The aim of this article is to discuss the extent to which certain substructural logics are related through the phenomenon of duality. Roughly speaking, metainferences are inferences between collect...

The aim of this article is to study the notion of derivability and its semantic counterpart in the context of non-transitive and non-reflexive substructural logics. For this purpose we focus on the study cases of the logics _S__T_ and _T__S_. In this respect, we show that this notion doesn’t coincide, in general, with a nowadays broadly used semantic approach towards metainferential validity: the notion of local validity. Following this, and building on some previous work by Humberstone, we prove that in (...) these systems derivability can be characterized in terms of a notion we call absolute global validity. However, arriving at these results doesn’t lead us to disregard local validity. First, because we discuss the conditions under which local, and also global validity, can be expected to coincide with derivability. Secondly, because we show how taking into account certain families of valuations can be useful to describe derivability for different calculi used to present _S__T_ and _T__S_. (shrink)

This article is concerned with an exploration of a family of systems—called immune logics—that arise from certain dualizations of the well-known family of infectious logics. The distinctive feature of the semantic of infectious logics is the presence of a certain “infectious” semantic value, by which two different though equivalent things are meant. On the one hand, it is meant that these values are zero elements for all the operations in the underlying algebraic structure. On the other hand, it is meant (...) that these values behave in a value-in-value-out fashion for all the operations in the underlying algebraic structure. Thus, in a rather informal manner, we will refer to immune logics as those systems whose underlying semantics count with a certain “immune” semantic value behaving in a way that is somewhat dual to that of the infectious values. In a more formal manner, carrying out this dualization will prove to be not as straightforward as one could imagine, since the two characterizations of infectiousness discussed above lead to two different outcomes when one tries to conduct them. We explore these alternatives and provide technical results regarding them, and the various logical systems defined using such semantics. (shrink)

In recent years, some theorists have argued that the clogics are not only defined by their inferences, but also by their metainferences. In this sense, logics that coincide in their inferences, but not in their metainferences were considered to be different. In this vein, some metainferential logics have been developed, as logics with metainferences of any level, built as hierarchies over known logics, such as \, and \. What is distinctive of these metainferential logics is that they are mixed, i.e. (...) the standard for the premises and the conclusion is not necessarily the same. However, so far, all of these systems have been presented following a semantical standpoint, in terms of valuations based on the Strong Kleene truth-tables. In this article, we provide sound and complete sequent-calculi for the valid inferences and the invalid inferences of the logics \ and \, and introduce an algorithm that allows obtaining sound and complete sequent-calculi for the global validities and the global invalidities of any metainferential logic of any level. (shrink)

Our main goal is to investigate whether the infinitary rules for the quantifiers endorsed by Elia Zardini in a recent paper are plausible. First, we will argue that they are problematic in several ways, especially due to their infinitary features. Secondly, we will show that even if these worries are somehow dealt with, there is another serious issue with them. They produce a truth-theoretic paradox that does not involve the structural rules of contraction.

Our aim is to provide a sequent calculus whose external consequence relation coincides with the three-valued paracomplete logic `of nonsense' introduced by Dmitry Bochvar and, independently, presented as the weak Kleene logic K3W by Stephen C. Kleene. The main features of this calculus are (i) that it is non-reflexive, i.e., Identity is not included as an explicit rule (although a restricted form of it with premises is derivable); (ii) that it includes rules where no variable-inclusion conditions are attached; and (iii) (...) that it is hybrid, insofar as it includes both left and right operational introduction as well as elimination rules. (shrink)

In this article, our aim is to take a step towards a full understanding of the notion of paraconsistency in the context of metainferential logics. Following the work initiated by Barrio et al. [2018], we will consider a metainferential logic to be paraconsistent whenever the metainferential version of Explosion is invalid. However, our contribution consists in modifying the definition of meta-Explosion by extending the standard framework and introducing a negation for inferences and metainferences. From this new perspective, Tarskian paraconsistent logics (...) such as LP will not turn out to be metainferentially paraconsistent, in contrast to, for instance, non-transitive logics like ST. Finally, we will end up by defining a logic which is metainferentially paraconsistent at every level, and discussing whether this logic is uniform through translations. (shrink)

