In the article of Bueno titled “Davidson and Skepticism: How Not to Respond to the Skeptic,” he intends to demonstrate that although Davidson’s theory of Coherence holds many attractions, it does not entail a response to any kinds of skepticism including Global, Lottery, and Pyrrhonian. In this study, the goal is to criticize the work of Prof. Bueno in connection with two criticisms raised by him over Davidson’s anti-skeptical strategy. Further, by giving some reasons in favor of Davidson’s anti-skepticism argument, (...) it will be shown that neither the above stated criticisms nor the global skepticism response could undermine the validity of anti-skepticism argument. (shrink)

The diachronic question of persons deals with personal identity over time: “In virtue of what conditions is a person, P1, at t1, the same person, P2, at t2?” To answer the question, I suggest expanding the constitution theory from a static definition to a dynamic definition. ‘Life’ is an event and the stream of consciousness is an event too. Reflective self-consciousness—which I take to be definitive of persons—is an event. Persons are irreducible constituted events who remain the same through time (...) while they undergo change. This idea faces neither the problem of substance dualism nor the fission problem. (shrink)

Lynne Rudder Baker’s constitution theory of persons explains the relationship between persons and their bodies. Baker’s theory can explain the ontological status of persons. However, her explanation of the distinction between persons and their bodies faces a problem. In this paper, first, I show that her account, in fact, does not amount to a real distinction between persons and their bodies. Then, by discussing the notion of ‘derivatively having property,’ I propose a notion of constitution which is compatible with the (...) idea that persons and their bodies are, ontologically speaking, distinct entities. This notion of constitution helps us to avoid both the problem of too many minds and the problem of substance dualism. (shrink)

The productivity of researchers and the impact of the work they do are a preoccupation of universities, research funding agencies, and sometimes even researchers themselves. The h-index is the most popular of different metrics to measure these activities. This research deals with presenting a practical approach to model the h-index based on the total number of citations and the duration from the publishing of the first article. To determine the effect of every factor on h, we applied a set of (...) simple nonlinear regression. The results indicated that both NC and D1 had a significant effect on h. The determination of coefficient for these equations to estimate the h-index was 93.4% and 39.8%, respectively, which verified that the model based on NC had a better fit. Then, to record the simultaneous effects of NC and D1 on h, multiple nonlinear regression was applied. The results indicated that NC and D1 had a significant effect on h. Also, the determination of coefficient for this equation to estimate h was 93.6%. Finally, to model and estimate the h-index, as a function of NC and D1, multiple nonlinear quartile regression was used. The goodness of the fitted model was also assessed. (shrink)

Volume 32, Issue 1, March 2019, Page 67-69.

Turing does not provide an explanation for substituting the original question of his test – i.e., “Can machines think?” with “Can a machine pass the imitation game?” – resulting in an argumentative gap in his main thesis. In this article, I argue that a positive answer to the second question would mean attributing the ability of linguistic interactions to machines; while a positive answer to the original question would mean attributing the ability of thinking to machines. In such a situation, (...) defending the Turing Test requires establishing a relationship between thought and language. In this regard, Davidson's no-priority theory is presented as an approach for defending the test. (shrink)

This research aims to investigate managing information and planning for the participation of health charities. With the Covid-19 outbreak, it was important to use information systems to optimize health management. The correct processing of information is the basis for better use of health charities’ participation. Using the snowball technique, and semi-structured interviews, 47 experts and non-experts in Fars province were asked for their opinions. Next, based on the fuzzy network analysis, important factors were prioritized. Four categories and 8 important criteria (...) were identified. To prioritize the effective aspects of the participation of health charities in Fars province, a network analysis technique was used via MATLAB software. Strategy and programs with a normal weight of 0.34 showed the highest priority. Research and education with a normal weight of 0.26 received the second priority. Laws and regulations with a normal weight of 0.24 were placed as the third priority. Based on the obtained results, creating strategy and planning, training and building cultural in this field, ease of rules and regulations as well as planning of financial resources play an important role in managing the participation of health donors. With precise planning of health programs, donors see the transparency of decisions. They check the part that needs financing and equipment completion. Because the quality of plans and programs, effectiveness and efficiency of strategies, and the quality of results depend on the decisions made by donors. (shrink)

