Este trabajo consiste en una aproximación a las razones de la democracia y al papel de la opinión pública en la misma. Contiene también un ensayo conceptual analítico que pretende dar cuenta suficientemente de los elementos definitorios de esos dos conceptos centrales del discurso político y jurídico. Democracia y opinión pública no son realidades identificables de manera indiscutible y no siempre cuando se habla de ellas se hace un uso homogéneo de los términos y de su sentido político. Este trabajo (...) pretende dar respuesta, aunque sea con carácter no definitivo, a algunos de los interrogantes que derivan de las distintas propuestas sobre la democracia y sobre la opinión pública que se han ofrecido por el pensamiento político moderno y contemporáneo. (shrink)

Diante do significado de comunidade que a considera uma essência dada, massificada e homogênea, neste artigo buscamos reconstruir outra concepção de comunidade que a entende como uma produção recursiva por meio de um processo de comunicação em diferentes registros entre seus membros. Uma comunicação que, ao construir a composição humana, preserva a potência singular de cada corpo componente. Para tanto, recuperamos a noção espinosista da comunidade como um indivíduo composto pelo mecanismo de _imitatio affectuum_ e processos de acordo, consenso e (...) acordo. Assumimos também, em interligação, as propostas peircianas sobre a comunidade constituída em busca de um crescimento indefinido do conhecimento, através da cooperação e comunicação de todos os seus membros. Veremos, ao final, que tanto a existência individual quanto a realidade social requerem, como pré-condição e princípio ativo, um processo iterativo de comunicação, um "fazer comunidade" assiduamente renovado. (shrink)

Hoy más que nunca, inmersa Europa en una preocupante crisis que cuestiona su propio devenir, conviene reflexionar sobre lo que mantiene unido a los Estamos miembros de la Unión Europea como proyecto político. Sostenemos que, en ausencia de una lengua, religión u otras señales identitarias, Europa es ante todo una Comunidad de Derecho. Reivindicamos en este trabajo, a través de un discurso diacrónico, el papel de primera línea que han jugado el Derecho y las tradiciones jurídicas europeas como amalgama de (...) una esencia propia, que llega hasta nuestros días a través de la mayor aportación europea a la Cultura mundial: la democracia y los Derechos humanos tal y como actualmente se conciben. (shrink)

Adaptive optics are techniques used for processing the spatial resolution of astronomical images taken from large ground-based telescopes. In this work, computational results are presented for a modified curvature sensor, the tomographic pupil image wavefront sensor, which measures the turbulence of the atmosphere, expressed in terms of an expansion over Zernike polynomials. Convolutional neural networks are presented as an alternative to the TPI-WFS reconstruction. This technique is a machine learning model of the family of artificial neural networks, which are widely (...) known for its performance as modeling and prediction technique in complex systems. Results obtained from the reconstruction of the networks are compared with the TPI-WFS reconstruction by estimating errors and optical measurements. The reconstructed wavefronts from both techniques are compared for wavefronts of 153 Zernike modes. For this case, a detailed comparison and grid search to find the most suitable neural network is performed, searching between multi-layer perceptron, CNN and recurrent networks topologies. In general, the best network was a CNN trained for TPI-WFS reconstruction, achieving better performance than the reconstruction software from TPI-WFS in most of the turbulent profiles, but the most significant improvements were found for higher turbulent profiles that have the lowest r0 values. (shrink)

La polarización, los populismos y la posverdad forman tres fenómenos sociopolíticos fundamentales para comprender cómo se está orientando la política en los sistemas demoliberales. La polarización política se suele entender como un proceso dinámico de activación de las divisiones entre dos o más grupos sociales en el transcurso de los debates públicos que puede terminar con una ruptura comunicativa o una comunicación fallida. Si bien los especialistas no coinciden a la hora de definir el populismo, se puede comprender como una (...) forma concreta de construir el pueblo mediante un discurso que contrapone este al anti-pueblo. La posverdad se referiría a una tendencia cultural donde las verdades de hecho sufren una merma en favor de las verdades vivenciadas subjetivamente. Estos fenómenos tienden a ser percibidos por una buena parte de la sociedad y del mundo académico como una amenaza grave para las bases pluralistas y reflexivas de la democracia. Sin embargo, esa consideración está decantada normativamente. Este artículo trata de explorar un marco referencial diferente, el emotivismo, y cómo, desde este ángulo, toman sentido los tres conceptos clave: polarización, populismo y posverdad. (shrink)

