In [1], D. W. Hart and C. Mcginn considered two logics Al and A2. These logics embody part of a tradition about a priori knowledge and necessity. They proved that A2 is a conservative extension of a well-known modal logic S5 but left the problem whether Al is a conservative extension of S4 open. In this note, we shall show that Al is not a conservative extension of S4 but of S5, and also correct an inadequate proof.

In this paper we give an axiom system of a logic which we call an approximation logic (AL), whose Lindenbaum-Tarski algebra is a strong Bunge algebra (or simply s-Bunge algebra), and show thatFor every s-Bunge algebra , a quotient algebra by a maximal filter is isomorphic to the simplest nontrivial s-Bunge algebra ;The Lindenbaum algebra of AL is an s-Bunge algebra;AL is complete;AL is decidable.

In this paper we shall first show that for every weak DeMorgan algebra $L$ of order $n$ , there is a quotient weak DeMorgan algebra $L{\sim}$ which is embeddable in the finite WDM-$n$ algebra $\Omega $. We then demonstrate that the finite WDM-$n$ algebra $\Omega $ is functionally free for the class $CL$ of WDM-$n$ algebras. That is, we show that any formulas $f$ and $g$ are identically equal in each algebra in $CL$ if and only if they are identically (...) equal in $\Omega $. Finally we establish that there is no weak DeMorgan algebra whose quotient algebra by a maximal filter has exactly seven elements. (shrink)

Esse artigo pretende explorar a narrativa de Agostinho acerca de sua adesão ao pensamento gnóstico-maniqueu, livro III das suas Confissões, como momento falacioso do espírito, engenho de simulacro linguístico enganador. O livro III das Confissões de Agostinho de Hipona pode ser lido como análise do filósofo sobre suas próprias condições de assentimento às representações literárias como via de acesso à verdade ou falsidade na medida em que problematiza a via gnóstico- maniqueia outrora trilhada como uma questão de leituras (cf. Conf. (...) III, 4, 7 à III, 5, 10). O jovem leitor denuncia sua pretensão de saber (gnose), uma suposição que o levara ao procedimento de tomar phantasia como referência hipostasiada de significação de verdade. Presume que seja arguto para imaginar e nomear realidades sobre corpos, [que seriam] mais reais do que verdadeiras imagens de corpos, e ao proceder assim nada faz senão imaginar “falsos corpos”, germe de uma perigosa nomeação que chega a pretender pela palavra indicar até mesmo o infinito. Finalmente, um trecho final dos seus Solilóquios II será especialmente esclarecedor para compreender como Agostinho parece apontar para a disposição do espírito por detrás da suposição e significação – para além de simples “sentenças falsas e enganadoras” (cf. Solilóquios II, xv, 29). A perspicácia (acies) do maniqueu faz dele sujeito de uma presunção sedutora, arrogando-se ser capaz de nomear o que está além da possibilidade de qualquer representação ou objetivação. A leitura, no entanto, não será afastada como via de exortação do espírito à verdade, o que lança a hipótese de que outra disposição deva substituir a presunção de saber algo da essência do texto. (shrink)

In recent years agricultural scientists have been encouraged to build upon farmer practice and knowledge. Although some researchers continued to view farmer practice as irrelevant, others responded with: a) experiments using “farmer practice” as a treatment, b) attempts to transform practices, c) research to better understand practices, and d) research to improve productivity of practices. Researchers generally have not reached the point of testing farmer practices in new areas in anticipation of wider extension. A widespread eastern Indian farmers' practice provides (...) an example: beusani combines direct dry seeded rice, wet plowing at 20–35 days after emergence, laddering, and seedling redistribution as a set of techniques to loosen soils, thin seedlings and improve tillering, control weeds, and optimize plant stand. Results of a survey of the practice are presented; and work on or related to beusaniis reviewed to see how research has built upon farmer practice and how the process can be improved. (shrink)

In this work, an intuitionistic propositional logic with a Galois connection is introduced. In addition to the intuitionistic logic axioms and inference rule of modus ponens, the logic contains only two rules of inference mimicking the performance of Galois connections. Both Kripke-style and algebraic semantics are presented for IntGC, and IntGC is proved to be complete with respect to both of these semantics. We show that IntGC has the finite model property and is decidable, but Glivenko's Theorem does not hold. (...) Duality between algebraic and Kripke semantics is presented, and a representation theorem for Heyting algebras with Galois connections is proved. In addition, an application to rough L-valued sets is presented. (shrink)

We examine metonymy at psycho- and neurolinguistic levels, seeking to adjudicate between two possible processing implementations. We compare highly conventionalized systematic metonymy to lesser-conventionalized circumstantial metonymy. Whereas these two metonymy types differ in terms of contextual demands, they each reveal a similar dependency between the named and intended conceptual entities. We reason that if each metonymy yields a distinct processing time course and substantially non-overlapping preferential localization pattern, it would not only support a two-mechanism view but would suggest that conventionalization (...) acts as a linguistic categorizer. By contrast, a similar behavior in time course and localization would support a one-mechanism view and the inference that conventionalization acts instead as a modulator of contextual felicitousness, and that differences in interpretation introduced by conventionalization are of degree, not of kind. Results from three paradigms: self-paced reading, event-related potentials, and functional magnetic resonance imaging, reveal the following: no main effect by condition for either metonymy type immediately after the metonymy trigger, and a main effect for only the Circumstantial metonymy one word post-trigger ; a N400 effect across metonymy types and a late positivity for Circumstantial metonymy ; and a highly overlapping activation connecting the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Altogether, the pattern observed does not reach the threshold required to justify a two-mechanism system. Instead, the pattern is more naturally understood as resulting from the implementation of a generalized referential dependency mechanism, modulated by degree of context dependence/conventionalization, thus supporting architectures of language whereby “lexical” and “pragmatic” meaning relations are encoded along a cline of contextual underspecification. (shrink)