While the merits of the naturalistic approach to various epistemological problems are vigorously debated by philosophers, the idea that psychology could be relevant to virtue epistemology has attracted little attention. My dissertation attempts to address this neglect by offering three case studies in the relevance of psychology to virtue epistemology. ;In the first study, I present psychological findings on the trait of need for cognition. My discussion illustrates how empirical research can discover previously unrecognized virtues and their social aspects, and (...) how new psychological findings can compel us to reconsider our initial judgments about the status of traits as virtues or vices. ;In the second study, I examine the contrast between externalist and internalist conceptions of intellectual virtues, and evaluate a version of the latter recently developed by James Montmarquet. At the heart of Montmarquet's version, lies the a certain thesis about human self-control. I present the research on delay of gratification and the studies of ironic processes of mental control , and show that they call for significant qualifications to Montmarquet's claim about self-control, thereby undermining his version of virtue internalism. ;The third study has two foci. First, I engage in a close examination and evaluation of the arguments advanced by situationist social and personality psychologists. The situationists repudiate the existence of character traits and deny their causal influence on behavior, a fundamental assumption of both virtue ethics and virtue epistemology. Second, I investigate the prospects of these disciplines if the situationist challenge succeeds. ;On the whole, this dissertation will lend significant support to the idea that virtue epistemology stands to gain a great deal if it is informed by scientific research on personality and cognition. (shrink)

Relying on the applicability of principles of Transcendent Philosophy for reconstructing religious beliefs, Aqa Ali Mudarres has tried to give a new explanation of “bodily resurrection”. He does this by appealing to the purely Sadraian philosophical principles as well as his method in which he begins by agreeing with popular beliefs and ends with a departure from them. Appealing to some Sadraian ontological principles as “substantial motion” as well as his principles of self-knowledge, Mudarres explains bodily resurrection to be the (...) return of the mundane body to the soul in resurrection. Thus, neither does he assume that the mundane body is the destination of the soul, nor he asserts, as Sadra does, that the soul itself is subject to resurrection. Ashtiani have raised many objections against Mudarres’s theory, which include the continuance of the relation between body and soul after death, the continuance of substantial motion after detachment of the soul, tendency to the Ash’arite theories and the very objections which can be raised against the Ash’arite theory of bodily resurrection. Reviewing the Sadraian principles and the dispute between Mudarres and Ashtiani represents the dynamism of Sadraian philosophy during the centuries. (shrink)

Mulla Sadra's philosophy has elements of Peripatetic Philosophy as well as the true foundation of Illuminationism. Mulla Sadra was able to combine his intellectual intuition with gnosis and derive the meaning of "being". He further joined this meaning with thesophical principles and based it on a logical foundation. It seems that the issue that Mulla Sadra was most preoccupied with was the corporeal resurrection. Mulla Sadra finally solved this issue in his celebrated book, Asfar. He laid the foundation for this (...) principle and with precision unraveled his intentions.What determines his Transcendent Theosophy is the following eleven principles: The principality of being, unity of the gradation of being, motion in the category of substances or trans-substantial motion, simple or non-composite reality, the principle of the unity of the soul, the unity of the intellect and the intelligible, the immateriality of the faculty of imagination, and the three grades of being and their ascending relations. Mulla Sadra has asserted that these principles were established to prove the corporeal resurrection of man. He mentioned that some of these principles were invented by him and others were merely confirmed by him.Sheikh Sadra in his book al-Hashr also wrote about resurrection. In this treatise he gave a detailed account and proof of every step of creation from birth to resurrection; he even mentioned the resurrection of nature and of the first species. Mulla Sadra emphasized the three grades of being and the spiritual journey. (shrink)

Background and Objective: Today, much attention is being paid to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In some parts of the world, the rate of cardiovascular disease is low due to a Mediterranean diet containing olive oil. This systematic review examined the verses and traditions in order to express opinions on olive and compare it with the findings of modern medicine. Methods: This is a qualitative systematic review of studies in which data were collected from Qur'an, traditions, and related articles on (...) the internet, limited to English and Persian and without time limitation by using the keywords olive, heart disease and Mediterranean diet. Results: This systematic review demonstrated that olive in the Quran is a clear sign to scientists. Moreover, its use is recommended in the authentic traditions. Conclusion: Based on the results, olive has been found to be effective in reducing mortality and preventing cardiovascular diseases. (shrink)

Background and Objectives: Sleep is a sign of the greatness of God. In this article sleep is described from Quran and modern health sciences. Methods: This is a qualitative systematic review. Data were gathered from the Quran, related Islamic narratives and literatures. Words that were searched included sleep,sleep stages, Subaat, Hojoo, Ruqood, Nu’ass, Sinah. Results: The results showed that the Arabic words in the Quran about sleep are Sinah, Nu’ass, Hojoo, Ruqood and Subaa. These descriptions about sleep from Quran perspective (...) are consistent with different sleep stages that have been recognized by modern medicine. Conclusion: The Quran and Hadith have described about the types of sleep and the importance and sleeping patterns. In Quran perspective, human is a creature that needs light at day and darkness at night and sleep is an invisible blessing that merciful God gives peace and welfare to his creatures. (shrink)

