Under an approach advocated by Noyes, this paper introduces a testable theory which explains a single-photon type of nonlinear photoionization described by Panarella. The present theory differs from that of Panarella in that the former depends upon the standard first principles of quantum mechanics, while the latter seeks to revise these principles.

Recent computer simulations indicate that a system ofn gravitating masses breaks up, even when the total energy is negative. As a result, almost any initial phase-space distribution results in a universe that eventually expands under the Hubble law. Hence Hubble expansion implies little regarding an initial cosmic state. Especially it does not imply the singularly dense superpositioned state used in the big bang model.