirect influence, social context factors and social conditions, factors completely intermediary's policy of post-materialistic values ​​of the people support the Government amend the law to reduce the penalty provisions attitude. The study concluded that improved after the materialistic values ​​of society as a whole , change the public's view of crime should be reported to, and actively promote the public's attention for human rights and other measures of life and develop strategies and actions to promote the abolition of death penalty the focus of a viable direction. This study presents a comprehensive research framework for analyzing the related social factors for supporting the abolition of capital punishment in Taiwan. Included in the study are the possible social-demographic transition factors , social situational factors , and social conditional factors . The possible individual, combined, or inter-mediated effects of these three social factors are analyzed by collecting face-to-face interview data from 200 aged 20 and above respondents in Taiwan . The proposed research framework receives strong empirical support from the data analysis. The social demographic transition factor , social situational factor, and social conditional factor are all very influential in affecting respondents' attitudes toward the abolition of capital punishment. The latter two factors partially inter-mediate the direct effect of the social demographic transition factor on respondents-attitude toward the abolition of capital punishment. Attitudes toward a criminal's desserts and attitudes toward the basic human right to life are the two most robust and consistent direct effect variables in addition to the inter-mediated policy-oriented post-materialistic value variable. All the three variables have a very important and explicit policy implication for the current movement of the abolition of capital punishment in Taiwan. (shrink)

The importance of this dictionary stems from Quatreme're's profound reflections on the nature of architecture: on the principles which are at the source of his rules and on the roles of imitation and invention within tradition. This book provides the first English translation of the theoretical essays from his seminal work, Le Dictionnaire Historique d' Architecture.

When Western Christianity came to Asia, it merged with Eastern religions and histories and developed very differently in different places. Today Asian women in each country build up very unique images of God. They practice Eastern forms of worship and liturgical rites, and do indigenized theologies. They simultaneously try to find their own ways of naming, imaging, believing in and communicating with their own God. Korean Christianity has inherited many images of God from Western Christian doctrines and theologies. However, when (...) it meets and merges with Koreanized Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shamanism, some of the images of God in Christianity are transformed and re-imagined in Korean women's social cultural and religious contexts. As an Asian woman, especially a Korean woman, I would like to introduce one of the many Asian women's theologies, Korean women's images of God. It cannot represent all Asian women's ways of doing theologies, but it will give some clues to show how Asian women do theologies in their own context. In particular, I will examine three images of God that demonstrate how Western Christianity and Eastern religions meet and are transformed in Korean Christian women's living contexts. (shrink)

This book investigates the different meanings and logics that the notion of qi/gi has acquired within the East Asian traditions in order to understand the diversity of these traditions. More specifically, this work focuses on investigating how the notion was understood by traditional Chinese and Korean philosophers.

Simion and Kelp explain the trustworthiness of an AI based on that AI’s disposition to meet its obligations. Roughly speaking, according to Simion and Kelp, an AI is trustworthy regarding its task if and only if that AI is obliged to complete the task and its disposition to complete the task is strong enough. Furthermore, an AI is obliged to complete a task in the case where the task is the AI’s etiological function or design function. This account has a (...) strength in that it can provide a unificatory rationale for the trustworthy-making properties of AIs. According to this account, being explainable, being safe, and being transparent are the trustworthy-making properties of an AI because an AI can fulfill its etiological or design functions in the case where it is explainable, safe, and transparent. This paper shows that though Simion and Kelp’s account has a strength, this account is not satisfactory for two reasons. The first reason is that an AI’s trustworthiness is not determined just by the AI’s disposition to meet obligations, and the second reason is that it is difficult to explain how an AI’s etiological function and design function have to do with that AI’s obligations. To provide a full-fledged account, Simion and Kelp should dismiss these concerns. (shrink)