Background and Objectives: The challenges faced by the mothers of children with behavioral problems underline the necessity of improving psychological characteristics, especially quality of life, in this group. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to predict the quality of life in terms of spiritual intelligence and resiliency in mothers of children with behavioral problems in 2018. Methods: This descriptive-correlational research was performed on 100 mothers of children with behavioral problems referring to the counseling centers of Neyshabour, Razavi Khorasan, Iran, (...) in 2018. The participants were selected using the multistage random sampling technique. The data collection was performed using three questionnaires, namely the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, World Health Organization Quality of Life–BREF, and spiritual intelligence. Then data were analyzed in SPSS software. Results: Based on the obtained results, quality of life showed a positive and significant relationship with spiritual intelligence and resiliency. Furthermore, the results of the regression analysis showed that 66% and 68% of the variance in quality of life were explained by spiritual intelligence and resiliency, respectively. In this prediction, resiliency was more significant than spiritual intelligence. Conclusion: The findings showed the importance of resiliency and spiritual intelligence variables in predicting the quality of life in mothers having children with behavioral problems. Therefore, it is suggested that counselors and psychologists consider the quality of life in this group. Additionally, they are recommended to apply spiritual intelligence and resilience strategies in their educational programs and treatments to increase the quality of life in mothers having children with behavioral problems. (shrink)

The absence of a separate entry or section on “truth” in the _Critique of Pure Reason_, the presence of some ambiguous, complicated and problematic-interpretable expressions and utterances in some parts of that work, and the formation of some extreme contradictory interpretations concerning these utterances on the part of some of Kant’s commentators, are the most important obstacles encountered by contemporary Kantian scholars in presenting a unitary, coherent and transparent view of Kant’s theory of truth. Hence, the question about the nature (...) of truth in _Critique of Pure Reason_ has become a fundamental problem among Kantian scholars. The present paper, without undue adhering to one of the two extreme common interpretations on Kant’s theory of truth (which one of them has considered Kant to be advocate of traditional correspondence theory of truth and the other has taken him as the founder of coherence theory of truth), and only by analyzing Kant’s new conception of “judgment” as an epistemic (and not logical) relation between representations emphasizes this important point that the general structure of _Critique of Pure Reason_ requires that the traditional correspondence theory of truth not be entirely abandoned and not completely preserved in its traditional form. In other words, by revising and completing the traditional correspondence theory of truth, _the Critique_ established the foundations of a new conception of truth that can be called “transcendental correspondence theory of truth”. According to this new conception, truth is a condition without which a judgment or cognition cannot correspond with its object and consequently cannot have objective validity; The constituent representations of a judgment could become true knowledge or objective empirical judgment only when they are synthesized in accordance with possible experience (i.e. universal _a priori_ rules or principles of experience). (shrink)

Na cosmovisão mística, a palavra "amor" denota um conceito amplo e de múltiplas camadas. Muitos místicos de diferentes nações consideram o amor como um dos princípios e lição básicos do mundo do misticismo. Muitos deles prometeram condições subjacentes no caminho da conduta e realização para a posição de conhecimento e certeza da majestade de Deus para o elixir do amor. Na escola de Mowlana, o amor tem um status elevado e a perfeição humana é possível pelo reconhecimento do Imam ou (...) líder em combinação com o amor. Por outro lado, a maioria das escolas indianas era influenciada pela “Bhakti Marga”, que era mais proeminentemente exibida na Escola de Ramanuja, à medida que crescia nas obras do sul da Índia e Tamil, e conforme o movimento da “Nova Era” continuava. Portanto, neste artigo, vamos examinar a abordagem comparativa deste conceito com base nos poemas de Rumi e nos ensinamentos de Ramanuja. De fato, nosso objetivo é analisar as visões mútuas e diferentes de ambos os místicos sobre o amor e sua natureza. (shrink)

The first reading of seven exploits of Rostam and Esfandyar, which are both examples of rebirth archetype, seems to show that these two sections of Shahname are completely different, except in third exploit (fight with dragon) and fourth exploit (fight with witch). But the analysis of symbolic concepts of the exploits of the two mythical heroes of Shahname reveals something else. Although the surface structure of these two travels with seven symbolic levels is different, their deep structure is the same. (...) The study of symbols of these exploits reveals the mysterious and symbolic presence of develish powers behind unconscious levels. These powers, in the form of lion, wolf, dragon, witch, demon etc, force Rostam and Esfandyar into hard but inevitable struggles. It is only through confrontation with these devils and destroying them that reaching to the innermost level of unconscious, that is the self, is possible. At the end of this symbolic travel, the fourth dimension of unconscious is added to the three dimensions with the help of anima and the perfection of the two heroes is achieved. (shrink)

