In the aftermath of the Second World War, Maurice Merleau-Ponty undertook to interrogate Marxism, both in its rhetoric and in its practice. Our project, which is essentially didactic in nature and, for all intents and purposes, free of any secondary literature, consists in following his intellectual development in this respect, from his first political writings in 1945 until 1960 - only a few months before his sudden death, which occurred a hundred days before the erection of the Berliner Mauer. But (...) why is it relevant today to revisit contributions that approach, reach, or even exceed three quarters of a century? It is because the author, and this is certainly not insignificant from the point of view of the history of ideas, saw clearly before almost anyone else. In such a way that he succeeded, by deconstructing the intellectual framework of the System, in identifying, inscribed from the beginning in its own « software », the inevitable asphyxiation of the Soviet regime. This in turn requires us to take note - which Marx himself would not have disavowed, as a contrario - that one cannot unquestionably gag, rooted in the fabric of man, the Will-to-Freedom of these families born of History and Geography, which are the peoples and nations. (shrink)

Bien que l'on associat traditionnellement pensée hégélienne et affirmation péremptoire de la rationalité de la réalité , il n'est pas inopportun de tenter de saisir le fil d'Ariane qui, progressivement, conduit le philosophe de l'Idéalisme absolu à littéralement arraisonner la Raison. On comprendra dès lors que cette Raison est peut-être moins un FIAT originel né de l'arbitraire - fût-il celui, génial, d'un puissant esprit pensant - qu'une simple CONSTANTE du réel : nous sommes de raison dans la Raison. Aussi, lutter (...) contre celle-ci constitue sans doute non tant un acte de Liberté que d'entêtement Reste donc à s'en faire une alliée. Il nous faut épouser Athéna - et cultiver die Rose im Kreuze der Gegenwart, la rose dans la croix du présent.We will analyze how Hegel leads us from Absolute Idealism to the well-known thesis : Reality is Rationality. We will see thus that Reason is not produced by an arbitrary and theoretical decision but, on the contrary, that Reason reveals itself as a constant of Reality. The struggle against Reason cannot appear, therefore, as an act of freedom but as a form of the stubbornness which characterizes the activity of Reason. In this process, Reason is its own ally. (shrink)

L'extrême barbarie de la seconde guerre mondiale, et l'espoir d'une vie différente pour l'humanité, ont amené M. Merleau-Ponty à réfléchir sur le marxisme - théorique d'une part, stalinien d'autre part. Notre projet consiste à suivre son cheminement intellectuel à cet égard depuis ses premiers écrits politiques de '45 jusqu'en I960, quelques mois à peine avant sa mort subite survenue il y a exactement trente ans, en mai 1961. Mais en quoi est-il pertinent, à l'heure où un vent d'Histoire plane sur (...) l'Est, de revenir sur des textes dont certains atteindront bientôt le demi-siècle ? C'est que l'auteur a vu clair avant presque tout le monde, de telle sorte qu'il réussit à identifier, inscrite dès l'origine dans son propre système, l'asphyxie inévitable du régime soviétique. Aussi, lire le Merleau-Ponty de ces années pas si lointaines, c'est lire à notre avis l'URSS de Gorbatchev et voir également s'épanouir la nouvelle Europe depuis Prague jusqu'à Sofia. C'est comprendre du même souffle - ce que n'eût point désavoué Marx - qu'on ne saurait bâillonner indéfiniment, enracinée dans le tissu de l'homme, la Volonté-de-liberté des peuples et des nations.The extreme barbarity of the Second World War, and the hope for a different life for Humanity, lead Merleau-Ponty to reflect on marxism, theoretical as well as Stalinian. Our aim is to follow his intellectual progress on this subject since his first political writing, from 1945 until I960, that is, just a few months before his sudden death in may 1961. However, where is the relevance to come back to these fifty years old texts when History blows on eastern countries? Simply because Merleau-Ponty has foreseen the present situation almost before any other analyst, in such a way that he identified successfully the unavoidable asphyxia of the soviet regimen, as inscribed at the very outset of this political system. To read the Merleau-Ponty of these years, it is, do we think, to read the USSR of Gorbatchev, and to see also the new Euro pa to expand, from Prague to Sofia. It is also to understand, by the same occasion - and Marx would not have disavowed it -, that one cannot silence indefinitely the Will of liberty of people and nations which is routed in the nature of man. (shrink)

The important Hegelian thesis on the integral, and therefore absolute, rationality of being is well known. Consequently, it seems to be useless to keep on talking about the Hegel of Logic, for example, as opposed to the Hegel of Politics, of History, of Nature, of Aesthetics as well as the Hegel of the Religious. Such «regional» logics are ultimately reducible to the one and same fundamental structure of sense and that of « the » sense. This text aims precisely at (...) pro vi ding convincing evidence to the hypo thesis of the basic intelligibility of the real as residing in the so-called SNRR Gyro scope (or matrix system) Subject - Negativity - Result - Reconciliation. (shrink)