L’examen minutieux auquel l’Espagne andalouse a été soumise par les voyageurs, artistes et historiens européens, a généré un débat intense sur l’originalité de son héritage monumental. Le sud de l’Espagne péninsulaire, représenté par la mosquée de Cordoue et l’Alhambra de Grenade, est devenu un dépôt de l’art islamique. La stratégie esthétique, selon laquelle le modèle nasride a atteint une telle suprématie, mettait en valeur l’altérité comme espace discursif approprié pour le processus de construction de l’identité nationale et de la domination (...) coloniale. The scrutiny to which Moslem Spain was subjected on the part of European travellers, artists and historians fueled an intense debate over the authenticity of its legacy of monuments. The characterization of the south of the peninsula in the wake of the mosque of Córdoba and the Alhambra of Granada, made these monuments the touchstones of Islamic art. The aesthetic strategy, by which the Nazarite model thus became supreme, took its exotic nature as a standard for evolving the discourse appropriate to the processes of national identity and colonial domination. (shrink)

Proponemos que ciertos “detalles” (la catálisis, según Barthes) revelan la presencia del poder disciplinario en la esfera del relato moderno. Iniciamos el análisis a partir de algunas unidades descriptivas del Purén Indómito, a las que consideramos antecedentes directos de esa revelación, y concluimos con la novela Martín Rivas y el cuento El matadero. El texto colonial da cuenta detallada de la vida cotidiana en el reino de Chile, cuenta que expresa las estrategias del poder de soberanía, mientras que en los (...) relatos modernos relevará la presencia del poder disciplinario. Así, la presencia de detalles dramáticos en el Purén obedece a lograr la intervención jurídica-moral del monarca en el reino. En cambio, a partir del realismo esos detalles muestran el actuar de los cuerpos a someter y disciplinar, tal y como ocurre en Martín Rivas y El matadero. La estrategia narrativa será entonces sacar a la luz los detalles de las costumbres retrógradas, bárbaras, sucias, de la sociedad latinoamericana para disciplinarlas, limpiarlas y conseguir, así, naciones modernas y productivas. Our proposition is that certain “details” (catalysis, according to Barthes) reveal the presence of disciplinary power in the sphere of modern fiction. Our analysis starts with some of the descriptive units of Purén Indómito, which we consider to be a direct precedent for this revelation, and we conclude with the novella, Martín Rivas, and the short story, El matadero. The text dating from the colonial period gives a detailed account of daily life in the kingdom of Chile, describing the strategies of the sovereign power, while the modern stories highlight the presence of disciplinary power. Thus, the purpose of the dramatic details recounted in Purén is to ensure the legal-moral intervention of the monarch in the kingdom. In realist works, on the other hand, these details show the actions of organisations to subject and discipline the people, just as it occurs in Martín Rivas and El matadero. In this case, the narrative strategy is to exhibit the details of the foul, barbarous, reactionary customs of Latin American societies in order to discipline and purify them, and thus transform them into modern, productive nations. (shrink)

Identity has been widely understood in Western societies as a specular construction that operates simultaneously both from within and from outside oneself. However, this process is fiercely changing in a world in which almost every human action is mediated by information and communication technologies. This paper, from a theoretical perspective, aims to discover the main educational implications of this change. For that purpose, we first consider the traditional meaning and process of forming the self in Western culture. Afterwards, we identify (...) and describe the mechanisms for the construction of the self in our current context, highlighting the fact that technologies, in themselves and regardless of the use we make of them, hide implications. Taking this into account, we show to what extent the current development of the self presents shades, conflicts and tangible risks from an educational perspective. We finally conclude that it is essential to promote an education on technology that goes beyond the use regulation in which, up to now, it has been solely focused on. (shrink)