The present paper has been made up of three main parts. First part begins with a question on which the whole structure of the paper has been based. The question is that "whether Strawson,s Descriptive Metaphysics is a doctrine or not?." It seems that some difficulties in correct understanding of Descriptive Metaphysics and the quality of its relation to Revisionary Metaphysics arise when we consider Descriptive Metaphysics as a doctrine. Investigation about this problem goes on with the question that "how (...) does Descriptive Metaphysics describe our general conceptual structures and their interconnexion?." In the second part, we show that Strawson describes them via connective linguistic analysis. Therefore, we "through determining the nature of Strawson,s analytical approach and charting it,s relation to the question "how does analysis require metaphysics?".attempt to bring an evidence in order to prove our claim that "Descriptive Metaphysics is not a doctrine, but it is an analytical approach to proposed metaphysical problemes and doctrines in every epoch and society Drawing the conclusion and proving the above – mentioned claim in the third part, we refer to some questions and ambiguities which may be distract our claim. The most important of them is the question that "if Descriptive Metaphysics is not a doctrine, why Strawson makes inquiry into structural elements and their interconnexion?." Ultimately, we complete our claim by answering that question. (shrink)

Heidegger versteht unter Erörterung Bestimmung des Ortes. Dementsprechend besteht das Ziel der Untersuchung darin, die Stellung des Satzes vom Grund in Heideggers Denken herauszufinden. Die Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über den ganzen Denkweg Heideggers und verfolgt den denkerischen Prozeß, der mit der Zielsetzung der Grundlegung der Philosophie und der Wissenschaften beginnt und in einer radikalen Absage an die Wissenschaftlichkeit und jede Art von Grundlegungsversuch seinen Abschluß findet.

One of the mathematical programming techniques is data envelopment analysis, which is used for evaluating the efficiency of a set of similar decision-making units. Fixed resource allocation and target setting with the help of DEA is a subject that has gained much attention from researchers. A new model was proposed by determining a common set of weights. All DMUs were involved with the aim of achieving higher efficiency in every DMU after the procedure. The minimum resources and targets allocated to (...) each DMU were commensurate to the efficiency of that DMU and the share of DMU in the input resources and the output productions. To examine the proposed method, other methods in the DEA literature were examined as well, and then, the efficiency of the method was demonstrated through a numerical example. (shrink)

There are many studies conducted on recommendation systems, most of which are focused on recommending items to users and vice versa. Nowadays, social networks are complicated due to carrying vast arrays of data about individuals and organizations. In today’s competitive environment, companies face two significant problems: supplying resources and attracting new customers. Even the concept of supply-chain management in a virtual environment is changed. In this article, we propose a new and innovative combination approach to recommend organizational people in social (...) networks based on organizational communication and SCM. The proposed approach uses a hybrid strategy that combines basic collaborative filtering and demographic recommendation systems, using data mining, artificial neural networks, and fuzzy techniques. The results of experiments and evaluations based on a real dataset collected from the LinkedIn social network showed that the hybrid recommendation system has higher accuracy and speed than other essential methods, even substantially has eliminated the fundamental problems with such systems, such as cold start, scalability, diversity, and serendipity. (shrink)

North, Seamus Heaney’s fourth volume of poetry, deals with the nature of the subject in a problematic society, as it is the scene of conflict between the subject and the forces, laws and traditions of society. The volume is mainly concerned with an artist’s suffering in a society where the rejection of subjugation to the norms seems impossible. Despite being in an agonizing dilemma, the speaker challenges the norms of collective identity by sticking to the intimacy of his self. The (...) action is achieved through retrospection and revelation of the decisive moments of the construction of subjectivity in several poems. The speaker’s return to the past is an ”intimate revolt” which results in confrontation and ultimately the rejection of submission to ideology, a poetic strategy that paves the way for the construction of a free and independent subject. (shrink)

In general, there are two current views on the interpretation of the concept of objectivity in Frege. The first view addresses objectivity in the realm of ontology in which the objectivity is independent of everything even human reason. According to this view, one could call Frege’s philosophy a realist philosophy. On the contrary, the second view sees objectivity or the objective in the realm of epistemology, in which the objective is accessible to human reason as an intersubjective thing. Comparing these (...) two views, we would show that every interpretation that regards the objectivity as intersubjectivity would lead to Kant’s transcendental idealism and introduces Frege as a critical philosopher in its Kantian sense. Besides entering theoretical inadequacy in the totality of Ferege’s thought, such an interpretation is incompatible with his philosophy of arithmetic, as, for example, Frege argues that arithmetic as a branch of logic cannot be based on intuition. Accordingly, believing in internal consistency of Frege’s philosophy of arithmetic, we make use of necessary evidence to emphasize on ontological interpretation of the objectivity of thought in his views. (shrink)

