Qu'ils soient en ligne ou hors ligne, les mondes virtuels cristallisent nombre d'espoirs, de craintes, de fantasmes liés à l'innovation technologique, à la gestion et aux formes de l'identité contemporaine, et à l'évolution des médias de communication. Les emplois désordonnés de la notion d'avatar et les projections associées témoignent des paradoxes à l'oeuvre dès lors que l'on tente de comprendre des pratiques et des technologies nouvelles. Mais l'avatar ne représentant qu'une partie du mode opératoire d'une personne dans un monde virtuel, (...) il conviendra, dans une approche systémique, de préciser l'étendue de la présence du sujet dans ces mondes pour mieux informer la notion de données personnelles dans ce contexte spécifique.Comment ces identités et données virtuelles sont-elles gérées, traitées, appréhendées individuellement et collectivement, tant par les internautes que par les acteurs techniques et industriels?Virtual worlds, whether multiplayer online games or three-dimensional virtual worlds like Second Life, crystallize a multitude of hopes, fears and fantasies that are linked with technological innovation, with contemporary forms of identity and their management, and with developments in communication media. Today s unregulated uses of the avatar concept and associated projections reveal the paradoxes that arise when we attempt to understand new practices and technologies. However, the avatar only partially represents the way people function in a digital world, and any systemic study therefore needs to specify the extent of the subject's presence in a virtual world, in order to give a clearer idea of what is personal data in this specific context. How are these virtual identities and items of information managed, treated and individually and collectively apprehended, by Web surfers themselves and by the technical and industrial spheres concerned? (shrink)

Ce numéro de ThéoRèmes a pour but d’explorer les rapports entre le pragmatisme et la religion, et plus précisément la croyance religieuse, à travers l’étude de leurs auteurs. Il est difficile de fixer une doctrine pragmatiste parfaitement homogène, mais on donnera un aperçu général de la pensée des principaux philosophes pragmatistes dont il est question ici. Né à la fin du XIXème siècle aux Etats-Unis, le pragmatisme est un courant philosophique profondément humaniste. Du grec pragmata qui d...

Cilj ovog clanka je da pokaze da je Kafkina pripovetka Jazbina reprezentativna za jednu neobicnu intersubjektivnost, kakva moze biti shvacena od strane jednog?minornog? autora, u Delezovom smislu reci. Ta intersubjektivnost ne moze biti misljena u hegelovskim terminima, sto znaci, u smislu borbe za priznanje. Pripovedac zeli tu borbu za priznanje, koja bi ga ucinila delom normalnog drustva, ali pri tom nije u stanju da rizikuje sopstveni zivot kako bi dovrsio taj proces. On onda moze da se posmatra kao hegelovska?zivotinjska svest?, (...) za koju zivot predstavlja najvisu vrednost. Taj stav pred zivotom i dominacijom moze se uporediti sa duhom jevrejstva u Hegelovim ranim spisima. U tom smislu, mozemo reci da kafkijanski pripovedac predstavlja momenat negativnosti u hegelovskoj dijalektici; tacnije, on predstavlja svest koja se zaglavila u ovom procesu, koja je lisena nade da ce taj momenat prekoraciti. U ovom clanku zelimo da istrazimo konsekvence s obzirom na Hegelov politicki sistem. Da li je Hegelova Filozofija prava u stanju da integrise u svoju dijalektiku ovu minornu svest? Ako nije, ta svest bi ostala u senci hegelovske dijalektike i morala bi da pronadje drugi politicki nacin, izvan hegelovskog predstavljanja, da postoji i da se iskaze. (shrink)

Le but de cet article est de réévaluer l’impact du projet philosophique de Jean Wahl sur la philosophie française postmoderne. L’angle choisi consiste à replacer le projet wahlien dans le cadre des deux grands motifs de la philosophie française de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle: le rejet du paradigme dominant de la vision et le rapport ambivalent à l’hégélianisme, cristallisé dans la ????igure de la conscience malheureuse. En suivant ces deux fils conducteurs, l’article retrace le parcours intellectuel de Jean (...) Wahl depuis sa thèse de doctorat sur les philosophies pluralistes angloaméricaines, en passant par sa réception de l’hégélianisme, pour le mettre en relation avec sa période la moins commentée, celle de l’introduction dans le paysage philosophique français des grands noms du roman moderniste américain de l’époque.The goal of this paper is to re-evaluate the impact of Jean Wahl’s philosophical project on French postmodern philosophy. To complete this task, it is necessary to put the Wahlian project into the context of the two major aims of 20th Century French philosophy: the rejection of ocularcentrism and the ambiguous relationship to Hegelianism characterized by the figure of the Unhappy Consciousness. Following these two threads, the article reconstructs Wahl’s intellectual journey from his Ph.D. on American pluralism to his reception of Hegelianism in order to connect them to his less known work, which consists of introducing American modernist writers into the French philosophical landscape. (shrink)

This chapter stages a confrontation between various post-structuralist materialisms of language and German Idealist naturalisms by way of two case studies into J. W. Goethe’s and F. W. J. Schelling’s textual practices and the various models for light and darkness that underpin them.

