Philosophical hermeneutics, understood as the theory of nterpretation, investigates some questions that are also asked in the cognitive sciences. The nature of human understanding, the way that we gain and organize knowledge, the role played by language and memory in these considerations, the relations between conscious and unconscious knowledge, and how we understand other persons, are all good examples of issues that form the intersection of hermeneutics and the cognitive sciences. Although hermeneutics is most often contrasted with the natural sciences, (...) there are some clear ways in which hermeneutics can contribute to the cognitive sciences and vice versa. (shrink)

Zadaniem niniejszego wprowadzenia jest nakreślenie pewnych ram historycznych i teoretycznych współczesnej immunologii. Dyscyplina ta stosunkowo niedawno ukształtowana stara się wyjaśnić wszelkiego rodzaju zjawiska stojące na straży integralności organizmu. Organizmu rozumianego jako złożona struktura, wielosystemowa, ukształtowana w toku ewolucji. W wypadku tak szeroko rozumianego pojęcia odporności ewidentnie wymagana jest wnikliwa dyskusja, dlatego filozofowie biologii i naukowcy immunolodzy od pół wieku analizują podstawowe definicje i dochodzą do interesujących konkluzji.

The objective of this introduction is to outline certain historical and theoretical frames of modern immunology. Immunology as a discipline that has been shaped relatively recently attempts to explain all kinds of phenomena safeguarding the integrity of an organism. An organism is understood as a complex multi-system structure developed in the course of evolution. In the case of such a broad sense concept of immunity a penetrating discussion is required. Thus, biology philosophers as well as scientists – immunologists, for nearly (...) 50. years have been analysing the basic definitions, which led them to interesting conclusions. (shrink)