Sheikh Najm-od-din Razi has written on mystical questions several works, among which is Me’yar as-Sedq fi Mesdaq al–”Eshq. This treatise, in fact, deals with some questions of Razi’s friend. Having explained the point of contention, Razi specifies the meanings of reason and remarks on the scope of its function. Next, based on the Prophet’s utterances, he draws the relationship between more reason and more elegant love. And then, he opposes reasonably the theory of ‘union of the intellect, intelligent and intelligible’. (...) In this treatise, when discussing reasonably, he argues in an elaborate way similar to theologians and philosophers; and when expressing mystical intuition, he espouses love to the extent of an anti-philosophical mystic, using metaphor, allusion, and allegory. The present article, while enquiring into the treatise and his other works in this regard, is going to analyze critically Razi’s views. (shrink)

Man is a mixture of theoretical faculty and practical faculty, each of which play a basic role in the how of man’s life. So the relation between contemplation and action is an important question, for which philosophers, whether Islamic or Western, have offered different responses. Thus, in spite of some similarities between their philosophical and anthropological foundations, Heidegger and Mulla Sadra have expressed different responses to the question. While Heidegger holds the primacy of action on contemplation, Mulla Sadra affirms the (...) primacy of knowledge on action. The present paper is going to compare the two viewpoints in detail. (shrink)

Plotinus considers Demiurge as intellect and the Platonic ideas as its thoughts. At the same time, he does not regard the existence of these thoughts as dependent on the intellect's reflection, but each of them as an independent particular intellect, whose self-thinking requires all ideas to be thought, as if it is identical with the whole hypostasis of intellect. This theory, which is called "Internality Thesis", is one of the outstanding features of Plotinus' philosophy and one of the most problematic (...) issues in Neo-platonic philosophies. This theory has been reflected in Theologia to some extent and is one of Mullā-Sadrā's resources to believe in the unity and multiplicity of intellect as the first emanated being. This paper, after discussing the Plotinus theory and its context, is going to studyMullā-Sadrā's view on the unity and multiplicity of intellect,and his being affected by Theologiaas well as by the verses and traditions. (shrink)

Based on the description of the real structure of our conception of the world, P. F. Strawson’s descriptive metaphysics, similar to Kant’s empirical Realism, deals with determining the limitations of empirical knowledge of the world. In this case, Kant’s transcendental Idealism seems to be an incoherent doctrine which can yield a skepticism which the critical philosophy seeks to solve. Strawson rejects Kant’s Transcendental Idealism in that it considers two limits, which leads to the paradox of delimitation. Yet, the question is: (...) Can Strawson’s descriptive metaphysics depict the limitations of our knowledge without considering both limits? It seems that he has adopted a language that chains us to some metaphysical constraint, which is opposed to the sketch of the descriptive metaphysics. Thus, he is engaged in the same paradox which he discovered in Kant. It seems that thinking on the limit is essentially paradoxical; so skepticism can not be solved by appealing to it. (shrink)

To illuminate the problems and perspectives of water management in Iran and comparable (semi-) arid Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries, three paradigms can be distinguished: the traditional, the industrial and the reflexive paradigm. Each paradigm is characterised by its key technical system, its main social institution and its ethico-religious framework. Iran seems to be in a state of transition from the 'hydraulic mission' of industrial modernity to a more reflexive approach to water management. This article sketches the contours (...) of the emerging paradigm: a complementary system of traditional and modern methods of water provision, a participatory water resources management and a 'post-mechanistic' ethico-religious framework. (shrink)

