Beginning with the complexities involved in the definition of the modern European Community identity, the author proceeds to examine the historical dimensions of the development of Europe as a continent. The Roman and Greek antecedents are recognised and the emergence of Constantinople as a pivotal consideration is discussed. By the early 16th century, what Europe meant is explained in more comprehensive terms than those that prevail today. The unity of Christendom under the papacy is identified as germane to the political (...) unity of Europe as a continent. The Reformation unleashed a process of disintegration and division into national and religious states that has taken centuries to begin to heal. Recognising the failure of modern European structures to secure cohesion among its member countries, the article recognises an attempt to develop unity in diversity: based on the notion of economic collaboration berween trading cities. This notion was very much a feature of the Hanseatic League of the middle-ages, and indeed a founding principle of the Greek city confederacy. History remains a potent and pertinent dimension in our understanding of Europe as a continental concept. (shrink)

An exploration of London during the time of More identifies the geographical dimensions of the two centres that were developing at Westminster and in the city of London. The article continues to explore various dimensions of London life. The civic organisation is discussed and the ecclesiastical presence is described. Included in this description is a consideration of the prominence of the religious houses, which were suppressed during the English Reformation. The author continues to consider the immense challenges that confronted the (...) medical provision that existed in 16th century London. Finally, an account of the educational developments based on the new learning is given. (shrink)