Recently, several authors have pointed out that substructural logics are adequate for developing naive theories that represent semantic concepts such as truth. Among them, three proposals have been explored: dropping cut, dropping contraction and dropping reflexivity. However, nowhere in the substructural literature has anyone proposed rejecting the structural rule of weakening, while accepting the other rules. Some theorists have even argued that this task was not possible, since weakening plays no role in the derivation of semantic paradoxes. In this article, (...) I introduce a theory for naive truth based on the logic resulting from dropping the rule of weakening from classical logic, and maintaining the other structural rules. (shrink)

Many authors have considered that the notions of paraconsistency and dialetheism are intrinsically connected, in many cases, to the extent of confusing both phenomena. However, paraconsistency is a formal feature of some logics that consists in invalidating the rule of explosion, whereas dialetheism is a semantical/ontological position consisting in accepting true contradictions. In this paper, we argue against this connection and show that it is perfectly possible to adopt a paraconsistent logic and reject dialetheism, and, moreover, that there are examples (...) of non-paraconsistent logics that can be interpreted in a dialetheic way. (shrink)

Given a three-valued definition of validity, which choice of three-valued truth tables for the connectives can ensure that the resulting logic coincides exactly with classical logic? We give an answer to this question for the five monotonic consequence relations $st$, $ss$, $tt$, $ss\cap tt$, and $ts$, when the connectives are negation, conjunction, and disjunction. For $ts$ and $ss\cap tt$ the answer is trivial (no scheme works), and for $ss$ and $tt$ it is straightforward (they are the collapsible schemes, in which (...) the middle value acts like one of the classical values). For $st$, the schemes in question are the Boolean normal schemes that are either monotonic or collapsible. (shrink)

In this paper I’ll explore the relation between ω-inconsistency and plain inconsistency, in the context of theories that intend to capture semantic concepts. In particular, I’ll focus on two very well known inconsistent but non-trivial theories of truth: LP and STTT. Both have the interesting feature of being able to handle semantic and arithmetic concepts, maintaining the standard model. However, it can be easily shown that both theories are ω- inconsistent. Although usually a theory of truth is generally expected to (...) be ω-consistent, all conceptual concerns don’t apply to inconsistent theories. Finally, I’ll explore if it’s possible to have an inconsistent, butω-consistent theory of truth, restricting my analysis to substructural theories. (shrink)

Dentro del conjunto de las lógicas no clásicas, las lógicas paraconsistentes han suscitado de manera particular el interés de diversos filósofos. Además de las definiciones tradicionales, en los últimos años, se han propuesto nuevas maneras de caracterizar a la paraconsistencia. Lo que tienen en común todas estas definiciones es que alguna forma de la regla o de la metarregla de explosión debe ser rechazada. En este artículo, presentaré dichas definiciones y evaluaré el rol que juegan la negación y la transitividad (...) en ellas. Finalmente, propondré una nueva caracterización de la paraconsistencia, la que llamaré paraconsistencia pura y mostraré que la regla de monotonía juega un rol crucial en todas las presentaciones de dicho concepto. (shrink)

In the context of non-classical logics, many philosophers have been particularly interested in the paraconsistent logics. In addition to traditional definitions, in recent years, new ways of characterizing the notion of paraconsistency have been proposed. In all of these definitions the rule or the meta-rule of explosion is abandoned. In this article, I present those definitions and evaluate the role that the negation and the transitivity play in each of them. Finally, I propose a new definition of paraconsistency which I (...) call total paraconsistency and show that the rule of weakening plays a crucial role in all of the characterizations of such a concept. (shrink)

