Les politiques de recherche sont incluses dans des systèmes nationaux ou régionaux de Recherche et Innovation. La compétition entre ces systèmes ne se réduit pas à la conception de Michael Porter de l''avantage compétitif'. Elle doit être comprise comme un enjeu géopolitique et la recherche d'une hégémonie compétitive. L'étude porte sur le Japon et les Etats-Unis depuis les années 1970.

Préambule et hypothèsesL’hypothèse qui prévalait à l’organisation de cette rencontre transdisciplinaire, réunissant des philosophes, des historiens, des spécialistes de géostratégie et d’histoire militaire, mais aussi des acteurs des guerres récentes (militaires ou victimes de la « barbarisation de la guerre »), était de remettre en question l’idée d’un lien de dépendance logique ou d’un lien de causalité direct, souvent établi, entre l’« humanisation » et la « barbarisation » de la guerre, l..

In the midst of the current ecological crisis, there is often lofty talk of the need for humanity to ‘overcome its divisions’ and work together to tackle the big challenges of our time. But as this new book by Razmig Keucheyan shows, the real picture is very different. Just take the case of the siting of toxic waste landfills in the United States: if you want to know where waste is most likely to be dumped, ask yourself where Blacks, Hispanics, (...) Native Americans and other racial minorities live and where the poorest neighbourhoods are. This kind of ‘environmental racism’ is by no means restricted to the United States: it is very much a global phenomenon. Keucheyan show how the capitalist response to the crisis has been marked by a massive expansion in ‘environmental finance’. From ‘carbon markets’ to ‘pollution permits’, ‘climate derivatives’ and ‘catastrophe bonds’, we are seeing a proliferation of nature-related financial products. Instead of tackling the root of the problem, the neoliberal strategy seeks to profit from environmental risks. Moreover, with the rise in natural disasters, resource scarcity, food crises, the destabilization of the poles and oceans and the prospect of tens of millions of ‘climate refugees’, Western powers are increasingly adopting a military response to ecological problems. The Cold War is over: welcome to the ‘green wars’. From New Orleans to the Siachen glacier via the Arctic floes, Keucheyan explores the landmark sites of this new ‘climate geostrategy’. Through a sharp critique of the way capitalism responds to environmental disaster, this innovative book provides a fresh perspective on some of the most critical issues confronting our societies today. (shrink)

На основі аналізу світових подій після завершення "холодної війни", а також геополітичних змін на пострадянському просторі сформульовано основні вектори зовнішньої політики Російської Федерації. Особливу увагу приділено відносинам Росії з Європейським Союзом, США та Китаєм. Зіставлені їхні економічні показники в динаміці.

Após a pandemia, que paralisou o planeta social e economicamente, obrigando os governos a imporem confinamentos o mundo acordou, dois anos depois, com uma “operação militar especial” da Rússia contra a Ucrânia.Este sinal de agressão levantou o fantasma de um conflito mundial tendo como teatro de operações a Europa. A imposição de sanções económicas e o facto da ONU não ter conseguido atuar veio evidenciar que a ordem internacional poderá ter sido posta em causa.A tensão com a NATO e os (...) seus estados membros a apoiarem a causa ucraniana tem criado condições para o acelerar deste conflito. (shrink)

The main purpose of the present paper is to introduce and explicate the position and services of the most brilliant character –Etemad-Al-doleh of the ruling era of Shah Abbass the first called Khajeh Mirza Hatam Beig Ordoobadi and his son-Talib Khan. Due to Shah's authority in this era, the paramount duty which can be assigned to the position of Etemad-Al-doleh was to control the geostrategy and military actions.After Shah Abbass, the first-and due to the fact that the kings were (...) brought up in seraglios and were far from gaining experience to manage the country, Etemad- Al-doleh developed his position so increasingly. According to the historical sources belonging to the Safavid era and itinerary of European, we can easily find out that Etemad-Al-doleh found his way into any governmental affairs. Based on the outstanding position of Hatam Beig and his son, it can be claimed that the social position is not considered just to promote the military officers ' ranks in Shah- Abbass era. Unlike the Safavi's point of view, the term of virtue- centered community was limited to recruiting the Georgian servants called "the establishment of the third military force". In the first decades, Etemad-Al-doleh enjoyed a valid social position and a proper background in tribunal. Studying the lives of supreme ministers shows us that the majority of them had court-based and military social origins. (shrink)