In recent years, several countries have enacted guidelines and/or mandatory laws to increase the presence of women on the boards of companies. Through these regulatory interventions, the aim is to eradicate the social and labor grievances that women have traditionally experienced and which has relegated them to smaller-scale jobs. Nevertheless, and despite the advances achieved, the female representation in the boardroom remains far from the desired levels. In this context, it is now necessary to enhance the advantages of board gender (...) diversity from both ethical and economic points of view. This article examines the relation between board gender diversity and economic results in Spain: the second country in the world to legally require gender quotas in boardrooms and historically characterized by a minimal female participation in the workforce. Based on a sample of 125 non-financial firms listed on the Madrid Stock Exchange from 2005 to 2009, our findings show that in the period analyzed the increase of the number of women on boards was over 98 %. This suggests that compulsory legislation offers an efficient framework to execute the recommendation of Spanish codes of good governance by means of the increase in the number of women in the boards of firms. Furthermore, we find that the increase in the number of women on the boards is positively related to higher economic results. Therefore, both results suggest that gender diversity in boardrooms should be incremented, mandatory laws being a key factor to do so. (shrink)

Companies that are serious about corporate governance and business ethics are turning their attention to gender diversity at the most senior levels of business . Board gender diversity has been the subject of several studies carried out by international organizations such as Catalyst , the World Economic Forum , and the European Board Diversity Analysis . They all lead to reports confirming the overall relatively low proportion of women on boards and the slow pace at which more women are being (...) appointed. Furthermore, the proportion of women on corporate boards varies much across countries. Based on institutional theory, this study hypothesizes and tests whether this variation can be attributed to differences in cultural settings across countries. Our analysis of the representation of women on boards for 32 countries during 2010 reveals that two cultural characteristics are indeed associated with the observed differences. We use the cultural dimensions proposed by Hofstede to measure this construct. Results show that countries which have the greatest tolerance for inequalities in the distribution of power and those that tend to value the role of men generally exhibit lower representations of women on boards. (shrink)

In recent years, several countries have enacted guidelines and/or mandatory laws to increase the presence of women on the boards of companies. Through these regulatory interventions, the aim is to eradicate the social and labor grievances that women have traditionally experienced and which has relegated them to smaller-scale jobs. Nevertheless, and despite the advances achieved, the female representation in the boardroom remains far from the desired levels. In this context, it is now necessary to enhance the advantages of board gender (...) diversity from both ethical and economic points of view. This article examines the relation between board gender diversity and economic results in Spain: the second country in the world to legally require gender quotas in boardrooms and historically characterized by a minimal female participation in the workforce. Based on a sample of 125 non-financial firms listed on the Madrid Stock Exchange from 2005 to 2009, our findings show that in the period analyzed the increase of the number of women on boards was over 98 %. This suggests that compulsory legislation offers an efficient framework to execute the recommendation of Spanish codes of good governance by means of the increase in the number of women in the boards of firms. Furthermore, we find that the increase in the number of women on the boards is positively related to higher economic results. Therefore, both results suggest that gender diversity in boardrooms should be incremented, mandatory laws being a key factor to do so. (shrink)

"(...) As experiências do período de Dom João VI, Carlota Joaquina e sua Corte no Rio de Janeiro, foram a fase mais decisiva do período colonial português no Brasil, ao aceitar a Independência – popular, porém numa cuidadosa e competente engenharia de política interna e externa (...)".

En este trabajo de investigación ofrecemos un estudio pormenorizado del colegio de Santa Joaquina de Vedruna de Sevilla, de la Fundación Vedruna, desde su creación en 1880 –entonces con el nombre de San Joaquín en la calle Bustos Tavera– hasta el día de hoy en el barrio de Nervión. En primer lugar, analizamos el fenómeno de las nuevas congregaciones religiosas femeninas en el siglo XIX y su instalación en España y Andalucía. El un segundo momento, nos acercamos a la (...) presencia de las Carmelitas de la Caridad en Andalucía para terminar con el estudio del colegio de Santa Joaquina de Vedruna. (shrink)

The past few years have witnessed a growing interest among scholars in the study of both the urban contour of the Andalusi cities and the estates called almunias. Almunia is a complex model of agricultural exploitation linked to elites and power, which also served other functions such as to provide space for solace. Ever since Joaquina Eguaras conducted the edition and translation of the Treatise of Agriculture of Ibn Luyūn in the seventies of the last century, her translation of (...) the last chapter about the organization of an almunia has been repeatedly reproduced and used to understand the archaeological remains of these properties or to interpret the information provided by the documentary sources. This article offers a new and more comprehensible translation of the text that attempts to correct some of the confusions Eguaras translation presents. For the purpose of comparability, the same manuscript, used earlier by Eguaras and currently preserved in the School of Arabic Studies, CSIC in Granada, has been used in the article. Additionally, the six marginal notes attached to the chapter, that have never been hitherto used in any study, have been included in this paper. The data provided by the 29 verses and six marginal notes, have been exhaustively analyzed and grounded in the existing knowledge about these estates along with the Andalusi agricultural practices of the time. Finally, this paper offers a hypothetical graphic reconstruction in which the ideas that Ibn Luyūn wanted to convey are visually translated. (shrink)