In the de Officiis we have, save for the latter Philippics, the great orator's last contribution to literature. The last, sad, troubled years of his busy life could not be given to his profession; and he turned his never-resting thoughts to the second love of his student days and made Greek philosophy a possibility for Roman readers. The senate had been abolished; the courts had been closed. His occupation was gone; but Cicero could not surrender himself to idleness. In (...) those days of distraction (46-43 b.c.) he produced for publication almost as much as in all his years of active life.The liberators had been able to remove the tyrant, but they could not restore the republic. Cicero's own life was in danger from the fury of mad Antony and he left Rome about the end of March, 44 b.c. He dared not even stop permanently in any one of his various country estates, but, wretched, wandered from one of his villas to another nearly all the summer and autumn through. He would not suffer himself to become a prey to his overwhelming sorrow at the death of the republic and the final crushing of the hopes that had risen with Caesar's downfall, but worked at the highest tension on his philosophical studies. (shrink)

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 BC-43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, political theorist, philosopher, and Roman constitutionalist. He is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. He is generally perceived to be one of the most versatile minds of ancient Rome. He introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary, distinguishing himself as a linguist, translator, and philosopher. An impressive orator and successful lawyer, he probably thought his political (...) career his most important achievement. Today, he is appreciated primarily for his humanism and philosophical and political writings. Although a great master of Latin rhetoric and composition, Cicero was not Roman in the traditional sense, and was quite self-conscious of this for his entire life. He was declared a "righteous pagan" by the early Catholic Church, and therefore many of his works were deemed worthy of preservation. Saint Augustine and others quoted liberally from his works On the Republic and On the Laws, and it is due to this that we are able to recreate much of the work from the surviving fragments. (shrink)

'any service I may have rendered my countrymen in my active life I may also extend to them... now that I am at leisure'Marcus Tullius Cicero, Rome's greatest orator, had a career of intense activity in politics, the law courts and the administration, mostly in Rome. His fortunes, however, followed those of Rome, and he found himself driven into exile in 58 BC, only to return a year later to a city paralyzed by the domination of Pompey, Crassus, and (...) Caesar. Cicero, though a senior statesman, struggled to maintain his independence and it was during these years that, frustrated in public life, he first started to put his excess energy, stylistic brilliance, and superabundant vocabulary into writing these works of philosophy. The three dialogues collected here are the most accessible of Cicero's works, written to his friends Atticus and Brutus, with the intent of popularizing philosophy in Ancient Rome. They deal with the everyday problems of life; ethics in business, the experience of grief, and the difficulties of old age. (shrink)

The third and fourth books of Cicero's Tusculan Disputations deal with the nature and management of human emotion: first grief, then the emotions in general. In lively and accessible style, Cicero presents the insights of Greek philosophers on the subject, reporting the views of Epicureans and Peripatetics and giving a detailed account of the Stoic position, which he himself favors for its close reasoning and moral earnestness. Both the specialist and the general reader will be fascinated by the (...) Stoics' analysis of the causes of grief, their classification of emotions by genus and species, their lists of oddly named character flaws, and by the philosophical debate that develops over the utility of anger in politics and war. Margaret Graver's elegant and idiomatic translation makes Cicero's work accessible not just to classicists but to anyone interested in ancient philosophy and psychotherapy or in the philosophy of emotion. The accompanying commentary explains the philosophical concepts discussed in the text and supplies many helpful parallels from Greek sources. (shrink)

Resenha do livro de: CORBIN, H. La paradoja del monoteismo. Trad. Maria Tabuyo y Agustin Lopez. Madrid: Losada, 2003.289 paginas.

Throughout the history of Christian spirituality, it has been held that it is impossible to adequately name God. The Neoplatonic readings of Plato's Parmenides, particularly by Plotinus and Proclus, decisively influenced the course of Western philosophy and theology. From a comparison of the notion of God in Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite, Epistle III, and in Martin Heidegger's text "Der letzte Gott," I show that there is a common thread, based in the Pauline idea of kenösis.

Resenha do livro de: VATTIMO, G. Dopo la cristianita: per un cristanesimo non religioso. Milano: Garzanti, 2002.

In this paper two Descartes' letters on Machiavelli are examined Firstly, following the philosopher's own suggestions in the letters, Descartes' and Machiavelli's thoughts are contrasted, from which a distinction between Morals and Politics arises. Next, the Cartesian Morals is explained in order to point out the roots of this distinction.Neste artigo, duas cartas de Descartes sobre Maquiavel são analisadas. Primeiro, é apresentado, com base no que o próprio filósofo sugere nas cartas, um contraste entre os dois pensadores, do qual emerge (...) uma distinção entre moral e política em Descartes. Uma leitura da moral cartesiana é feita, em seguida, a fim de localizar as raízes desta distinção. (shrink)

