A long line of writers on Evans – Andy Hamilton, Lucy O'Brien, José Bermúdez, and Jason Stanley, to name just a few – assess Evans' account of first-person thought without heeding his warnings that his theory comprises an information and an action component. By omitting the action component, these critics are able to characterize Evans' theory as a perceptual model theory and reject it on that ground. This paper is an attempt to restore the forgotten element. With this component put (...) back in, the charge of Evans' theory as a perceptual model of such thoughts falls apart, and the theory turns out to have enough merit to project itself as a legitimate contender for a plausible account of ‘I’-thought. (shrink)

An idea that has attracted a lot of attention lately is the thought that consequentialism is a theory characterized basically by its agent neutrality.1 The idea, however, has also met with skepticism. In particular, it has been argued that agent neutrality cannot be what separates consequentialism from other types of theories of reasons for action, since there can be agent-neutral non-consequentialist theories as well as agent-relative consequentialist theories. I will argue in this paper that this last claim is false. The (...) paper is divided into four sections. Section one specifies two senses in which consequentialism is agent-neutral. Section two and three examine and reject, respectively, the claim that there are agent-relative consequentialist views as well as agent-neutral non-consequentialist views. I end the paper with some remarks on the plausibility, or better, the implausibility of characterizing consequentialism in terms other than agent neutrality. (shrink)

The Mohist School's logical study focuses mainly on the following inference rule: suppose that N and M are coextensive terms, or N a subset of M; it follows that if a verb can appear in front of N, it can also appear in front of M. That is, if 'VM' then 'VN', where V is some extensional verb. Such an approach to logical inference necessitates the study of logical relations among nouns, verbs, and the relations between these two types of (...) words. Evidence is offered here that the Mohists clearly distinguished extensional verbs from intensional verbs, and that this insight enabled them to say, among other things, that VN does not follow from VM, even in cases where N is M or contained in M, as long as the V in question is an intensional verb. (shrink)

A widely accepted view in the discussion of personal identity is that the notion of psychological continuity expresses a one--many or many--one relation. This belief is unfounded. A notion of psychological continuity expresses a one--many or many--one relation only if it includes, as a constituent, psychological properties whose relation with their bearers is one--many or many--one; but the relation between an indexical psychological state and its bearer when first tokened is not a one--many or many--one relation. It follows that not (...) all types of psychological continuity may take a one--many or many--one form. This conclusion casts doubt on the Lockean approach to the issue, by showing that the notion of psychological continuity Lockeans rely on may not be available. (shrink)

This essay argues for three theses. The first is that the notion of agent-neutral value, or more accurately, the promotion of agent-neutral values, is what truly defines consequentialism as a type of moral theory. A state of affairs is of agent-neutral value if it is capable of generating reasons for action for everybody. The second is that the existence of agent-neutral value has never been proven, and no known account of this notion has made clear what kind of things these (...) are. In particular, I argue that both the non-moral approach and the moral approach to make good the claim about the existence of agent-neutral values are unable to deliver the desired results. The third thesis is that moral philosophy should exorcise the notion of agent-neutral value, not only because we do not know what type of things these are, but also because we do not need this notion in order to have good moral philosophy. I offer, basically, two arguments here. One is that when the justificatory issue is properly formulated, the so-called 'agent-relative rules' appear to be justifiable. The other is that the duty of beneficence can be accounted for on grounds other than that of agent-neutral value. (shrink)

The aim of this essay is to outline a conceptual framework for a type of philosophy (or approach to philosophy) to be herein called “non-sentential philosophy.” Although I will primarily concern myself with the conceptual coherence of the framework in this essay, illustrations will be provided to show that the notion has rich implications for comparative studies. In particular, I believe this theoretical framework will be of interest to those looking for a way to capture the differences between certain non-Western (...) philosophical traditions—such as Chinese philosophy—and Western philosophy, a tradition in which the sentential approach is dominant. (shrink)

Contemporary philosophers writing on the issue of personal identity agree that, whatever is disputable about fission cases, there is little doubt that, if there could be fission, there would be psychological continuity between the original person and her offshoot (if the branching is one-one), or between the original personand her offshoots (if the branching is one-many). The belief is one with a long history dating back to John Locke; it has, over time, acquired the status of self-evident truth. This paper (...) is not an attempt to refute this deeply rooted belief, though I think the near universal acceptance of it is rather unfortunate. My main goal in what follows is to make an initial case for three forms of psychological discontinuity that I believe would exist between the fission ancestor and the offshoots. If I am right about the existence of the three forms of psychological discontinuity, contemporary Lockeans on the issue of personal identity will need to rethink their position, or so I will argue in the last section of the paper. (shrink)