En los últimos años se han desarrollado diversas soluciones subestructurales a las paradojas semánticas. En particular, se han postulado teorías no transitivas, no contractivas, no reflexivas y, recientemente, no monotónicas. Sin embargo, cuando dichas soluciones son presentadas mediante cálculos de secuentes surge el problema de la dependencia. En pocas palabras, este problema consiste en que no es posible separar las reglas estructurales de la formulación de las otras reglas del cálculo. En este artículo, presentaré este problema y mostraré que, de (...) hecho, es posible construir un cálculo que no contiene ninguna regla estructural de manera explícita y que, sin embargo, resulta trivial al agregarle un predicado veritativo transparente con ciertos axiomas. Luego, delimitaré los alcances de dicho problema, concluyendo que la metodología correcta para seleccionar una solución subestructural a las paradojas semánticas debe basarse en argumentos filosóficos y, tal vez, en un estudio empírico sobre el fenómeno de la paradojicidad y no en la comparación de derivaciones en cálculos particulares. (shrink)

In this paper we present two new approaches for dealing with semantic paradoxes and soritical predicates based on fuzzy logic. We show that both of them have conceptual advantages over the more traditional Łukasiewicz approach, and that the second one even avoids standard proofs of ω-nconsistency.

In the context of non-classical logics, many philosophers have been particularly interested in the paraconsistent logics. In addition to traditional definitions, in recent years, new ways of characterizing the notion of paraconsistency have been proposed. In all of these definitions the rule or the meta-rule of explosion is abandoned. In this article, I present those definitions and evaluate the role that the negation and the transitivity play in each of them. Finally, I propose a new definition of paraconsistency which I (...) call total paraconsistency and show that the rule of weakening plays a crucial role in all of the characterizations of such a concept. (shrink)

In the literature, Weak Kleene logics are usually taken as three-valued logics. However, Suszko has challenged the main idea of many-valued logic claiming that every logic can be presented in a two-valued fashion. In this paper, we provide two-valued semantics for the Weak Kleene logics and for a number of four-valued subsystems of them. We do the same for the so-called Logics of Nonsense, which are extensions of the Weak Kleene logics with unary operators that allow looking at them as (...) Logics of Formal Inconsistency and Logics of Formal Underterminedness. Our aim with this work, rather than arguing for Suszko’s thesis, is to show that two-valued presentations of these peculiar logics enlighten the non-standard behavior of their logical connectives. More specifically, the two-valued presentations of paraconsistent logics illustrate and clarify the disjunctive flavor of the conjunction, and dually, the two-valued presentations of paracomplete subsystems of Weak Kleene logics reveal the conjunctive flavor of the disjunction. (shrink)

Infectious logics are systems that have a truth-value that is assigned to a compound formula whenever it is assigned to one of its components. This paper studies four-valued infectious logics as the basis of transparent theories of truth. This take is motivated as a way to treat different pathological sentences differently, namely, by allowing some of them to be truth-value gluts and some others to be truth-value gaps and as a way to treat the semantic pathology suffered by at least (...) some of these sentences as infectious. This leads us to consider four distinct four-valued logics: one where truth-value gaps are infectious, but gluts are not; one where truth-value gluts are infectious, but gaps are not; and two logics where both gluts and gaps are infectious, in some sense. Additionally, we focus on the proof theory of these systems, by offering a discussion of two related topics. On the one hand, we prove some limitations regarding the possibility of providing standard Gentzen sequent calculi for these systems, by dualizing and extending some recent results for infectious logics. On the other hand, we provide sound and complete four-sided sequent calculi, arguing that the most important technical and philosophical features taken into account to usually prefer standard calculi are, indeed, enjoyed by the four-sided systems. (shrink)

A theory of truth is usually demanded to be consistent, but -consistency is less frequently requested. Recently, Yatabe has argued in favour of -inconsistent first-order theories of truth, minimising their odd consequences. In view of this fact, in this paper, we present five arguments against -inconsistent theories of truth. In order to bring out this point, we will focus on two very well-known -inconsistent theories of truth: the classical theory of symmetric truth FS and the non-classical theory of naïve truth (...) based on ᴌukasiewicz infinitely valued logic: PAᴌT. (shrink)

Book Review: Dubucs, J., & Bourdeau, M.. Constructivity and Computability in Historical and Philosophical Perspective. Springer Netherlands, XI. 214, pp. ISBN: 978-94-017-9216-5 978-94-017-9217-2, €83.29.

Book Review: Dubucs, J., & Bourdeau, M.. Constructivity and Computability in Historical and Philosophical Perspective. Springer Netherlands, XI. 214, pp. ISBN: 978-94-017-9216-5 978-94-017-9217-2, €83.29.