"Spring and Autumn Gongyangzhuan" is one of the earliest occasion of the Warring States Period, "Spring" Biography. It is essentially a political book, the book is ethical, it is on the pretext of Confucius' Spring and Autumn "and" Weiyandayi "and to promote a new cultural norms, the new ritual, in order to play the Confucian many" reformers "and" revolution "kingly idea. This idea from the early Han Dynasty by the teacher gradually mature enough, and in the Han Dynasty, in order (...) to meet the great king whom the "restructuring more" of the political needs of the mother through the Hu-sheng, Tung Chung-shu, who expounded the formation of the so-called "ram learning", which is the New Text School of model generation is the most Xuan Han He has a "significant learning ', seems to have become the Han Dynasty," the Magna Carta. " But the occasion of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it gradually decline, and its no other reason than of the "Spring" "Weiyandayi" over-exaggerated interpretation, loss of rational thought should be the balance of insight not easily accepted. the excessive use of political tools to passivation of creative thinking and loss of vitality. the number of science and prophecy mixed together to form a number of non-rational "very strange objection to the words" subject to rational criticism and cast aside. Thus, the classical classics to be shipped into the sky, "Spring and Autumn Tso Chuan" instead of its position, since in a very long history, brought to its knees. Thought it was very popular a lot of materials disappeared, fortunately, also in the "Chun Qiu Fan Lu," "White Tiger moral theory", and Zheng Xuan's "seven latitude" in the preserved line in the history of the transfer of the remaining thinking weak spark. Will cause the Rams to school in the Eastern Han Dynasty Qing Dynasty classical textual criticism textual material by the Law School's dig a few do, gradually turned to the Western Han New Text School. Thus, by Jia Kui, Ma Rong, Xu Shen, Zheng Xuan, etc. through research, folded note for the Tung Chung-shu, where the school off the discussion. With the last years more Qianlong, Qing Wen and Prime sparse network has been gradually shaped decline demoted, then pass through Zhiyong, a more reform-oriented rams home made, then as director of learning how to deepen discussion and following the increase in the length. The early Qing Dynasty ram memory and learning such as the village was created by his son, "Changzhou School", still in the textual criticism of the academic standards of conduct. Its doors to people Gongzizhen Liufeng Lu, Wei Yuan, when the Opium War is also around the world decline Bureau has become clear, the national family crisis has notably intellectuals fear of the heart more profoundly. Thus, in the "three subjects nine aims," ​​"restructuring revolution" of the center of thinking, apply a new and creationism Chen's "Spring and Autumn Period III, said," to accumulate in their hearts to express fear, anxiety, depression, mental stress. The cause to the late Qing Dynasty, both internal and external day daily, imminent collapse of the corrupt Qing dynasty, intellectuals in the survival edge in diplomatic fried, worry about risk, fear of mental stress is more deep-giant, in the traditional culture of thinking, in response to this was gone with unprecedented era of change in the situation, they lit the flame very imaginative thinking, an attempt to inherit the old school, to master new knowledge and the ability to enhance the development of national survival and the courage to break away from stereotypes of the past and accept new future, they thought, full of passionate emotion and Hyun odd to imagine that this is Kang, Tan, Chen Qianqiu, Liang learn new ram, open the most giant of Chinese history and cultural turning point, away from the value of super-precedent. This short statement on the one hand the development of the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty ram ram school of academic background, while the rheological study of the Qing Dynasty and ram the main ideas, the ultimate concept in history and try to make the value of different perspectives positioning. "Chunqiu Gong-Yang Zhuan", the Historical Records, was the initial version of "Chuqiu Zhuan" during the Warring States Period of archaic China. It's basically a work concerning politics as well as ethics. With citing the precepts by which Confucius instructed in "Chuqiu", it advocated a new kind of humane standards and propriety establishment so as to carry forward a great deal of the kingly-way thought of "reform" and "revolution" found in Confucianism. This thought was gradually brewing up and getting ripe in the early-Han masters' hands. It had finally become known as "Gong-Yang School" through the elucidation of masters like Hu Musheng and Dong Zhongshu who conformed to Han Emperor of Wu-ti's political demand on "the Institution-Reform Revolution" when this emperor full of great ambition came to the throne. Gong-Yang School turned into the pattern of the Neo Text School, the most illustrative scholarship and even " the Great Charter "of the Han Dynasty. However, the decline of Gong-Yang School which emerged during the following Eastern Han dynasty resulted from the reasons under them. To overstate the implication of precepts in "Chuqiu" lost the balance of rational thinking so was refused by men of insight. To overuse Gong-Yang School as a political instrument blunted the vivid creative power of thinking. To incorporate a large amount of prophecy theory into Gong-Yang School formed a lot of irrational weird remarks, inducing rational critiques and disputes. Old Text School therefore arose with the times and "Chuqiu Zuozhuan Zhuan" gained its status instead of "Chunqiu Gong-Yang Zhuan" that thenceforth fell to pieces for a long time in history. A large amount of thinking material prevalent for a time was also lost. Some fortunately remained in "Chunqiu Fanlu", "Baihu Daode Lun" and "Qi Wei" of Zheng Xuan , leaving a gleam of hope for a faint spark of thought to circulate in history. According to the current situation, Ching Textology's research for Gong-Yang School gradually turned into Western Han Neo Text School after gathering off the historical material of Eastern Han Old Text School. A study of Text School consequently changed direction from the considerable scholarship of Jia Kui , Ma Rong , Xu Shen , Zheng Xuan , etc. to that of Dong Zhong Shu and Ho Xiu . In addition to lax discipline for the worse during the late Qianlong period, the golden age of the early Ching Dynasty had declined observably. Hence the deeper Ching scholars went into Dong-Ho Doctrine, the higher attentions "practical statecraft" and "the Institution-Reform Revolution" thought of Gong-Yang School obtained. The early Ching Dynasty Gong-Yang School like the Chang-Zhou School founded by Chuang Chun Yu and his son still made progress under the academic guiding of Textology. During the period around the Opium War , just in time the decline of the Ching Dynasty went to the inevitable outcome, intellectuals such as Liu Fenglu and his disciples Kung Tzu Chen and Wei Yuan were strongly aware of nationality crisis that caused them considerable concern. Under the guiding principles of "Three Essentials and Nine Regulations" and "The Institution-Reform Revolution", they advanced a novel and unique theory of "Chunqiu's Three-Ages "for the purpose of relieving heavy mental pressure of fear, anxiety and depression buried deep in their hearts. Up to the late Ching period, domestic trouble and foreign invasion went from bad to worse and corrupt bureaucracy of the Ching Dynasty was on the verge of collapse, intellectuals whose pressure of worriers and fear accumulated over and over in the harsh reality sought to respond to this unprecedented change in situation, bursting the flame of thought on the base of their profound imagination. Under the thinking of traditional culture, they attempted to carry forward the good tradition and master new knowledge for increasing the ability to promote national development, at the same time meeting the new future instead of being conservative in the past. The New Gong-Yang School formed by Kang You Wei , Tang Shitong , Chen Qianqui and Liang Qichao whose thought full of rousing emotion and peculiar imagination made a significant start for the most arduous cultural transformation in Chinese history. This paper is intended on the one hand to state the academic background of the development from the Han Dynasty Gong-Yang School to the Ching Dynasty Gong-Yang School, on the other hand to look into changes and the thinking subject of the Ching Dynasty Gong-Yang School, ultimately attempting to evaluate it from various aspects of history and opinions. (shrink)