: It is an assertion routinely made that the rise of Chan represents a new stage in the development of Chinese Buddhism. But there can be no philosophical breakthrough without the discovery of new conceptual tools or perspectives. The histories and philosophical meanings of three language-related Chan methods are explored here; it is shown that not only are the methods vital to our understanding of Chan Buddhism but also they explain why Chan is so different from anything Chinese philosophy had (...) seen up until the rise of Chan. (shrink)

本书分为“关于我军的治军方略”、“关于我军的作战艺术”两部分,内容包括:得民心、聚军心、造就军事人才、重视和改善物质条件、科学制定体制编制等.

In recent years, risk management and analysis has attracted a great deal of attention from both researchers and practitioners. Enterprise risk management has become an important topic in today’s more complex, interrelated global business environment, replete with threats from natural, political, economic, and technical sources. This survey and introductory article addresses computerized tools used for risk management and analysis. Risks are studied from perspectives of different disciplines, with a discussion of how various methods and tools are used to optimize risk (...) management. (shrink)

Procrastination describes a ubiquitous scenario in which individuals voluntarily postpone scheduled activities at the expense of adverse consequences. Steel pioneered a meta-analysis to explicitly reveal the nature of procrastination and sparked intensive research on its demographic characteristics. However, conflicting and heterogeneous findings reported in the existing literature make it difficult to draw reliable conclusions. In addition, there is still room to further investigate on more sociodemographic features that include socioeconomic status, cultural differences and procrastination education. To this end, we performed (...) quantitative sociodemographic meta-analyses to fill this gap. It was found that the general tendency and academic procrastination tendency of males were stronger than females. No significant effects of differences in socioeconomic status, multiculturalism, nationality, family size, and educational background were found to affect procrastination tendencies. Furthermore, it was noteworthy that the gender differences in procrastination tendencies were prominently moderated by measurements, which has a greater effect on the Aitken Procrastination Inventory than on the General Procrastination Scale. In conclusion, this study provides robust evidence that males tended to procrastinate more than females in general and academic profiles, and further indicates that procrastination tendencies do not vary based on sociodemographic situations, including socioeconomic status, multiculturalism, nationality, family size, and educational background. (shrink)

There are numerous traces of Nietzsche's influence in Wang Guowei's "On the Dream of the Red Chamber" even though there is not a single mention of Nietzsche's name in that seminal essay. Nietzschean thought looms large where Wang openly disagrees with or quietly departs from the views of Schopenhauer and, to a lesser extent, those of Kant and Aristotle. His questioning of Schopenhauer's "no-life-ism" harks back to Nietzsche's challenge to Schopenhauer's life-negating ethics. His portrayal of Bao Yu reveals three distinctive (...) character traits of the Nietzschean overman. In particular, the praise of Bao Yu's rebellious character reveals Wang's preference for the iconoclastic Nietzschean overman over the passive Schopenhauerian saint. A strong influence of Nietzsche's views of tragedy may also be observed in Wang's discussion of the tragic form. His modification of Aristotle's catharsis seems to have been made in the spirit of Nietzsche's criticism of its "pathological discharge." His stress on the ultimate salvational function of the Dream strongly reminds us of what Nietzsche has said about the life-saving role of the Dionysian tragedy in the Birth. Finally, in his conditional endorsement of "live-life-ism" we can see a thinly disguised repudiation of the extreme Darwinian tendency he mistakenly reads into Nietzsche's works. It should not be surprising that there are so many echoes of Nietzschean thought in "On the Dream." While writing this essay Wang was deeply occupied with the study of Nietzsche's aesthetic and ethical theories through comparisons with Schopenhauer's. If this influence of Nietzsche can be established on the basis of the evidence given above, there is then a need to reassess Nietzschean thought as a catalyst more important than hitherto thought for the rethinking of traditional Chinese literary and cultural traditions--a broad twentieth-century critical and intellectual trend initiated by none other than Wang's "On the Dream.". (shrink)

