Idea wolności jest klamrą spinającą całą filozofię Hegla. Chrześcijaństwo niesie ze sobą świadomość wolności - państwo jest jej realizacją. Dlatego też idea ta w owej podwójnej relacji jawi się jako punkt centralny systemu łączący sferę ducha absolutnego ze sferą ducha obiektywnego. Hegel przezwycięża opozycję, występującą we wcześniejszej filozofii, między "człowiekiem" i "obywatelem" poprzez zjednoczenie woli subiektywnej z wolą rozumną, konstruując w ten sposób etyczną całość - państwo - będące tą rzeczywistością, w której jednostka posiada wolność i korzysta z niej (tylko (...) o tyle, o ile partycypuje w świadomości ogółu). Treścią religii jest prawda absolutna, ale nie jest jej nadana forma myślowa - występuje raczej w postaci wyobrażenia. Stąd państwo jako twór rozumny sytuuje się pod względem formy wyżej niż religia. Pewne sformułowania Hegla, szczególnie zawarte w "Wykładach z filozofii dziejów" nasuwają myśl, że próbował on dokonać sakralizacji państwa. Jednakże w intencji Hegla nie leży oparcie aksjologii państwa o aksjologię religijną, czemu dobitnie daje wyraz w uzupełnieniu do § 270 "Filozofii prawa". Relacja między państwem a religią w planie społecznym ujęta jest przez Hegla następująco: dziedziną religii jest indywidualna wiara, podczas gdy państwo reprezentuje to, co ogólne, rozumne, etyczne. Można by dojść do przekonania, że Hegel optuje na rzecz liberalnej koncepcji rozdziału Kościoła i państwa. Wniosek taki byłby jednak pochopny, albowiem pomija się w ten sposób plan spekulatywny filozofii Hegla. Nowoczesne państwo jest wskroś rozumowe (a przynajmniej tak jest widziane przez filozofię), dlatego też każda różnica co do ich istoty jest z góry wykluczona. W państwie rozumnym świętość nie jest już czymś zewnętrznym w stosunku do rzeczywistości, lecz czystą wewnętrznością. Można zatem stwierdzić, że państwo stoi. nad Kościołem nie dlatego, iż jest sprzeczne z zasadą chrześcijańską, lecz właśnie dlatego, że jest tej zasady urzeczywistnieniem. Choć więc Hegel nie neguje wpływu religii na życie świeckie, to jednak pragnie ugruntować je na swoistych dlań wartości. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to attract attention to the extent of mobbing, especially in the public sector and to its destructive character. Mobbing reduces the value of human capital because of incurred psychological and health losses. It influences innovation negatively and in consequence leads to lowering the effectiveness of an organization. Negative effects of mobbing may be also seen in the social and individual dimensions. According to Heinz Leymann, abandoning moral norms, wrongly comprehended tolerance are creating a climate (...) for practising different forms of hidden violence and psychical terror. Psychological war of this kind in workplace involves the abuse of power and manipulation. Once it has appeared, it is – as put by M.F. Hirigoyen – like a machine, which set in motion, may smash everything on its way. This asymmetric and destructive interaction can only keep strengthening unless someone from the outside intervenes decisively. Yet, the introduction of the notion of mobbing to labour code does not provide sufficient protection from mobbing in workplace – regulations leave too wide, unfilled space which needs to be filled up with concrete solutions and measures. On one hand, action taken by an organization should have a formal, administrative and organizational character. On the other hand, it should take into account the ethical sphere of an organization’s functioning. It should put special emphasis on the maintenance and the development of integrity, one of the most important dimensions of the conception of trust. (shrink)

The goal of the article is to offer a style-focussed description of samizdat press articles from the late-1970s, which were the textual manifestation of the independent discourse at that time. The author analysed representative microstyles and conducted a functional interpretation of identified stylistic devices and phenomena, considering how they were related to the official model of public communication. The discussed texts were stylistically diverse, which was a byproduct which came from structural and genre adaptations, and mainly play on language. On (...) the one hand, one can note an expansion of the array of stylistic devices and, on the other, an inclusion into that array of the elements of newspeak in those contexts which indicated its manipulative nature. (shrink)