Este texto enfoca as percepções de Hume sobre os eventos políticos e político-econômicos de seu tempo. Ancorado na análise de J. G. A. Pocock, o artigo explora os modos pelos quais o pensamento político humeano pode ter sido influenciado pelo assim chamado “republicanismo britânico do século XVIII”, dado o contexto de difuso mal-estar com uma intrusão sem precedentes do poder econômico sobre a política. A despeito das muitas contribuições que a história social e a história do pensamento político já fizeram (...) sobre esse tema e o respectivo período, a interpretação da perspectiva de Hume ainda deixa alguma perplexidade, à qual o artigo busca se endereçar. (shrink)

Partindo de uma visada crítica das chamadas “teorias políticonormativas”, este artigo rediscute a questão das relações entre política e moralidade sob regimes democráticos e explora a hipótese de que o esforço mesmo de realização de seus valores fundamentais, ao produzir efeitos não intencionados – um “excedente de sentido” – induz esses regimes a um movimento de fuga da moralidade. Movimento contraditório, apto a produzir um mal-estar difuso com a própria democracia. Contudo, o artigo explora a hipótese complementar de que é (...) exatamente por meio dessa contradição que emergem as possibilidades de um campo próprio da ação política. Palavras-chave: Moralidade. Excedente de sentido. Política democrática. (shrink)

A presença dos acontecimentos enquanto fenômeno, e seu contraponto, o hábito, ecoam numa inter-relação contínua ao longo de todo o enredo do romance A Peste de Albert Camus. O presente artigo consiste na investigação do conceito de acontecimento e suas relações com a noção mediadora de linguagem - do mesmo modo que a ideia de resistência - à luz de uma leitura das reflexões de Gilles Deleuze, Slavoj Zizek e John Caputo acerca desse tema. Para tanto, estarão expostas correlações possíveis (...) entre construção ficcional e filosofia na análise desta obra que é considerada uma das mais simbólicas do século XX. (shrink)

If we would have to differentiate Proclean thought in relation to Plotinian thought, perhaps the shortest way would be to understand the hyerarchic structure used by them to define the procession and the conversion from the One to the multiple. Although the ground for both thinkers is Plato’s philosophy, the concern to sistematize in an “organic” way all the levels of participation in the divine hennads leads Proclus to postulate a refined vertical system in which every reality is thought as (...) a monad and, as such, one different from the others. The aim of this work consists in understanding the Proclean structure and its relation with thought, understood as a transfiguration in which reality, more than a manifestation of unity, is an expression of the continuous play between the One and the multiple. (shrink)

Mit der Übersetzung des platonischen Dialogs "Timaios" wollte Cicero den Römern einen weiteren Zugang zur Philosophie eröffnen. Da der lateinischen Sprache wichtige Wörter fehlten, musste er sich dabei auch als Sprachschöpfer betätigen. Das Gespräch kreist um die Erschaffung des Weltkörpers und der Weltseele, die Erschaffung der Zeit und der Planeten, aber auch musiktheoretische Überlegungen (zu den Intervallen), Gedanken über die Seele und die Seelenwanderung sowie die menschliche Wahrnehmung spielen eine Rolle. Der Dialog schließt mit einem Lob der Philosophie, "dem (...) wünschenswertesten und hervorragendsten Gut, das dem Menschengeschlecht von den Göttern als Gnadengabe zugestanden worden ist". (shrink)

Geschult an den griechischen Klassikern, vor allem Demosthenes, und ausgerüstet mit einer enzyklopädischen Bildung, führte Cicero die römische Beredsamkeit zu einer Klassizität, deren Suggestivkraft die forensishcen Erfolge bedingte und ihre bleibende Faszination ausmacht. Die gründlich ausgearbeiteten Reden, seine selbständigste literarische Leistung, zeichnen darüber hinaus ein lebendiges Bild der unruhigen politischen Lage im 1. Jh. V. Chr. Die Übertragung von Manfred Fuhrmann ist selbst schon ein klassisches Werk moderner Übersetzungskunst. Band 1 der Prozessreden enthält die Reden vor dem Exil: Rede (...) für P. Quinctius Rede für den Schauspieler Q. Roscius Rede für M. Tullius Rede für M. Fonteius Rede für A. Caecina Rede für A. Cluentius Habitus Rede für F. Sulla Rede für L. Flaccus. (shrink)

"Wenn es auch viele Fragen in der Philosophie gibt, die bis heute noch nicht genügend geklärt sind, so ist doch die Frage nach dem Wesen der Götter ganz besonders schwierig und überaus dunkel...". Um eine Klärung bemühen sich im Haus von Ciceros Freund C. Aurelius Cotta neben dem Hausherren, der die Schule der Akademiker vertritt, der Epikureer C. Velleius und der Stoiker Q. Lucilius Balbus. Cicero - zum fiktiven Datum der Unterredung mit etwa dreißig Jahren der Jüngste - begnügt (...) sich hauptsächlich mit der Rolle des stummen Zuhörers. Seine Gesprächswiedergabe besticht durch die Schärfe der Gedankenführung und die meisterhafte Komposition. Ihm verdanken die Römer zum großen Teil die lateinische Terminologie, die weiteren Kreisen den Zugang zur griechischen Philosophie erst ermöglichte. Olof Gigon und Laila Straume-Zimmermann haben den Text neu übertragen und mit profundem Detailwissen und philosophischem Weitblick kommentiert. (shrink)