A renewed interest into the philosophy of Bergson in the last decades brings his central notion duration to the fore of lively discussions. This renewed interest certainly has its source in Deleuze’s Bergsonism, where he declared Bergson’s philosophy as an alternative to phenomenology that dominated the philosophical discussions throughout the 20th century. Deleuze’s attempt to put Bergson as an alternative to phenomenology was a protest against the phenomenological tradition, which denounced Bergson’s analysis of duration as it is first developed in (...) Time and Free Will as remaining within the confines of psychological realism and reducing time to a flowing, fluid thing that resides in consciousness. In an attempt to contribute to the Deleuzian interpretation that defends Bergson’s notion of duration against its phenomenological criticisms, I argue in the present study that the notion of duration as developed by Bergson in Time and Free Will can be best interpreted in terms of a Leibnizian notion of force. Following Bergson’s criticism of reduction of time to a homogeneous medium in the work of Kant, I introduce Bergson’s analysis of duration as a drive that prolongs the past of consciousness into its present. In doing this I take a detour through Heidegger’s interpretation of Leibniz’s vis activa as drive. (shrink)

Paradise is among the topics frequently mentioned in the verses and hadiths. Islam is also among the greatest rewards to be given to believers who perform righteous deeds in Paradise in the hereafter. However, this study also examined the influence of the elements and general structure of the Paradise in the Islamic gardens, not this aspect. The Islamic garden has a structure consisting of hard floors, walking paths, geometric water channels, greenery and surrounded by deaf walls. These characteristic features that (...) the Islamic garden often has are the main subjects of our study. The other aspect of our research is how and to what degree the Paradise phenomenon mentioned in the verses and hadiths is effective in these features that occur in the Garden of Islam. In the article, the characteristic features of the Garden of Islam and the elements of heaven in the verses and Hadiths are compared. Thus, similar and different aspects were put forward and discussed. In this context, more structural elements, plant materials, water use and Cahr-ı bond system were focused on. Structural elements include roads, pavilions, canopy, gazebos and deaf walls. In the Islamic gardens, it is seen that a pool is positioned in the center and that the water flows through the entire garden on the occasion of the canals and finally merges into this central pool. Usually this central pool has a geometric shape. The Cahr-ı bond system, although some researchers state that it existed before Islam, has found spirit with Islam. As a result of this, it is understood that Heaven is interpreted by people as human, and as a result it has an important influence on the way of structural, vegetative and water use in the Islamic gardens. (shrink)

Bioethics; medical ethics; human experimentation in medicine; law and legislation.

In studies on the history of Sufism, the Qajar period is an important source, especially for researching the influence of Shiite thought on Sufism. Sufism, which was transformed into a different concept like gnosis, was defended by Sunni sects in this period, while it was the source of transformation and change activities of Shiite sects. The sects that endeavored to protect Sunni Sufism, especially the Qadiriyya and Naqshbandiyya sects, have gained the favor of the people in the limited regions where (...) they are located, even though their activities have been restricted. In the 19th century when modernization and independence movements took place. and XX. YY. Although the Qajars made short-term agreements, fearing the presence of Sunni sects on the border and the caliphate power of the Ottoman Empire, they continued their policy of intimidation and pressure. Qajars have a tolerant attitude towards Shiite sects; He wanted to gain power by getting the support of Safi Ali Shahiyya for the modernization of society. Sâfî Ali Şâh and his caliph Zahirüddevle Ali Hân Kaçar carried out various activities to integrate Sufism with modernism. In particular, Zahirüddevle's establishment of the Encümen-i Uhuvvet Cemiyeti, which introduced the Sufi approach based on the understanding of brotherhood and equality, and the fact that his disciples were urban intellectuals, facilitated the revolutions. Zahirüddevle; He handled Sufi concepts such as melamism-futuwwa, murshid-murid according to the needs of his age and tried to integrate tradition and modernism. This study aims to reveal the perception of Sufism in the Qajar period and to discuss the activities of the Shiite sect Safi Ali Shahiyya based on integrating Sufism with modernism. This study, which was carried out by specifically referring to Shiite sources, aims to present the panorama of the Sufi thought of an era. The importance of the article is that there is little work done in this field. (shrink)