El trabajo desarrollado en este artículo muestra una experiencia docente basada en la Metodología Activa del Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos en la asignatura de Instalaciones II de la titulación del Grado en Arquitectura Técnica de la Universidad de Burgos. Para alcanzar la excelencia del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, se ha diseñado una metodología de trabajo basada en el desarrollo progresivo de un Proyecto de Ejecución mediante subproyectos, con el objetivo de conseguir mejores resultados en el proceso de aprendizaje mediante (...) el desempeño personal, la retroalimentación de procesos y el trabajo cooperativo, todo ello orientado a la excelencia académica y profesional de los estudiantes. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el ABP es una excelente metodología para el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la asignatura de Instalaciones II y para el futuro desempeño profesional de los estudiantes. (shrink)

This paper proposes and analyzes the psychometric properties of the PREVI-A scale. It describes the process of item development, the factorial structure of the scale, reliability, evidence of validity and diagnostic performance with regard to recidivism risk in juvenile offenders. The sample was made up of 212 juvenile offenders held at detention centers run by the Madrid Agency for Reeducation and Reintegration of Juvenile Offenders, a regional government body. Statistical analyses were used to corroborate the theoretical factorial structure of the (...) PREVI-A, which consists of six risk/protection dimensions based on the Risk-Needs-Responsivity Model, and to obtain empirical support for the reliability and validity of PREVI-A as a tool to assess the risk of recidivism by juvenile offenders in Spain. (shrink)

Uno de los componentes más importantes del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los estudios de Arquitectura Técnica es la realización de un proyecto final que aglutina todos los conocimientos y competencias desarrollados en las diferentes disciplinas que configuran el Plan de Estudios. El objetivo de esta propuesta es visualizar la evolución del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje en el Proyecto Fin de Grado en los estudios de Arquitectura Técnica e Ingeniería de Edificación de la Universidad de Burgos, mostrando las diferentes adaptaciones (...) de los contenidos y la tipología elegida para su desarrollo. (shrink)

Alasdair MacIntyre: narrative introduction to his work In the wake of the publication of the last book of the British philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre, Ethics in the Conflicts of Modernity: An Essay on Desire, Practical Reasoning, and Narrative, this work proposes a way to understand his bibliographical production in the context of the narrative of his life and his intellectual career. It is elaborated a periodization of the itinerary of MacIntyre, based on the references that the author himself has made of (...) his academic life and in the proposals of several scholars of his thought. It is concluded that the narrative examination of MacIntyre’s work reveals that his philosophical project is basically marked by Aristotle and Aquinas, whose thought helped our author a solid proposal on the main issues of moral philosophy and philosophy of religion. This work is conceived as introductory because it focuses only on MacIntyre’s books, but it’s expected to serve as a solid basis for a thorough critical study —especially from a chronological perspective— of his entire work, which includes chapters of books, papers, interviews, among others. (shrink)

This paper analyses the place of sortition in the political philosophy of Jacques Rancière. The idea of sortition is linked to a philosophical reflection on arithmetic equality and geometric equality. Thus, starting from an important work of Cornelius Castoriadis in this sense, we will analyze below the relationship of Rancière’s political philosophy with equality. Finally we will analyze the sortition and the place it occupies in his work. Bernard Manin’s work on ancient democracies and systems of representative government will help (...) us contextualize Rancière’s proposals on the use of random selection in politics. (shrink)

Respuestas a Alfonso Fernández Tresguerres, José Manuel Rodríguez Pardo y Joaquín Robles.

Respuestas a Pelayo Pérez, Joaquín Robles y José Manuel Rodríguez Pardo.