Thaddeus Metz, by developing a non-consequentialist theory on meaning in life, has tried to provide a relatively complete explanation of the meaning of most people’s lives. Metz’s theory is based on two components: 1) “rational nature” as a subjective component and 2) “the fundamental conditions of human existence” as an objective component. This article through an analytical-critical approach, first examines Metz’s argument and its components, then explains some important objections raised against the components of Metz’s theory, that is, :1) defending (...) the meaning-conferring of the consequentialist view of the meaning in life, 2) the incompatibility of Metz’s theory with human intuition, 3) lack of attention to the role of emotional aspects, 4) meaning-conferring of some necessary conditions, 5)the problem with the sufficiency of fundamental conditions for meaning, 6) the inability of fundamental conditions to explain the meaning of some works of art, and 7) ignoring the meaningfulness of an artificial intelligence’s actions. Although Metz’s theory is considered defensible to most of the objections, it has been shown that his theory in the subjective aspect is problematic. Based on the Robot Problem, it can be argued that without the need for transcendence and going beyond the animal nature, meaningfulness is possible. If it is possible to regard the computational aspect of artificial intelligence as a part of the rational nature of humans, the subjective component of Metz’s theory cannot be defended. Introduction Thaddeus Metz proposes a principle that captures, under naturalist and non-consequentialist assumptions, the way in which the good, the true, and the beautiful are able to confer great meaning on life. He also shows how previous attempts to do so have failed. His criticism of other theories and his replies to possible objections to his own, improved theory suggest that he is an objectivist. Metz’s theory has two main components, which might be called the subjective component and the objective component. Metz’s proposal is probably the best theory available today of the meaning of life as self-transcendence under naturalist and non-consequentialist assumptions, and there are good reasons to prefer his suggestion to others. His theory, however, has been between criticism and defense. In this paper, while acknowledging the importance of the contribution of Metz’s theory to the literature, only the objections against two components of his theory will be explained. Iddo Landau, Stephen Kershnar, and Minao Kukita are critics whose objections are examined in the present paper. In addition to the most important critiques, this paper has posed another challenge to the subjective component of Metz’s theory and also provided an answer for it, yet it contends that his theory requires further critical attention to this aspect. Metz’s theory the most basic statement of the fundamentality theory of meaning in life is:A human person’s life is more meaningful the more that she employs her reason and in ways that positively orient rationality towards fundamental conditions of human existence. Thus, Metz’s theory is based on 1) the subjective component, a matter of positively orienting one’s rational nature towards objective values, and 2) the objective component, the fundamental conditions of human existence. Metz also explains the way of identifying meaningful objective values. That is, with respect to the good, the true, and the beautiful, Metz’s account in virtue of when and why they confer great meaning in life is that they involve substantial exercises of human intelligence directed towards fundamental conditions of human existence. The way he construes ‘rational nature” as a subjective component is broad. What Metz means by such a phrase, signifies not merely cognition and intentional action, but also any ‘judgment-sensitive attitude’ that includes a variety of propositional attitudes. Metz also argues that the basic idea of fundamental conditions of human existence is that of conditions that are largely responsible for many other non-fundamental conditions. He notes that a fundamental condition should not be conflated with a necessary condition. A necessary condition of an object is something that is required for that object to obtain, whereas a fundamental condition is something that is responsible for that object. Not every necessary condition is a fundamental condition. Likewise, a condition could be fundamental and yet not be a necessary one. More specifically, he suggests the relevant conditions of human existence are those of 1) a typical human person’s life, 2) the life of our species, or 3) the environment in which we live. Hence, Metz by distinguishing between fundamental conditions and non-fundamental conditions suggests that firstly, the meaningfulness of people’s life can be explained only by appealing to “fundamental conditions of human existence” and secondly, people, by orienting their rational nature, positively and substantially, towards fundamental conditions of human existence, can achieve a meaningful life. Objections to the theory’s components Some objections have been raised against Metz’s theory: The incompatibility of Metz’s theory with human intuition and lack of attention to the role of emotional aspects are critiques about the subjective component, and meaning-conferring of some necessary conditions, the problem with the sufficiency of fundamental conditions for meaning and the inability of fundamental conditions to explain the meaning of some works of art, are among the objections to the objective component. Objections to the subjective component a) Landau’s major objection to the subjective component is that contouring rationality towards fundamental conditions is not always enough to obtain great meaning. He points out that those ‘who just study or understand’ the works of Einstein are positively orienting their intelligence towards fundamental conditions, but are not intuitively obtaining great meaning thereby. b) Since reasoning is at the center of the theory, Kershnar believes Metz’s theory is over-intellectualized. He suggests reasoning instrumentally helps people connect to reality and what makes people’s life meaningful is not merely deliberation and reasoning. Objections to the objective component a) According to Landau, on some occasions, orienting one’s intelligence towards merely necessary conditions for human existence can confer great meaning on a person’s life. Landau contends that the meaningfulness to be found in these cases is not fundamental. b) Minao Kukita also believed Metz’s theory does not work for a work of art to confer meaning and fundamentality is not essential as Metz is claiming. Metz in reply to these objections provides some answers and this paper has tried to defend Metz’s theory against the mentioned objections. Notwithstanding some answers, the subjective component of the theory cannot be defended. Because it has been argued without the rational orientation of humans, meaning is possible. As the computational aspect of artificial intelligence is identical to a human’s, if a robot based on its program helped people enjoy autonomy, this robot’s life would be meaningful. If so, meaningcan be realized without requiring to go beyond animal nature. ConclusionMetz’s theory is invulnerable to the disadvantages of the previous theories and is thus a significant contribution to the literature on the meaning of life. Although his theory in facing most critiques is defensible, it has ignored the meaningfulness of the actions of artificial intelligence. (shrink)

The present article strives to analyze, study and critique the intellectual roots of the impressionability of the Zaidi rationalist thought from the Muʻtazila by using authentic scientific sources and to provide an answer for the question as to whether Zaidi rationalism is influenced by Muʻtazila intellectual thought and why many believe that the Zaidis are under the influence of their intellectual ideas and believe in their five principles; and also while disproving the presented arguments, to show that contrary to the (...) present and dominant view, the Zaidis rationalist perspective is not influenced by the Muʻtazila’s theoretical thought. Even though the Zaidis, like the Muʻtazila, adhere to the intellect in theology, but like the twelve Shiʻa whose rationalism takes root from the practical behavior of the infallible Imams alongside argumentation through intellectual proofs, the Zaidis also rely on and present narrative proofs. This does not mean refuting the fact the Zaidis are one of the sects that give particular attention to the intellect and rationalism and it is in this vein that the circumstances of utilizing and benefitting from the intellect by the Zaidis is explained. (shrink)