The interplay between the virus, infected cells and immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 is still under debate. By extending the basic model of viral dynamics, we propose here a formal approach to describe neutralisation versus weak (or non-)neutralisation scenarios and compare them with the possible effects of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). The theoretical model is consistent with the data available in the literature; we show that both weakly neutralising antibodies and ADE can result in final viral clearance or disease progression, but that (...) the immunodynamics are different in each case. As a significant proportion of the world’s population is already naturally immune or vaccinated, we also discuss the implications for secondary infections after vaccination or in the presence of immune system dysfunctions. (shrink)

This article embodies the result of a collective work that seeks to understand the manner in which the notion of conflict is transformed by the attempt to apply it to reality, according to the doctrines hereby comprise as “ontologies of conflict”. It seems that there are three resulting “logics of conflict” which may receive the following qualifications: logic of contradiction, logic of contrariety and logic of difference.

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Back to the Future:Obtaining Organs from Non-Heart-Beating CadaversRobert M. Arnold (bio) and Stuart J. Youngner (bio)Organ Transplantation requires viable donor organs. This simple fact has become the Achilles' heel of transplantation programs. Progress in immunology and transplant surgery has outstripped the supply of available organs. Between 1988 and 1991, for example, the number of transplant candidates on waiting lists increased by about 55 percent, while the number of donors (...) increased only about 16 percent.1 By the end of March 1993, more than 30,000 potential recipients awaited transplantation (United Network for Organ Sharing Database (UNOS) 1993). Every day six of these patients die prior to receiving a heart or liver transplant, while patients needing kidney transplants must tolerate a lower quality of life on dialysis (Grenvik 1992; Evans, Orians, and Ascher 1992).This scarcity is likely to get worse. As transplantation becomes more successful, it is being offered to sicker and older patients. Attempts to transplant other solid organs, such as small bowel and pancreas, will only fuel the demand for donors. However, the current source of organs is unlikely to grow. Most organs come from patients who have been declared dead by neurologic criteria (commonly referred to as "brain dead" or heart-beating cadaver donors (HBCDs) because their hearts are beating at the time of procurement). Estimates of the potential pool of HBCDs have been revised downward from 20,000-27,000 to roughly 10,000-12,000 (Nathan et al. 1991). Improvements in automobile safety and handgun legislation will likely lead to further reductions. Moreover, the rate of procurement from HBCDs has remained relatively flat despite extensive public awareness campaigns and legislation requiring hospitals to routinely request donation from families of dead patients (Caplan et al. 1992).If organ transplantation is going to continue to flourish, alternative [End Page 103] sources of organs must be found. Recently the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) proposed procuring organs from patients who have been declared dead by traditional cardiopulmonary rather than brain-oriented criteria after they or their families have decided to forgo life-sustaining treatment—hereafter referred to as the Pittsburgh protocol (UPMC Policy 1993). These patients are typically referred to as non-heart-beating cadaver donors (NHBCDs) because their hearts are no longer beating at the time of organ procurement.Although NHBCDs were a major source of transplantable kidneys prior to the institution of death by neurologic criteria, their usefulness was limited by "warm ischemia time." This term refers to the injury to tissues that occurs when the blood supply is interrupted and before the organs are cooled and reperfused. Under the Pittsburgh protocol, therapy is withdrawn in the operating room where a waiting surgical team removes organs immediately after death is declared. By controlling the place and time of death, it has been possible to minimize warm ischemia time and thus solve the technical problems previously associated with procurement from NHBCDs.The potential contribution of NHBCD organs is significant. Nathan (1992), using data from Delaware Valley Transplant Program, concludes that the use of severely brain injured, but not "brain dead" patients, would increase the donor pool by 20-25 percent. Moreover, unpublished data from the Pittsburgh organ procurement organization, the Center for Organ Recovery and Education (CORE), suggests that these organs, particularly kidneys, function as well as those procured from HBCDs (Broznick 1993).This volume is devoted to the ethical, psychosocial, and public policy implications of procuring organs from non-heart-beating cadaver donors after a discussion to forgo life-sustaining treatment. The genesis of this volume was a project in which we invited leading experts in transplantation, ethics, and public policy to use the Pittsburgh protocol as a starting point for exploring a broad range of issues associated with attempts to procure organs from NHBCDs. The issues raised by NHBCDs turned out to have important implications about the fundamental conceptual and moral assumptions underlying organ procurement.Although each of the papers in this volume can be read separately, we intend the volume to be read as a whole. Many of the latter pieces on the ethical implications of the policy are best understood in light of the earlier background papers... (shrink)

Findlay & Walker's target article proposes a model of saccade generation related to the underlying neuroscience. A problem with such models is the number of brain areas showing oculomotor function. Traditionally, therefore, models have been partial, usually concentrating either on cortex (Liu et al. 1997; Pierrot Deseilligny et al. 1995) or on the superior colliculus and brainstem circuits (Moschovakis 1994; Van Gisbergen et al. 1993). Findlay & Walker's model attempts to integrate both levels within a functional framework. To some (...) extent it falls between two stools. For example, some functions that the authors ascribe to subcortical regions may actually occur at the cortical level. (shrink)