Child maltreatment is conceived as a public health problem. Therefore, it is appropriate to analyse the explanatory models that deal with this behaviour, reflecting these postulates within the panorama of health education, which makes health professionals responsible for taking action. In order to do this, the theoretical context and the awareness of nursing students in relation to these theories must be analysed. In turn, the use of information and communication technologies in this field should be valued, due to their capacity (...) to manage and systematise information, becoming a relevant tool when training future nursing professionals. Without forgetting that health informatics is a spectrum of multidisciplinary fields that includes the study of the design, development and application of computational techniques to improve healthcare. A review of the scientific literature was carried out, for which primary and secondary sources were consulted, tracing a search for data thanks to the keywords: ‘nursing’; ‘abuse’; ‘children’; ‘education’ and ‘theory’. During the second half of the 20th century, several health paradigms have been developed, which present different pathways to health education. There have also been three generations of theoretical models that attempt to analyse the public health problem of child maltreatment. This reflects the need for a transdisciplinary approach to child abuse, where there is no one explanatory model that is more appropriate than another, but where the choice of the health education paradigm and, within this, the most recommendable theory will depend on each situation. (shrink)

Después de casi ocho años de publicada en París, bajo el sello de la prestigiosa editorial L’Harmattan, aparece en Chile la obra del profesor José Manuel Zavala Los mapuches del siglo XVIII. Dinámica interétnica y estrategias de resistencia, originalmente titulada en francés Les Indiens Mapuche du Chili. Al igual que Alvaro Jara, Marcello Carmagnani y Guillaume Boccara, por citar algunos estudiosos chilenos y franceses que publicaron primero sus obras en Francia, Zavala puede poner recién aho..

The aim of the present study is to analyze individual differences in academic self-efficacy within a population of Unaccompanied Foreign Minors from the European cities of Ceuta and Melilla. Variables describing educational level and length of stay were considered in a sample of 377 individuals being cared for in different youth centers. Of these, 63.4% belonged to the group who had stayed at the center for less than 9 months and 36.6% reported a length of stay of more than 9 (...) months. The age of participants ranged between 8 and 17 years old. Once the quality parameters of the instrument were elaborated, reliability and validity was confirmed through Confirmatory Factor Analysis using Structural Equation Modeling methodology. Data collection was then initiated. The results overall indicate that 87.6% of those who completed the questionnaire reported a higher level of self-efficacy with regards to working with any classmate, whilst at the same time seeing themselves as capable of achieving good marks. ANOVA results indicated significant differences with respect to educational level and length of stay. In this regard, students who had received professional training and had been at the Center for more than 9 months, were the ones who developed greater academic self-efficacy for spending more time working when tasks were judged to be difficult. The results obtained demonstrate that any intervention will be positive as long as it promotes different institutions to develop strategies that cater to a length of stay of more than 9 months and target education, academic self-efficacy, socialization and strengthening the future workforce. Such interventions can be directed through new European, Spanish or local level policies. It is clear that institutions still have a lot of work left to do. (shrink)

Assessing physical fitness has emerged as a proxy of the health status of children and adolescents and therefore as relevant from a public health point of view. DAFIS is a project included in Plan Galicia Saudable of the regional government of Galicia. DAFIS consists of an on-line software devoted to record the results of a standard physical fitness protocol carried out as a part of the physical education curriculum. The aims of this study were: to obtain normative values of physical (...) fitness of the Galician school population evaluated in the DAFIS project, and to identify a reduced number of components and tests able to capture a significant amount of the variability in the physical fitness of children and adolescents. From an initial sample of 27784 records, 15287 cases were considered after filtering. Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape were used for obtaining percentile curves and tables for each sex. Furthermore, a principal components analysis was performed, selecting the number of components by applying the Kaiser’s rule and selecting a subset of variables considering the correlation between each variable and the components. Percentile curves and normative values are reported for each test and sex. Physical fitness was better in boys than in girls throughout age groups, except for flexibility that was consistently higher in girls. Two main components were detected throughout age groups: the first one representing body composition and partially cardiorespiratory fitness and the second one muscular fitness. For boys and girls, waist to height ratio had the highest correlations with the first component in four out of six age groups. The highest correlation with the second component, was most frequently observed for the handgrip test both in boys and girls. This study provides evidence about the utility of school community actions like DAFIS aimed to track the health-related fitness of children and adolescents. The results suggest that fat mass distribution and muscular performance concentrate a high proportion physical fitness variance. (shrink)