This book is the first to present a comprehensive investigation of the technical features of the metainferential logics developed in the last years, with their most relevant results and applications. It provides some new paths to define and investigate metainferential logics and offers a thorough study of the semantics and the proof-theories of this new and exciting variety of families of logics. This volume examines the hierarchies of metainferential logics and gives a general and systematic theory of them, and of (...) the truth theories based on these logics. This book puts forward the prospects for truth-theories based on the metainferential logics of the TS/ST hierarchy and argues for its promise noting that each of these logics can be safely expanded with a transparent truth predicate. It also goes onto to explore new developments in three fields related to logics – namely metainferential logics built by means of the Weak Kleene schema and combining them with logics defined through the Strong Kleene schema, proof-theoretic presentations, and those with a with a global or an absolutely global validity standard, instead of a local one. This book is of interest to scholars in formal logic. (shrink)

O termo respeito é derivado do latim respectus, que corresponde ao uso substantivo do particípio passado do verbo respicere, cujo significado literal é "olhar para trás", "olhar de volta", "olhar novamente", "considerar" (do latim re "de novo" e spicere "olhar"). Derivações do termo latino respectus são encontradas tanto no francês antigo (sec. VIII-XIX), cujo termo respit significa "descansar", "repousar", quanto no inglês médio (sec. XI-XV), cujo termo respect aparece, assumindo a função de nome, no sentido de "relação ou referência a (...) uma coisa ou situação específica" e, na função de verbo, no sentido de "ser digno de consideração ou estima". Na linguagem comum, respeito é uma das palavras cotidianas que aparece em uma multiplicidade de contextos. De um modo mais amplo, poder-se-ia definir respeito como o reconhecimento do valor e da dignidade de algo, do qual decorre um conjunto de comportamentos e estados de ânimo como resposta. Em primeira instância, é importante observar que o conceito de respeito implica sempre uma relação, como no caso em que utilizamos a locução "a respeito de". O respeito leva em conta uma relação responsiva entre sujeito e objeto na qual o sujeito responde ao objeto devido ao reconhecimento de certas características nele. Como o termo latino nos sugere, essa relação envolve um "olhar de volta" que é, ao mesmo tempo, um "considerar", ou seja, trata-se de um certo tipo de apreciação do objeto baseada em elementos tais como a atenção, o julgamento, o conhecimento, a valorização e a deferência. Nesse sentido, respeitar é uma maneira particular de se apreender objeto, na qual uma atenção especial é requerida com o propósito de reconhecer o objeto, não segundo as distorções perpetradas pela nossa subjetividade, mas em sua própria dignidade. Embora o ato de respeitar tenha origem no sujeito, ele não diz respeito primariamente ao sujeito, mas, em vez disso, ao objeto, na medida em que envolve o reconhecimento de uma propriedade que o objeto reivindica para si. Este é o motivo pelo qual respeitar não é meramente uma questão discricionária, baseada em nosso querer e não querer, mas uma experiência [...]. (shrink)