How Plato and Confucius formulate their views on poetry in light of their overriding concerns with harmony is examined here. Both acknowledge the educational value of poetry in similar terms and set up similar moral-aesthetic standards. Both rank poetry lower than other objects of learning because they find poetic harmony to be less significant than intellectual or moral harmonies. But both take note of the transforming aesthetic experience afforded by poetry in certain circumstances, and identify this experience of the attainment (...) of blessed harmony with the ultimate reality--Truth or the will of Heaven. Despite all these similarities, their embrace of opposing schemes (vertical versus horizontal) of harmony leads to a fundamental difference between their views on the nature of poetry, which for Plato is an epistemological process and for Confucius largely an existential process. (shrink)

: There are numerous traces of Nietzsche's influence in Wang Guowei's "On the Dream of the Red Chamber " even though there is not a single mention of Nietzsche's name in that seminal essay. Nietzschean thought looms large where Wang openly disagrees with or quietly departs from the views of Schopenhauer and, to a lesser extent, those of Kant and Aristotle. His questioning of Schopenhauer's "no-life-ism" harks back to Nietzsche's challenge to Schopenhauer's life-negating ethics. His portrayal of Bao Yu reveals (...) three distinctive character traits of the Nietzschean overman. In particular, the praise of Bao Yu's rebellious character reveals Wang's preference for the iconoclastic Nietzschean overman over the passive Schopenhauerian saint. A strong influence of Nietzsche's views of tragedy may also be observed in Wang's discussion of the tragic form. His modification of Aristotle's catharsis seems to have been made in the spirit of Nietzsche's criticism of its "pathological discharge." His stress on the ultimate salvational function of the Dream strongly reminds us of what Nietzsche has said about the life-saving role of the Dionysian tragedy in the Birth. Finally, in his conditional endorsement of "live-life-ism" we can see a thinly disguised repudiation of the extreme Darwinian tendency he mistakenly reads into Nietzsche's works. It should not be surprising that there are so many echoes of Nietzschean thought in "On the Dream." While writing this essay Wang was deeply occupied with the study of Nietzsche's aesthetic and ethical theories through comparisons with Schopenhauer's. If this influence of Nietzsche can be established on the basis of the evidence given above, there is then a need to reassess Nietzschean thought as a catalyst more important than hitherto thought for the rethinking of traditional Chinese literary and cultural traditions-a broad twentiethcentury critical and intellectual trend initiated by none other than Wang's "On the Dream.". (shrink)

本书分四编,约40万字,收录了国内美学界数十位知名专家、学者的论文,涉及转型期中国美学理论建构和学科前景、当下美学的问题及其转机、文化资源利用与美学的策略等多方面内容,在多层面分析中国社会文化转型的现 实问题、多视角解读当下语境中中国美学理论课题与建构难点的基础上,围绕如何看待和解决转型期中国美学面临的困境与问题,提出了富有理论深度和学术建设性的意见,集中展示了当前中国美学界对“ 转型期中国美学问题”的思考策略和思考深度.

River water pollution by wastewater can cause significant negative impact on the aquatic sustainability. Hence, accurate modeling of this complicated system and its cost-effective treatment and reuse decision is very important because this optimization process is related to economic expenditure, societal health, and environmental deterioration. In order to optimize this complex system, we may consider three treatment or reuse options such as microscreening filtration, nitrification, and fertilization-oriented irrigation on top of two existing options such as settling and biological oxidation. The (...) objective of this environmental optimization is to minimize the economic expenditure of life cycle costs while satisfying the public health standard in terms of groundwater quality and the environmental standard in terms of river water quality. Particularly, this study improves existing optimization model by pinpointing the critical deficit location of dissolved oxygen sag curve by using analytic differentiation. Also, the proposed formulation considers more practical constraints such as maximal size of irrigation area and minimal amount of filtration treatment process. The results obtained by using an evolutionary algorithm, named a parameter-setting-free harmony search algorithm, show that the proposed model successfully finds optimal solutions while conveniently locating the critical deficit point. (shrink)

本书除分别讨论了实践性与思辨性的关系问题,阶级性与科学性的关系问题,理论思维的原创性和断承性的关系问题三个问题以外,又单独讨论了辩证法问题。.

本书除分别讨论了实践性与思辨性的关系问题,阶级性与科学性的关系问题,理论思维的原创性和断承性的关系问题三个问题以外,又单独讨论了辩证法问题。.

