This work explores the concept of urban guerrilla, which was promoted and innovated by National Liberation Movement – Tupamaros, in Uruguay. After a thorough review of the “David Cámpora” Archive of Armed Struggle –located at the University of the Republic– and in–depth interviews with prominent Tupamaro members, this article analyzes the evolution of this particular revolutionary project. These pages address issues such as the factors that influenced the adoption of the urban guerrilla approach and the consequences and demands, internal (...) and external, that accompanied it. It also presents the influences, tensions and contradictions that have arisen regarding the use of violence, the dispute against the State or the adaptation to circumstances that have changed drastically in less than a decade – from a quality of democracy unparalleled in the region, to a dictatorial regime of military imprint. All of the above, without losing sight of the exceptional geopolitical dimension that the Latin American continent went through, and especially the Southern Cone, in the 60s and 70s of the last 20th century. (shrink)

El libro de Osvaldo Torres Gutiérrez, es un trabajo descriptivo, bien documentado y fundamentado en el uso de fuentes y bibliografía general y específica sobre el tema en cuestión, siendo uno de los aspectos más importantes las entrevistas realizadas a dirigentes de las dos organizaciones político revolucionarias que son el centro de su análisis.En las primeras líneas, el autor deja establecida la pregunta sobre la cual girará su trabajo, “por qué dos organizaciones de la izquierda revolucion..

Throughout the following analysis we propose a reflection on the reasons and causes that motivated the appearance and development of “revolutionary terrorism” or of the extreme left in Latin America and Western Europe. We review the role played by some of its main reference organizations and the response offered by the States in which they acted. As fundamental axes, we consider two. On the one hand, the role played by violence in these organizations. On the other hand, the causes that (...) motivated his defeat/disappearance. (shrink)

This paper describes a method for extracting importance of slides in a lecture review system. We introduce "index of importance" to quantitatively evaluate importance of slides. The index of importance is subjective evaluation value that is attached to each slide by lecturers. Firstly, the lecture review system extracts the index of importance of the slide by using a multi-layer neural network. In a MLN learning process, eight types of nonlinguistic informations, such as the presentation time of the slide, are used (...) as inputs and the index of importance given by lecturers are set as outputs. Secondly, the index of importance is modified by using the other MLN which has two types of inputs; one is the index of importance and the other is similarities between the slide and adjacent slides. The similarities are calculated with key-word vectors extracted by linguistic informations in slides. The experimental results showed that the index of importance extracted by the system is highly correlated with the index attached by lecturers. As a result, the lecture review system with the proposed extraction method can properly detect key slides and helps students to learn the contents of a lecture effectively. (shrink)

Une époque obscure : cette époque individualiste et économiste, qui voudrait nous faire croire que chacun de nous est « un petit entrepreneur de soi ». Et pourtant, le sujet de l’agir est-il vraiment comme on le croit l’individu? Ni le militant ni l’individu de bonne volonté, ne sont en mesure d’assumer les défis de l’époque. Le sujet de l’agir n’est donc pas l’individu, mais une multiplicité de situations. Miguel Benasayag et Angélique Del Rey nous invitent à comprendre ce qui (...) peut vraiment changer le monde aujourd’hui. Ce qu’ils nous proposent, c’est l’engagement recherche, l’engagement immanent, expression d’un désir vital, qui revendique la lutte radicale, dans ce monde-ci, sans « machines à espoir ». Mobilisant des réflexions aussi diverses que celles de La Boétie, Marx, Foucault, Spinoza, Gramsci ; s’appuyant sur des expériences politiques concrètes comme celle des Tupamaros uruguayens, puisant aussi bien ses métaphores explicatives dans le cinéma de David Lean que dans les « lieux communs » du langage quotidien, ce livre est une invitation stimulante à repenser les fondements de nos aliénations et une définition de l’engagement comme acte créateur en soi. (shrink)

