The 1994 Letter Ordinatio sacerdotalis of Pope John Paul II focuses mainly on the argument from Scripture. It states that women cannot be ordained priests in the Roman Catholic Church because Jesus consciously and in harmony with God’s will only chose men to be his apostles. In this article we confront the arguments and presuppositions of this way of reason with the results of historical-critical exegesis. We arrive at the conclusion that the letter’s identification of the apostles with the Twelve (...) takes as historical the theology of apostleship found in Luke and neglects Paul’s views on apostleship as well as thee evidence of women’s involvement in ministry in the Pauline churches. In a second part this study pursues the question why, according to Ordinatio sacerdotalis, the Twelve had to be men. While the letter does not take any explicit stand on this issue, we come to the conclusion that it implicitly presupposes a theological difference between men and women. (shrink)

This study takes as its starting point the problems religious educators experience in communicating the message of the Bible. After analysing the causes of the problems, an alternative approach is presented which is designed to help assure a future for the Bible. The first cause which is discussed is biblical fundamentalism. We present the literal meaning of the Bible as a developmental stage of every human person. Problems arise when people refuse to grow beyond this stage or when, not having (...) had the opportunity of learning about alternative approaches, they reject the Bible together with the fundamentalist approach. The second cause of the problems in teaching the Bible today is called ‘scientific’ fundamentalism. With this we refer to a specific way of using the historical-critical method which accepts nothing but its own methodology as a hermeneutic approach and ends up with a fundamentalist reading of its own research results. The third cause of the problem is the widespread moralising use of the biblical message. This approach tends to reduce the biblical message to its ethical dimension and to reduce the ethical dimension to moralising. In a fourth section, we present the opportunities and dangers presented by the digitalisation of the biblical text. While we acknowledge the inherent dangers and recognise the problem of the first three mentioned problems all find their way into the digital presentation of the Bible, we nevertheless recognise the great opportunities which the new media provide in making the approach to the Bible more dynamic and interactive. In the second part, we present an alternative model. We propose an understanding of the Bible and its genesis as witness to the ongoing dialogue between God and human persons in community. With the writing of the last word of the Bible and the closing of the canon, revelation has not come to its end. Reading the Bible does not excuse us from having to enter into a personal relationship with God. The Bible itself leaves much room for creative interpretation and invites critical dialogue. As a criterion for the reading of the Bible, we propose the question whether a reading opens up a future for all or whether it helps some gain advantages at the cost of others. We are convinced that the Bible will have a future, if its reading and interpretation enables people to participate in building the future that is according to God’s design. (shrink)

Les documents officiels de l’Eglise catholique font grand usage de la Bible. La manière dont le texte scripturaire fonctionne dans les documents du magistère dépend de la théologie opératoire sous-jacente. Cet article examine les changements survenus dans la manière dont l’Eglise comprend et utilise l’Ecriture dans les documents du magistère, plus précisément dans des textes concernant la doctrine sociale de l’Église. Des exemples choisis dans les documents officiels permettent de reconnaître en gros trois paradigmes dans l’interprétation de l’Ecriture: 1) la (...) Bible comme recueil de propositions doctrinales; 2) la Bible comme archives des actions salvifiques de Dieu dans l’histoire: 3) la Bible comme vision d’une communion plénière avec Dieu et le prochain. Les deux derniers paradigmes se trouvent en germe dans le document Dei Verbum de Vatican II, tandis que le premier, qui avait été dominant dans les documents antérieurs à ce concile, a fait sa réapparition après la période de Vatican II. On montre que la compréhension de la Bible comme collection de propositions doctrinales accorde peu d’attention aux contextes historique et littéraire, tandis que les deux autres modèles s’y montrent plus sensibles, mettant l’accent sur la transformation et la communion plutôt que sur l’information. (shrink)