In contemporary Korean, the "to" New York and the "mud" New York Chinese characters or words rhyme in the first vowel is i have become the first zero in the initial consonant sound. "To" New Zealand the first word in the finals or not i the first rhyme sound, the consonant change read as n. The initials of the phenomenon of loss and change with the Korean read speech and voice characteristics of the development are closely related.

This singular work presents the most comprehensive and nuanced studies available in any Western language of Chinese aesthetic thought and practice during the ...

An analysis is presented of the problems that have existed for over 20 years in the moral education curriculum in primary schools of China. These include the separation of moral education from children's lives, the moralizing and memorization used as the basic methods of teaching and learning, and the overlaps between courses on society and ideological moral character. The paper then introduces the main innovations in the contemporary reform of the primary moral education curriculum, including lifelong moral education as its (...) theoretical foundation and making the development of children's morality relate to life, with ‘real’ everyday life events as source materials for textbooks. Embodied in the textbooks are some new ideas behind the revised educational objectives, such as putting oneself in another's position, ecological interdependence, ‘win‐win’, dialogue, sharing and diversity. As the curriculum is child centred so the textbooks use a dialogical pedagogy. In conclusion the paper considers ongoing and new challenges for moral education in primary schools to be faced by the curriculum reform. (shrink)

From a single system and the federal "spontaneous order" problem analyzing, you can find a single system under the local government of the new perspective: looking for a single system environment, in the land relations and the local government under the idea "spontaneous order" of growth point, and strive to promote these "spontaneous order" of the generation and growth of federal research and production for the first level of a single order of their intersection and cross the characteristics of the (...) region itself and to the second level of the order of characteristics common source of property , existence and evolution. Based on the definition of the spontaneous order to Unitarianism and Federalism, we can find the new investigative angle of view to the local government of Unitarianism. Firstly, we can find and improve the creation and growth of the spontaneous order in the central-local- relationship and the local government in Unitarianism. Secondly, we analyse the characters to the crossing region and point of Unitarianism and Federalism. Thirdly, we analyse the origin, existence and evolusion of the common characters to the crossing region and point of Unitarianism and Federalism. (shrink)

This article discusses the ethics of the Buddhist hermeneutics and its potential contribution to the world, the first position by the hermeneutics of interpretation of Zen experience, see the ultra-ontology, and discusses the ethics of Zen and characteristics of the basic approaches by which to explain the theory of out the construction of Buddhist ethics in the world may practice. This paper first discusses Hans. Queensland's world vision and ethical framework. This article from the development of deep thought Zen Zen (...) model theory see sexual experience, this is the ontological hermeneutics as by Buddhism, learned over there to do the depth of the interpretation of Zen and its interpretation of the object, including: Lankavatara by the theory with the Tathagata Tathagata Zen Tibet Tibetan knowledge, "refers to the metaphor on" The Zen of ontological hermeneutics of the three links , and the basis on the above, this interpretation of Zen ethics, and ethics on the line construction on the world of Buddhism may be contribution. (shrink)

Kant, Fichte that his interpretation of Kant's transcendental philosophy to clarify the deeper meaning, this paper discusses: Kant's critical philosophy has not developed a system of transcendental philosophy, Fichte is the idea of trying to learn his knowledge transcendental philosophy and the development of their philosophical system, based on this attempt of the reasons why? Fichte's early knowledge of the basic principles in the 1794's "assessment"埃奈西德穆"" to already develop its first shape and the interpretation of Kant, Fichte, self-awareness primitive action (...) as the basic principle, this comparison at the time of Kant and scholar Reinhard Hede , pointed out how Fichte gradually deepen his knowledge as a transcendental philosophy of this school starting point of thinking, and philosophy of Kant solved the main problem of division. This trail runs through to 1795 has been the first important works of Fichte's all: "knowledge science base." This article attempts to clarify the question of Fichte's interpretation of Kant and the starting point of transcendental philosophy as a system. Fichte criticized Kant's understanding of transcendental philosophy and explained the failure of Kant to develop a "system" of transcendental philosophy. Fichte developed the theory of "Tathandlung" and regarded it as the first principle of a system of transcendental philosophy. In this paper, we proceed from the point of view of a Kantian scholar KL Reinhold in analyzing Fichte's criticism of Kant and his attempt to find a "system" in Fichte's "Recension des Aenesidemus". (shrink)