Questo intervento è una testimonianza e una memoria: è una testimonianza, perché intende esprimere la gratitudine che nutro verso un pensatore – Franz Rosenzweig – che ha significato molto per la mia meditazione sul senso del cristianesimo, in particolare nel suo rapporto con l’ebraismo, e sul rapporto al tempo stesso ineliminabile e reciprocamente irriducibile tra filosofia e teologia. La testimonianza è anche una memoria, perché la frequentazione dei testi chiamati in gioco appartiene piuttosto a un altro tempo della mia vita, (...) quello precedente al mio servizio episcopale, tempo nel quale mi era consentita una scholé, un «indugiante pensare», che oggi certamente non mi è più permesso allo stesso modo. Ritengo, tuttavia, che il tributo della riconoscenza possa essere ancora più grande quando si pone a una certa distanza e si svolge così negli spazi della memoria, dove non domina l’urgenza di un presente che non abbia sperimentato a sufficienza il dono della lontananza e percepito nella nuda verità quello della prossimità. Proprio così oso proporre a chi è ben più esperto di me del pensiero dell’Autore de La Stella della redenzione dieci brevi tesi sul «nuovo pensiero», che fanno tesoro della breve e densa re-tractatio che lo stesso Rosenzweig ebbe a offrire del suo capolavoro nel piccolo scritto, intitolato appunto Das neue Denken. (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar uno de los ejemplos más notorios de reduccionismo biológico del siglo XIX: la Antropología Criminal, una teoría cuya influencia se hizo notar en ámbitos muy diversos. Sin embargo, fue en el derecho penal donde la influencia de Lombroso resultó más duradera, ya que sus propuestas se materializaron en los códigos penales de varios países. Se tratará de entender la influencia de Darwin y de la idea haeckeliana de recapitulación sobre Lombroso, y también qué (...) factores presentes en la época favorecieron la credibilidad que tuvo esta teoría en su momento.The main objective of this research is to analyze one of the most notorious examples of the XIX century biological reductionism: the Criminal Anthropology, a theory which had a major influence on different areas. Nevertheless, it was in the penal law where Lombroso’s influence remained longer, as his ideas were materialized in the penal codes of several countries. We’ll try to enlighten Lombroso’s thoughts under the influence of Darwin’s theory and the Hackelian idea of recapitulation, and finally the factors which favoured this theory credibility at its time. (shrink)

The paper is concerned with Fanciullacci’s book about a new understanding of moral philosophy, described, following Aristotle, as philosophy of human experience. The author argues that such a perspective should underline two important elements: the so called double reflexivity and the education of self. Using the expression double reflexivity, the goal is to draw attention to the reflexivity of both the practical reason of the subject and the critical investigation of practical philosophy. It is also assumed that we can educate (...) ourselves through the development of stable character traits. (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar uno de los ejemplos más notorios de reduccionismo biológico del siglo XIX: la Antropología Criminal, una teoría cuya influencia se hizo notar en ámbitos muy diversos. Sin embargo, fue en el derecho penal donde la influencia de Lombroso resultó más duradera, ya que sus propuestas se materializaron en los códigos penales de varios países. Se tratará de entender la influencia de Darwin y de la idea Haeckeliana de recapitulación sobre Lombroso, y también que (...) factores presentes en la época favorecieron la credibilidad que tuvo esta teoría en su momento.The main objective of this research is to analyze one of the most notorious examples of the XIX century biological reductionism: the Criminal Anthropology, a theory which had a major influence on different areas. Nevertheless, it was the penal law where Lombroso’s influence remained longer, as his ideas were materialized in the penal codes of several countries. We’ll try to enlighten Lombroso’s thoughts under the influence of Darwin’s theory and the Haeckelian idea of recapitulation, and finally the factors which favoured this theory credibility at its time. (shrink)

Este trabalho constitui um recorte de um projeto de Iniciação Científica do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste de Minas Gerais, Campus Santos Dumont (IF Sudeste MG-Santos Dumont), realizado por alunos do curso de graduação em Licenciatura em Matemática. Por meio do levantamento bibliográfico, buscou-se responder à pergunta: quais os caminhos percorridos pelas pesquisas em educação matemática crítica no Brasil nos últimos 22 anos? Para tal, consideramos exclusivamente artigos, publicados em periódicos da área de Educação Matemática de (...) circulação nacional e internacional, complementando a busca com o acesso ao Portal de Periódicos CAPES. Com isso, realizamos a revisão sistemática da literatura, classificando os trabalhos em categorias temáticas que, além de organizá-los, serve de base para a síntese crítica dos trabalhos. Além disso, apontam como resultados não só as tendências em certos temas de pesquisa, mas também lacunas. (shrink)