As a core element of film language, camera movement plays a crucial role in narrative explanation, character shaping, and theme development in cinema. Although camera movements in animation movies are often implemented to add excitement to shots, their best use is when new narrative is revealed. In this paper we have studied the aspects of narration that can be presented by camera movement in animation. We put our question on whether camera movement can have a role in narration or not; (...) how narration theories can explain camera movement; what are the special and different abilities of camera movement in animation. We have analyzed case studies along with narration theories. The goal is to extract and categorize these usages of camera movement in by studying animation movies in a way that the result would be applicable and useful for animation directors. In order to reach this goal, first it is defined what is meant by the word narration in this paper and different theories of narration are used to reach our definition of narration. Afterward it is conveyed what is exactly meant here by camera movement and on the basis of the given definitions, the necessity of studying the relation between narration and camera movement is discussed. We use theories such as of MiekeBal and Bordwell. After defining Syuzhet, fabula and style, we argue about the membership of camera movement in those three parts of narration. Then the main part is discussed, which is explaining and discussing different applications of camera movement in animation considering many different aspects such as inducing feelings, defining genre of the animation and enriching the master shots. Applications of camera movement have been studied based on different aspects such as conscious absent mindedness camera; forming film genres such as comedy, surreal, documentary; making suspension and exaggeration in animation; application of still camera; and challenges between new technologies and art. During the main part of the discussion we study animations in a categorized approach to make the patterns being derived, we focus on useful applicable patterns. -/- . (shrink)

Background and Objectives: Job stress is not always caused directly by the stressful sources, but it results more from the way in which those sources are perceived. Therefore, a lot of factors are effective in job stress. As such, the present study was done to predict the job stress based on spiritual intelligence and self-diffrentiation of teachers of exceptional children in the town of Shahriar. Methods: It is a cross-sectional and analytical study. The population of this study consisted of all (...) teachers of exceptional children in the town of Shahriar in the academic year of 2014-2015, from whom 120 individuals were selected by cluster sampling method. Data were collected using Ospiw’s job stress questionnaire, Bowen’s self-diffrentiation questionnaire and King’s spiritual intelligence questionnaire. The data were analyzed using simultaneous regression and SPSS software. Results: The results showed that there was a negative relationship between job stress and self-differentiation, and also a significant negative relationship was found between spiritual intelligence and job stress. Moreover, the analysis of data in simultaneous regression showed that the predictor variables can predict about 41.7 of job stress variance. Conclusion: Job stress is predictable based on spiritual intelligence and self-differentiation. Therefore, drawing the actual goals and values is attainable, playing meanwhile an effective role in learners’ learning in future performance and job far from any conflict. (shrink)

The hidden curriculum is considered to be between the designed and experienced curricula. One of the challenges that medical educators face is to understand what students learn in real clinical settings. The aim of the present study was to answer this question: What is hidden in hidden medical curriculum? This study was a qualitative content analysis. Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Data collection was performed through unstructured interviews and continued until data saturation. Data were analyzed simultaneously with data collection (...) using MAXQDA10 software. Data validity was confirmed based on the proposed Lincoln and Guba criteria. The main theme that emerged in this study was implicit learning. Professional ethics, spiritual, social and cultural issues, and clinical skills are the five major themes that were presented in this study. These themes and their subthemes are transferred during an implicit learning experience in hidden curriculum. Since a wide range of issues are mostly transferred by hidden curriculum, it is essential to have a dynamic approach to educational environments. This is especially important in clinical settings, as the process of learning is constantly happening in the backyard. (shrink)

In the light of four, traditional, rational, intuitional and experimental / historical Ayatollah Shahabadi’s theory of fiṭrah as an interdisciplinary anthropological theory seeks to outline an a priori structure of human existence, whose foundation is based on the intrinsic enthusiasm of soul towards the absolute perfection. He tries to explain his theory through the ontological analysis of the notion of fiṭrah as a requirement for the existence of the perceiver as well as finding the tendencies peculiar to the human soul.

