Esquisse et pulsion. Le regard selon Merleau-Ponty

Chiasmi International 14:195-215 (2012)
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Abstract

Sketch and Drive. The Gaze in Merleau-PontyIn Seminar XI (The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis), Jacques Lacan interrupts the first session, which was to be devoted to the Freudian notion of the drive, in order to consider not this fundamental concept of psychoanalysis, but the way in which Maurice Merleau-Ponty, in his posthumous book, The Visible and the Invisible, approaches the idea of the subject and how he points to the divergence between the eye and the gaze. Lacan sees in Merleau-Ponty’s thesis concerning the gaze, a certain analogy with what Freud called the death drive. But, concerning voyance, Lacan wonders if Merleau-Ponty does not fall back into a Platonic imaginary of an ultra-gaze from which each body would issue. But or task now is to show that Merleau-Ponty remained faithful to the fact that the gaze cannot really be explained and that his philosophy of the flesh has not reduced the diverse dimension of experience to a central power of constitution. In order to apprehend better the notion of the flesh, we shall bring into play Merleau-Ponty’s theory of the Gestalt, which will allow us to show how, for Merleau-Ponty, the drive is always an irreducible alterity that stops the indivision of the whole from being able to be experienced as a synthesis.Adombramento e pulsione. Lo sguardo in Merleau-PontyNel seminario XI (I quattro concetti della psicoanalisi), Jacques Lacan sospende la prima seduta dedicata alla discussione della nozione freudiana di pulsione, per esaminare non il concetto fondamentale della psicoanalisi ma la maniera in cui Maurice Merleau-Ponty, nel suo libro postumo Il visibile e l’invisibile, affronta il tema e mostra lo scarto che esiste tra occhio e sguardo. Lacan scorge nella tesi di Merleau-Ponty concernente lo sguardo una certa analogia con ciò che Freud ha chiamato pulsione di morte. Ma, a proposito della voyance, Lacan si chiede se Merleau-Ponty non ricada in fondo nell’immaginario platonico di un ultra-sguardo dal quale dovrebbe provenire ogni corpo. Il nostro intento è quindi mostrare che Merleau-Ponty è rimasto fedele alla concezione dell’inesplicabilità dello sguardo estraneo e che allo stesso modo la sua filosofia della carne non ha ridotto le diverse dimensioni dell’esperienza ad un potere centrale di costituzione. Per meglio comprendere la nozione di carne faremo appello alla teoria merleau-pontiana della Gestalt, la quale ci permetterà di mostrare come, per il filosofo, la pulsione sia sempre un’alterità irreducibile tale da impedire che l’indivisione del tutto possa talvolta essere vissuta come sintesi.

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Marcos Müller-Granzotto
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

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