This article describes a quantitative examination of corporate volunteering research in the form of a bibliometric analysis. Using author, journal, geography, epistemological, and industry data from 115 refereed and 445 non-refereed publications published during 1990–2015, we identify corporate volunteering as a rather young research field. Although the field has progressively developed, it is still limited in magnitude, with recent signs of stagnation. The current state is characterized by moderate publication and author activity rates, with a shift toward more peer-reviewed publications (...) conducted in coauthorship, mostly in the disciplines of business, management, and ethics; a focus on financial services as well as the professional service sector; few high-impact studies; and a narrow geographic spread, with North America as the market leader and a rising interest in Western European countries. Findings on the field's prevalent research orientation further indicate a strong employee-centered focus emphasizing the underlying business case. However, in contrast to the overarching concept of corporate social responsibility research, a relatively large share of the corporate volunteering literature also addresses society-related issues, namely, corporates' relationship with non-profits. (shrink)

When introducing changes to an organisation, it is crucial to know how a given change will affect the company’s success. It is easy to forget or, more frequently, fail to appreciate the importance of the feelings and thoughts of the people who experience such changes. The distinction between objective change and subjective change is helpful in understanding the psychological consequences of changes and how they may affect the effectiveness of introducing changes in organisations. Results of studies on the psychological costs (...) of changes for an individual indicate that there are differences in the way people experience objective and subjective changes, and that the way a change is perceived by an individual is crucial for the consequences of change. Studies have also identified factors which can buffer the negative consequences that changes may have on an individual. For changes in an organisation, coaching is one method to nurture these buffering factors in affected individuals, and, most of all, in those who are responsible for planning and introducing the changes, so that the employees of a company can experience the change in the most constructive way possible. (shrink)

We present an algebraic approach to canonical embeddings of arbitrary residuated algebras into powerset residuated algebras. We propose some construction of powerset residuated algebras and prove a representation theorem for symmetric residuated algebras.

We prove a representation theorem for residuated algebras: each residuated algebra is isomorphically embeddable into a powerset residuated algebra. As a consequence, we obtain a completeness theorem for the Generalized Lambek Calculus. We use a Labelled Deductive System which generalizes the one used by Buszkowski [4] and Pankrat'ev [17] in completeness theorems for the Lambek Calculus.

We present a labelled version of Lambek Calculus without unit, and we use it to prove a completeness theorem for Lambek Calculus with respect to some relational semantics.

The Polish economy has been transformed for more than three decades by diverse crises. The beginning of the changes was brought by the political transformation, which modified the model of the functioning of the State in almost all areas. To some extent, its continuation was the accession to the European Union, which opened not only markets for sales, labor, but also new sources of technological and scientific development. Economic development did not protect the economy from the negative effects of change, (...) which occurred in the form of rising public debt, unemployment rates and reduced spending on important public sectors. Sudden breakdowns, in turn, forced changes in social needs, as exemplified by the explosive demand for e-services during the covid-19 pandemic. The article analyzed selected indicators that allowed analysis of the degree of differentiation of socio-economic development in Poland against the background of crises. (shrink)

Public universities in Poland receive fairly limited financial support for creating e-textbooks (interactive online textbooks) and lack the appropriate ICT competences among teaching staff, especially in the case of non-technical universities. The authors propose a pedagogical and technological paradigm for e-textbooks in medical education using open source software with minimal IT skills required. Technologies used to develop e-textbooks are connected with: publication and distribution of e-textbooks, e-book readers, and editing tools. The paper also discusses a survey that targeted students of (...) medical sciences, which focused on their understanding of their educational needs that can be met through new online resources as well as their expectations of how such e-textbooks should be like. (shrink)