Fomentar a atuação das micro e pequenas empresas deve se tornar um dos principais escopos das políticas públicas brasileiras direcionadas ao desenvolvimento socioeconômico, considerando o tratamento diferenciado previsto no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, que também prevê legalmente a possibilidade da aplicação de benefícios aos microempreendedores, mas que ainda não atingem os objetivos que transcendem à seara econômica. O estudo almeja trazer reflexões e a compreensão de alguns dos dispositivos de fomento às micro e pequenas empresas à luz da nova lei de (...) licitações e contratos. A partir dele, depreende-se que os efeitos diretos e indiretos trazidos por estas sociedades empresária são extremamente valiosos, relevantes e perceptíveis no cotidiano, motivo pelo qual o Poder Público deve priorizá-las, monitorando, periodicamente, a efetivação de medidas em prol da manutenção ou incremento dos benefícios alcançados em um cenário nacional. Utilizou-se na presente análise o método dedutivo, com pesquisa bibliográfica, doutrina e legislação nacional e estrangeira. (shrink)

O presente artigo pretende demonstrar como são construídas as categorias matáveis a partir de dois autores contemporâneos que detém propósitos próximos, mas diferentes abordagens, como é o caso do antropólogo francês René Girard e do filósofo político italiano Giorgio Agamben. Para isso, dividiremos a nossa análise em dois campos: antropológico e político. No primeiro momento, faremos uso da teoria girardiana para exemplificar como os sacrifícios - bode expiatório -, recorrentes nas comunidades tradicionais, servem de alicerce para a compreensão desse mecanismo (...) em uma diferente dinâmica: a política. Com isso, iremos através de Agamben, descortinar, por sua vez, como o conceito de homo sacri atua intrinsecamente ao agir político, principalmente quando o seu uso é legitimado pelo mais poderoso ente social: o Estado. Por fim, pretendemos relacionar os conceitos apresentados por esses autores - Girard e Agamben - em uma ótica contemporânea através de pesquisas que especifiquem como atua o governo na geopolítica brasileira. (shrink)

Physical activity and sedentary behaviour have been linked to the mental health of children and adolescents, yet the timing of behaviours may play a role in this relationship and clarifying this could inform interventions. We explored cross-sectional associations of PA and SED in varying time segments throughout the school day with the mental health of school-aged children and adolescents from rural Northeastern Ontario, Canada. A total of 161 students wore accelerometers for 8 days and completed a self-report survey. Mental health (...) was measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Accelerometer-measured SED, light PA, and moderate and vigorous PA were estimated in the time-segments before school, school time, after school, and evenings. Associations were tested with multilevel linear regressions while adjusting for confounding factors. Students spent 72.6 min in MVPA, 209.0 min in LPA, and 621.0 min in SED per day. Daily SED was associated with less conduct problems. Evening LPA was inversely associated with hyperactivity, while SED was associated with hyperactivity and with peer problems before school, and during school. No associations were observed for MVPA, emotional symptoms, or prosocial behaviour. In conclusion, displacing SED with LPA in some specific periods of the day may benefit the mental health of students; taking this into account could strengthen interventions. (shrink)

Tratar da noção de pessoa é ir diretamente ao núcleo do problema da identidade. A perspectiva hodierna marcada pelo ideal de “pós-modernidade” parece trazer à tona esta problemática em meio ao contexto social em que nos encontramos que permite atribuir à identidade, seja ela enquanto experiência subjetiva, seja ela enquanto discurso filosófico inúmeros significados. Assim, a problemática exposta no presente ensaio visa apontar para a perspectiva desenvolvida por Antonio Meneghetti em sua vasta bibliografia e na práxis empírica da Ontopsicologia, movimento (...) por ele fundado na Itália no fim dos anos sessenta. O que de imediato se adianta é que a Ontopsicologia responde ao problema universal da noção de sujeito pela noção de pessoa, expressa, a partir da tradição aristotélica, na singular categoria de individuação: o Em Si ôntico. Esta, por sua vez, é o critério epistêmico da operatividade da Escola Ontopsicológica. (shrink)