Heidegger's thinking of Gelassenheit is his most appropriate response to the problematic of metaphysics. In this dissertation, I first contrast Gelassenheit with metaphysical thinking in its consummation, as displayed in the thought of Nietzsche. I then retrieve the central insight of Being and Time in the death-analysis, and show that it is a result of an encounter with the Nothing and the subsequent leap beyond nihilism. I then show how Kant could have taken a similar leap in his second Critique. (...) The outcome of these considerations is to identify the leap of reason from the principle of sufficient reason to what I call the "possible impossibility" that existence is. ;I then show how Heidegger implicitly applies the leap of reason to his own project of fundamental ontology, the result of which he calls metontology. I further show how this leap can be applied to phenomenology as a project that seeks the conditions of possibility. This in turn makes apparent the irreducible body of thought, the a priori of any thinking that can never be made present. I then give a possible version of Heidegger's incomplete project of "Time and Being." It involves grounding what I call the four differences on the transcendence of Dasein itself. It includes the explanation of the impossibility of such a project. Next, I show that the thingness of a thing involves understanding, mood and interest, or one's comportment to totality. ;Finally, I show Gelassenheit to be Heidegger's final response to the same primordial problem that Parmenides articulated at the beginning of Western philosophy, namely the problem of sameness and difference . This problem is at the heart of most fundamental problems of philosophy, such as the problems of one/many, mind/body, freedom/determinism, etc. These paradoxes arise precisely because philosophy is looking for an answer. This seeking of remedy, of an exit from the possible impossibility that existence is, is what I identify as the metaphysical position. Gelassenheit is the name of that posture or mood which not only endures existence, but affirms it. (shrink)

Enlightenment, in Kant's philosophical system, focuses on the future in which, man can attain his essence, that is to say, his freedom and the maximum efflorescence of talents; the same talents nature or divine providence has given him. Under this perspective, the direction of reason throughout history has been focused on the growth of man toward the will of nature; a desire the nature through the same channel achieves which is culture and civilization of human societies. In this ultimate idea, (...) the entire history is the history of man's step-by-step movement toward freedom, rationality, and morality in the form of a socio-civil system in which, man demonstrates his nature with civil participation, control of war, and the growth of education and culture hence, the idea of ​​unity is embodied. This article tries to show how Kant uses Rousseau's main idea based on ​​the need to change man’s secondary nature in accordance with nature’s will in both legal-civil system and education system, and reviews Rousseau's revolutionary plan in the framework of his theory of intellect. (shrink)

The purpose of this article is to study the issue of evil from the perspective of Ibn Maimon in Judaism and Imam Muhammad al-Ghazali in Islam. Ibn Maimun does not consider evil to be issued from God because he believes that anti-existence has no actuality and all evils are non-existent to which no act belongs unless the matter has existed by its nature and therefore matter causes corruption and evil. With Ibn Maimon, he considered evil to be material, and God (...) free from evil, and always considered God to be pure good, and he considered the world to be good and the evil in which man is placed to be due to human existence. Al-Ghazali also emphasizes that good and evil are from God and he who does not know evil from God is ignorant. In the sense that God does not create evil for evil, and God's purpose in creating evil is actually to achieve a greater good. According to Ghazali, the ambiguity about the compatibility of God's mercy and the existence of evil is due to a misunderstanding of the true meaning of mercy. The conclusion is that Ibn Maimun considers evil to be non-existent and considers the principle of its existence to be due to factors such as ignorance and the limited power of man, and considers evil to be due to the human nature of individuals; Al-Ghazali, on the other hand, considers God to have created evil and good together and considers the principle of evil to be a factor in achieving greater and unknown good. (shrink)

Freedom, in spite of misuses of it, can be regard as one of the concepts which is prevalent as a positive concept in different countries and cultures so that every one is attached to it, and is ready to bestow his most valuable capitals to gain it. Despite such a regard of affection for it, freedom as "free will" in human nature and as "human rights" in society is still in an annulation of ambiguity for thinkers of different domains. This (...) paper, while relying on human intelligence as the reason of free will, considers intelligence as the shackle of human freedom. Based on this point and using a philosophical-theological approach, the paper is going to deal with free will in human nature as well as with freedom in society. (shrink)

Topological indices are of incredible significance in the field of graph theory. Convex polytopes play a significant role both in various branches of mathematics and also in applied areas, most notably in linear programming. We have calculated some topological indices such as atom-bond connectivity index, geometric arithmetic index, K-Banhatti indices, and K-hyper-Banhatti indices and modified K-Banhatti indices from some families of convex polytopes through M-polynomials. The M-polynomials of the graphs provide us with a great help to calculate the topological indices (...) of different structures. (shrink)

The struggle for the recognition of indigenous rights is one of the most important social movements in Mexico. Before the 1970s, existing peasant organizations did not represent indigenous concerns. Since 1975 there has been a resurgence of indigenous movements and have raised new demands and defense of their cultural values. However, indigenous social mobilization had been laid in local and regional peasant struggles across the 1970s and 1980s. Also the indigenous movement is not homogeneous and does not include all ethnic (...) groups in the country, but it has many different expressions and encompasses different entities at local, regional and national levels. This paper aims to analyze the historical social approach and under the frame of indigenous political ecology of social movements for recognition of indigenous rights in contemporary Mexico. (shrink)