Muke in its "transcendental method" the book states: Kant's transcendental philosophy in being, it is really the main concept, which deals with the construction of the main features of the inner object, this a priori function runs through the whole of Kant's critical philosophy. But Kant's transcendental philosophy is still falling into the main formalism of the crisis, this, Kerui Te said: Heidegger and Kant, German idealism have given way to the lack of a priori power, the purpose of on (...) the face. Especially Heidegger provides a priori approach to the basic ontology-oriented, the "a priori" as "beyond." This article explains around in Kant's "transcendental" concept and the "transcendental method" phenomenological hermeneutics of Heidegger, with this topic and its contemporary interpretation of Kant's conduct. In The Transcendental Method, Otto Muck points out: The concept of transcendental subjectivity appears first time in the history philosophy in Kant's critical philosophy. It exposits the function of inner constitution of subject to object. But Kant's transcendental philosophy has the crisis that it may be fall to the limitation of formalism and subjectivism. Emerich Coreth and other philosophers of transcendental Thomism tackle this topics of Kant's theory of Transcendental and develop the dynamic and teleological dimension of Kantian transcendental theory. This article exposits the concept of Kant's Transcendental and Transcendental method of Heidegger's Kant-Interpretation, and tackles the late discuss of this topic. (shrink)

Heidegger in 1929 Begin to discuss the "no", referring to the "non-self-no" . Said no and I said no similarity, often noticed; But there thinking Heidegger said "yes or no common affiliation" and I said the idea of whether the Xuantong structure commonality, and has not been seriously considered to start. I no article on Taoism and the fundamental problem of metaphysics, in Schelling, Nietzsche, Heidegger's thought into context, to be explored. I focused mainly on "Heidegger Works" section 42 of (...) the Schellings Abhandlung ber das Wesen der Menschlichen Freiheit ") and a book on Heidegger stresses 1936-1940 University of Freiburg between the years of "Nietzsche lectures," Heidegger and Kyoto, Japan, and involved school scholars Kuki weeks made, Keiji Nishitani's interaction, as a background, I kept re-discuss Heidegger of thought said, "there is no common affiliation with" and I said without thinking Xuantong commonality of structural problems. Heidegger discussed the topic of "Nothingness" on 1929 in his "What is Metaphysics?". He mentioned the "Das Nichts selbst nichtet". This thinking of Nothingness is similar with Laotze's "Wu" . This similarity is often mentioned, but its deeper meaning in the background of the thinking of "Sein und Nichts gehören zusammen" and the Being and Nothingness belonging together in the darkness of Tao is disregarded. This article tackles this disregarded topic in two perspectives. First, I reexamine volume 42 of Heidegger's complete works "Schellings Abhandlung über das Wesen der Menschlichen Freiheit " in order to illuminate the trend from Philosophy of reason and will to the philosophy of non-will . Second. I reexamine Heidegger's discussion on Nietzsche and its influence on Kyoto school philosopher K. Nishitani. In these new background I exposits the intercultural communication between Heidegger and Laotze about "Nothingness". (shrink)

Tang Zhanmeng novel technique derived from ancient Zhanmeng and Zhanmeng fiction stories. Tang Zhanmeng into Zhanmeng fiction novel, dream novel and sensitive novel divisions. Warring States period "learn the mound Suo language" is a "different discipline of ancient and modern ancestors", "ancestor of ancient and modern fiction," works, the narrative content of a dream experience is an important one. Works by describing the bizarre dream like, will be attached to the account Farfetched speech and dream experience, constitutes a Zhanmeng novel (...) initial content. Tang Zhanmeng most Xiqu this novel class of story Zhanmeng content and narrative structure. Through the analysis of these two come to a conclusion that was derived from the Tang Dynasty Zhanmeng novel "learn the language mound Suo," a book, "Suo language" is the prototype of the Tang Dynasty Zhanmeng novel. And this view is available only to dream of literary study of the history of poetry, prose, philosophers, literary dream to see the history of the origin of mass and other point of view of the supplement. Originated from ancient dream interpretation and the relative stories, the dream interpreting novel in Tang dynasty could be divided into dream interpreting novel, dream predicting novel, and corresponding novel. As the "origin of weird stories", one of its main content of Ji Zhong Shuoyu , written in Waning States period, is recording dream experiences, no matter how absurd or weird they are. Comparing Tang dream interpreting novels with Ji Zhong Shuoyu, I incline to conclude that the later is the origin of the former , and indeed is the rudiment of such novels popular in Tang. J wish my conclusion could complement the traditional view that only poetry, scholastic writing, and epic are the origin of dream literature. (shrink)