Decae la subjetividad, se ha afirmado, pero, en tanto este en entredicho, es tambien tiempo de esta. Hablar de tiempo de subjetividad, como se propone aqui, es situarse en un territorio entrecruzado por muchos senderos. Desde el lugar escogido, lo que se divisa es una filigrana de rutas, una trama de caminos por recorrer, que pronto abandona su inicial apariencia de abanico de opciones entre las que escoger, para mostrar su autentica condicion de red teorica o atmosfera intelectual en cuyo (...) interior se encuentra atrapado el hombre contemporaneo. A lo largo del texto, esta percepcion mutara en convencimiento, modesto pero firme. El convencimiento de que, mas alla de criticas y dificultades, la categoria de subjetividad representa, como reza el titulo de la tercera parte, una dificultad necesaria, un ambito teorico fecundo a la hora de intentar arrojar algun tipo de luz sobre lo que nos ocurre. El origen del presente volumen se encuentra en los trabajos de investigacion que una parte de los colaboradores del mismo Antonio Aguilera, Fina Birules, Roman G. Cuartango, Santiago Lopez Petit y el compilador, Manuel Cruz viene desarrollando en el Departamento de Historia de la Filosofia de la Universidad de Barcelona. Ademas, Carlos Moya, Jose Luis Pardo, Nicolas Sanchez Dura, Antonio Valdecantos, Gerard Vilar y Antoni Vicens. (shrink)

Romero Cuevas, José Manuel, _¿Nietzsche contra Nietzsche? Ensayos de crítica filosófica inmanente_. Madrid, Locus Solus, 2016, 244 págs.

En el presente trabajo se realizará un análisis y comparación críticos de las ideas con relación a la tecnología desarrolladas por Eduardo Nicol y Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez. En ese sentido, se confrontará el concepto de “razón de fuerza mayor” de Nicol con la idea del “racionalismo tecnológico” de Sánchez Vázquez. Demostrando, finalmente, que el concepto nicoliano encajaría perfectamente dentro de los parámetros de la ideología del racionalismo tecnológico tal y como la define Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez. Todo ello con el fin (...) de valorar el alcance y las limitaciones de las propuestas de ambos autores y su posible vigencia de cara a pensar un problema tan actual como el de la tecnología y la responsabilidad del ser humano en su desarrollo. Así pues, este trabajo no se propone estudiar un diálogo o polémica real entre los autores en cuestión ni tampoco se hace cargo de una crítica explícita de uno a otro. Lo que se busca es conectar dos desarrollos filosóficos aparentemente alejados (la metafísica fenomenológica de Nicol y el marxismo crítico de Sánchez Vázquez) examinando cómo abordan uno y otro el tema de la tecnología y destacando las hipotéticas implicaciones de uno de esos desarrollos sobre el otro. Para ello, se parte de una breve explicación del contexto histórico de ambos pensadores, luego se enmarcan las ideas de la tecnología de cada uno en su contrastante concepción de la praxis, se muestran los puntos en común y las discrepancias y, finalmente, se termina señalando la hipotética repercusión de las ideas Sánchez Vázquez sobre las de Nicol. (shrink)

El fraile capuchino Antonio de Fuentelapeña escribió en 1676 El ente dilucidado, obra de filosofía escolástica en la que su autor pretende demostrar la existencia de duendes. Sin embargo, la crítica posterior juzgó como extravagancia y locura la obra, sin reparar en que sus argumentos escolásticos analizaron muchos temas filosóficos de extrema importancia, como la racionalidad de los animales, tan en boga hoy día gracias al estudio de la conducta animal comparada, la Etología.