This work presents a post-positivist research framework for explaining any surprising or anomalous fact in the evolutionary path of a complex, dynamic, and contingent social process. Firstly, it elaborates on the reconciliation betweenthe ontological and epistemological assumptions of Critical Realism with the principles of American Pragmatism. Next, the research method is presented: theoretical propositions about a social structure are translated into a set of grammar rules that acknowledge patterns of sequences of events, either involving individual action or interaction between actors (...) within a real social system. The result is a discrete mathematical model for a concrete category of social process based on these rules. Finally, data-grounded refinement of the theory is possible through comparison between cases belonging to the same category, but differing in some contingent pattern of sequences of event outcomes. Consequently, their grammars differ in some pairs of context-sensitive rules that explain this surprising fact, and the derivation of this alternative historical trajectory of event outcomes becomes an extension to the early category of social process. In this sense, the proposed framework suggests a hierarchy of classes of grammars for middle-range explanations based on the ontological assumption of the generative nature of social reality. (shrink)

Several countries maintain universal health coverage, which implies responsibility to organize delivery formats of healthcare services and products for citizens. In Brazil, the health system has a principle of universal access for more than 30 years, but many deficiencies remain and the country observes a day practice for those seeking judicial decisions to determine provision of healthcare.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo reinterpretar a “História da loucura”, de Michel Foucault – obra que versa sobre a gênese da loucura como doença mental, das instituições psiquiátricas e da psiquiatria – a partir da teoria social de Marx. Motiva a realização desta pesquisa a ausência de trabalhos desde a perspectiva do marxismo sobre o objeto tomado por Foucault. Os resultados da pesquisa em tela estão organizados em quatro momentos: a) inicialmente, analisa-se a concepção foucaultiana de história, indispensável ao entendimento (...) dos períodos históricos analisados por Foucault; b) posteriormente, são destacados os períodos nomeados por Foucault como “A grande internação” e “O nascimento do asilo” ; c) num terceiro momento, as considerações de Robert Castel sobre a história do alienismo à luz da problemática da “questão social” são tomadas em conta como um avanço em relação à análise foucaultiana; d) por fim, a leitura marxiana a respeito da “assim chamada acumulação primitiva” é tomada como chave interpretativa para colocar em perspectiva os fundamentos históricos e econômicos que se encontram na base das transformações apresentadas por Foucault e da própria “questão social”, expressão que surge como resposta burguesa ao pauperismo e tomada por Castel como chave explicativa do alienismo. (shrink)

Comment sortir l'Islam du fondamentalisme et le réconcilier avec la modernité de notre monde? Comment permettre aux croyants, paradoxalement de plus en plus engagés dans la société civile, dans la promotion de la liberté d'expression et des droits de l'homme et de la femme... de se libérer de préceptes religieux formalistes et de redonner du sens à leur foi? Reda Benkirane propose une voie aussi prometteuse qu'inattendue : repenser la religion à la lumière des sciences majeures de notre temps. Ces (...) sciences de la complexité qui, justement, échappent à tout réductionnisme. La religion étant, comme la science, une manière d'envisager le monde, la société, l'individu, on découvrira au fil des pages les passerelles qu'elles jettent l'une vers l'autre à notre époque de croissance phénoménale des connaissances... jusqu'à proposer une nouvelle lecture du Coran lui-même! (shrink)

This paper describes a method for the analysis of the evolutionary path of a complex, dynamic, and contingent social phenomenon in an empirical setting. Given empirical evidence of a surprising or anomalous fact, which contradicts the prediction of the wide-acknowledged theory, the goal is to formulate a plausible explanation based on the context of occurrence, taking a holistic and historical point of view. The procedure begins by translating theoretical propositions into grammar rules to describe patterns of either individual action or (...) interaction that may occur within the hypothesized social system. The result is a category of social process in which the objects are types of decision-making events carried by a stable community of actors over time, and the relationships between them are state transitions revealed in the sequences of event outcomes. Therefore, structural comparison between pairs of representative instances result in an extension of the category of social processes, relying on the configurations of contextual conditions that enable the occurrence of the new event outcome in specific empirical settings. (shrink)

El texto relaciona La modernidad com La cuestión social, pasando por el análisis del papel de La Revolución Francesa e Industrial.

Our main goal is to investigate whether the infinitary rules for the quantifiers endorsed by Elia Zardini in a recent paper are plausible. First, we will argue that they are problematic in several ways, especially due to their infinitary features. Secondly, we will show that even if these worries are somehow dealt with, there is another serious issue with them. They produce a truth-theoretic paradox that does not involve the structural rules of contraction.