This article tries to assess the component of French anthropology influenced by the Marxist paradigm, while also showing the links of Marxism to functionalism. With the collapse of the Marxist problematic one must establish a new anthropology that gives greater attention to history in "primitive" societies. It is also necessary to rethink some of the central problems confronting anthropology: in particular, to reevaluate the links between anthropology and development; to locate constructivism in the discipline; to measure the extent of phenomena (...) of reappropriation in exotic societies; and to examine the aptness of binary oppositions such as "state" versus "stateless societies," and "individual" versus "community." By thus questioning some of the central images of anthropology, one is led to pose the problem of "primordial syncretism," that is, the diffusion of institutions spreading from a common cultural ground or background, as well as the problem of the links between universalism and culturalism. At the end of this itinerary, and by taking the example of the pair "people of power" versus "people of the earth," it is argued that the prevalence of the phenomena of reappropriation in exotic societies is explained by the universality of certain values. (shrink)

La préférence accordée à l'islam soufi, islam supposé pacifique, dans sa variante africaine, c'est-à-dire "noire", n'est que le nouvel avatar du primitivisme à l'âge du djihadisme. Le primitivisme, qui a fait de l'Afrique le continent du fétichisme à l'époque de la traite des esclaves, l'a ensuite caractérisé sous la colonisation comme le havre de l'"islam noir" et actuellement comme celui de l'islam soufi... Islam noir, Islam soufi : islams pacifiques? Or, l'Afrique, au cours de son histoire, n'a cessé de résister (...) à ce stéréotype à travers les nombreux djihads intervenus au XIXe siècle ou ceux qui se déroulent actuellement. Tout en soutenant les formes locales de l'islam soufi, en tant que contre-feux à l'islam radical, les pouvoirs africains et les puissances étrangères qui interviennent sur le continent entendent le renforcer en organisant une "déradicalisation" du personnel musulman ouest-africain dans d'autres pays, comme le Maroc, soumis également à la menace salafiste, wahhabite ou djihadiste. L'islam soufi apparaît ainsi, en définitive, comme la variante postcoloniale de l'"islam noir". (shrink)

One of the characteristics of this ending century might very well be the resurgence of ethnic, nationalist, and fundamentalist movements, a group of manifestations conveniently designated by S. Huntington in the expression “the clash of civilizations.” Although in the West we live, since the end of the nineteenth century, in the paradigm of class struggle - even despite the fact that World War I fighters had proven that they accepted to “die for their country” - the 1990s seem to toll (...) this model's bell in favor of a hardening of identity demands. (shrink)