Hypersingular integrals of the type $I_{\alpha} = \int_{-1}^{1} \hpsngAbs \frac{T_n^{m-{1/2}}}{^\alpha}ds |r| 4$ and $m>3$ is provided. The integrals are also evaluated as $|r|>1$ in order to calculate stress intensity factors. Examples involving crack problems are given and discussed with emphasis on the linkage between mathematics and mechanics of fracture. The examples include classical linear elastic fracture mechanics, functionally graded materials, and gradient elasticity theory. An appendix, with closed form solutions for a broad class of integrals, supplements the paper.

This research exposes the underlying maqāṣid embedded in Sharī‘ah contracts as applied in Islamic banking and finance. It addresses the problem of not observing maqāṣid in nominated and combined Sharī‘ah contracts as well as the problem of not sufficiently imbuing maqāṣid in products developed by Islamic financial institutions. As a benchmark of the maqāṣid of wealth, the research adopts Ibn ‘Āshūr’s classification of maqāṣid to evaluate the conformity of Sharī‘ah contracts to Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah namely, justice, circulation, transparency, and firmness. The (...) study focuses on three markets related to the application of Sharī‘ah contracts, namely, banking, Islamic capital market, and takāful. The study concludes that, by and large, the application of Sharī‘ah contracts has observed Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah during its development and initial application stages of Islamic finance products; however, offering such products in the market has raised economic questions as to their viability and economic values. In addition, the malpractice of some Sharī‘ah contracts has long raised concerns as to the maqāṣid compliance of such products. The research recommends a de-sophistication of Islamic financial engineering to minimise the possibility of convergence with conventional finance. The research also emphasises product differentiation based on less complicated combined Sharī‘ah contracts. (shrink)

A conceptual model articulating the nature of customer expectations and satisfaction over services was proposed with emotional factors. Five propositions about consumer emotional service expectations as a primary antecedent toward confirmation, perceived quality, and satisfaction were provided. As moderators, two dimensions of consumer detection of emotional labor (i.e., detecting deep acting and surface acting) were imposed on each of the relationships. Evidence demonstrated the roles of emotional service expectation in service confirmation and satisfaction. The moderating effects of consumer detection of (...) employees’ emotional strategies were limited to the relationship between emotional service expectation and confirmation; its relationship was weakened by detections of surface acting while other relationships were not moderated by detections of deep nor surface acting. Structural equation modeling analyses were conducted using online survey data targeting consumers in the hotel / restaurant industry. (shrink)

Matarese (2022) argued in a commentary that Machery’s (2020) resampling account of replication (RAR) is unsatisfactory because it was too quick to abolish the distinction between direct and conceptual replications. Although Matarese agrees with Machery that some interpretations of conceptual replications are misconceived, she offers an interpretation which purports to show that direct and conceptual replications have different functions, and this justifies preserving the distinction. In this commentary, I will defend the RAR from Matarese’s argument. Most importantly, I will argue (...) that Matarese’s interpretation of conceptual replications is conceptually impossible. Thus, I conclude that the direct–conceptual distinction was rightly abolished by Machery. (shrink)