Şiir, masal ve destan yazarı olan Feqîyê Teyran, tasavvuf edebiyatının önemli şairlerinden biridir. Yaşantısı üzerinde derli toplu bilginin bulunmadığı müellifin şiirlerinin derlendiği Divan adlı eserinde en uzun manzume olan Şéx Sen’anî, dikkat çekici ve oldukça öğretici bir hikâyedir. Hikâyenin Fars, Türk ve Kürt edebiyatında tasavvuf meşrepli şairler tarafından sıkça kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Hikâyede; Hristiyan kızın sevgisine ulaşmak için elindeki maddî-mânevî makamları terk eden, içki içen, Hıristiyan olan, zünnar bağlayan şeyhin yolculuğu üzerinden Feqîyé Teyran, mecâzi aşktan ilâhi aşka seyr-i sülûku anlatmaktadır. Bu (...) aşk; Muhaddis, mutasavvıf ve adı kaynaklarda Abdürrezzâk olarak bilinen şeyhin ibretlik kıssasında, vahdet-i vücût anlayışı içerisinde değerlendirilmektedir. İlâhi nûrun mazharını sevdiğinde gören Şéxin hikâyesinde Feqî, ilâhî isim ve sıfatların hüküm ve eserlerinin zuhûrunun insanda gerçekleştiğini anlatmaktadır. Vahdet-i vücûd ilkesi ile alakalı vahdet-kesret, tecellî, cezbe, hayret, cemâl, yakîn, aşk gibi tasavvufî kavramların eserinde geçiyor olması, varlığın birliğini ispatlamak için geçerli, sağlam ve ikna edici hususlar olarak öne çıkmaktadır. (shrink)

The main point that Spinoza emphasis in his religious criticism is the distinction that he made between religion and philosophy, also, this is becoming the main topic of Spinoza's book named Theological-Political Treaties. Spinoza reveals the inaccuracy of attempting to adapt religion to reason/ philosophy or to adapt reason/philosophy to religion, through the works of two prominent names, Mūsā ibn Maimūn and Juda ben Alpakhar, in the Jewish traditional thought. Although these two thinkers belong to the same tradition and the (...) same faith, they differ from each other in terms of methodology. In this study, firstly, we will examine the opinions of Ibn Maimūn and Alpakhar on the subject and subsequently, we will try to analyze the subject with consideration of Spinoza’s criticism and comments related to the subject. (shrink)

İnsanlığın kurtuluşu olan İslâm’ın temsilcileri olan peygamberler aracılığıyla gerçekleştirdiği ilâhî davet, hükme uygun olarak kavimlerinin bireylerini her zaman tefekküre yönlendirme, insanları aklını kullanan bireyler olarak inanmaya sevk etme şeklinde şeklinde seyir izlemiştir. Özellikle Hz. Muhammed’in uyguladığı; kişinin eğitim seviyesi, psikolojisi ve anlama ufkunu dikkate alarak dil ve üslûplarında olgunluk içerindeki davet yöntemini sûfîler de şîar edinerek İslâm’ın dünyanın dört bir yanına ulaşmasına katkılarda bulunmuşlardır. Özellikle sonraki dönemlerde müesseseleşen tarikatlar kanalıyla tasavvuf ehli, Hakk’ı ve halkı sevme, Rikkatli olma, halk için çalışma, (...) Hakk’a bağlı ve sadık olma, İmanın bütün hakikatlerine vakıf olma ve Allah’a bütün mevcudiyeti ile teslim olma bilinciyle davetlerini tatbik etmişlerdir. Sûfîlerin “neyi ne ölçüde ve hangi yöntemle davet etmek gerekir?” sorusuna Kur’ân-ı Kerîm ve Hz. Peygamber’in metodlarına binâen cevaplarını ve etkilerini aktarmak önem arz etmektedir. (shrink)