Our tendency is not to read Romantic poetry as alluding to the texts it reminds us of. We think of the Augustans as the author of what Reuben Brower calls "the poetry of allusion."5 We envision Romantic poets carrying on their work in reaction to these Augustans and in mysterious awe, whether fearful or admiring, of most other poets—sometimes even of each other. No self-respecting Romantic, it is usually assumed, will deliberately send his reader elsewhere for a meaning to complement (...) the effect of his own words. If a reader's mind wanders to an earlier poem, that is not the Romantic poet's fault but a matter of accident or perhaps of cruel destiny. The Romantic wants to keep the poem an intimate affair—just the two of us—and does what he can to keep his reader's attention on himself.[…]What follows is an effort to test the applicability of Wasserman's Augustan hypothesis to the poetic mode of high Romanticism. This effort should not be taken to imply either that the Romantics simply continue in the allusive mode of the Augustans or that the assumptions that lead Bloom and others to read Romantic poetry as they do are utterly mistaken. I will in fact be arguing quite otherwise. Nor must there be any confusion about Wasserman's conception of the Augustan mode. Some of the language of his summary, for example where he speaks of "the rich interplay between the author's text and the full contexts it allusively arouses," might lead one to liken his work to the criticism now associated with the notion of "intertextuality." For the practitioners of this criticism, as Jonathan Culler explains, "to read is to place a work in a discursive space, relating it to other texts and to other codes of that space, and writing is a similar activity."8 Writing and reading a poem are in this account both acts of "intertextual location," if you will, but the reader of the poem need not concern himself with the aims and circumstances of its writer's "similar activity." The decisive difference between this view and the one Wasserman offers for the Augustans is that Wasserman's is intentionalist and historicist. This shows plainly in his exegetical commentary on the Rape, where his characteristic claim follows the formula: "Pope [expects, invites, prods, wants] his reader to [discover, exercise his wit on, recognize, see] X in his allusion to such-and-such a text." And to support his claim he repeatedly brings his historicist scholarship to bear on questions about "the kind of ready knowledge Pope demands of his reader" and what "facts [were] known to any serious reader" of the time.95. See Reuben Brower, Alexander Pope: The Poetry of Allusion , esp. pp. 1-14.8. Jonathan Culler, "Presupposition and Intertextuality," MLN 91 : 1382-3; Culler refers primarily to the work of Roland Barthes and Julia Kristeva but notes that Bloom himself occasionally sounds curiously like an intertextualist critic.9. Wasserman, "Limits of Allusion," pp. 427, 429. For a response to Wasserman less sympathetic than mine, see Irvin Ehrenpreis, Literary Meaning and Augustan Values , pp. 12-15.James K. Chandler, an assistant professor of English at the University of Chicago, has published work on Wordsworth's poetry and politics and is currently completing a book on the subject. (shrink)

Częstochowa, której początki sięgają XI wieku, jest miastem położonym w województwie śląskim. Prawa miejskie otrzymała w 1356 roku. To największe centrum kultu religijnego w Polsce, do którego w 2022 roku przybyło z całego świata 2,5 mln pielgrzymów, a ich celem była Jasna Góra. Częstochowa jest miastem akademickim, rozwijającym się ośrodkiem kultury i sztuki. Artykuł poświęcony jest zarówno historycznym, jak i współczesnym obiektom Częstochowy, których najważniejszą wartością jest ich wymiar symboliczny. Autorka zaprezentowała obiekty religijne, architektoniczne, artystyczne, które są upamiętnieniem ważnych postaci (...) dla historii miasta związanych z literaturą, teatrem, malarstwem, rzeźbą oraz działalnością społecznikowską na rzecz mieszkańców. Przedmiotem badań jest analiza pod kątem przeobrażeń współczesnych znaczeń i symboli, którym poddana została przestrzeń krajobrazowa jednej z najsłynniejszych arterii miejskich, jaką jest Aleja Najświętszej Maryi Panny. Tematyka badań dotyczy analizy przykładów obiektów artystycznych zlokalizowanych na obszarze głównej arterii miasta oraz sąsiadującego z nią Starego Rynku położonego w dzielnicy zwanej Starym Miastem, którymi przemieszczają się nie tyko mieszkańcy i turyści, ale także rzesze pielgrzymów krajowych i zagranicznych zmierzających do dominującego w krajobrazie miejskim Sanktuarium Jasnogórskiego. W tej przestrzeni miejskiej znalazła swoje miejsce także sztuka, którą uznano za dobre tło i scenę dla działań artystycznych w postaci m.in. rzeźb, pomników i murali upamiętniających twórczość artystów, tworząc w ten sposób przestrzeń do rozmyślań, emocji i wspomnień. Artykuł kończą rozważania, czy we współczesnych czasach można połączyć dążenie do tworzenia nowoczesnej przestrzeni publicznej z zachowaniem ciągłości historycznej i niezaprzeczalnych miejskich wartości. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:François H. Lapointe PHILOSOPHY AND LITERATURE: A BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY ThL· survey is limited to articles written in English that have appeared in journals published between 1 January 1974 and 31 December 1976. Abbott, Don. "Marxist Influences on the Rhetorical Theory of Kenneth Burke." Philosophy and Rhetoric 7 (1974): 217-33. Abel, Lionel. "Jacques Derrida: His 'Difference' With Metaphysics." Salmagundi no. 25 (1974): 3-21. Adamowski, T. H. "Character and Consciousness: D. (...) H. Lawrence, Wilhelm Reich, and Jean-Paul Sartre." University of Toronto Quarterly 43 (1974): 31 1-34. Adams, D. J. "Style and Social Ideas in Jacques le fataliste." Studies in Voltaire & the Eighteenth Century 124 (1974): 231-48. Adams, Hazard. "Contemporary Ideas of Literature: Terrible Beauty or Rough Beast?" Contemporary Literature 17 (1976): 349-77. Adorno, Theodor W. "Lyric Poetry and Society." Telos no. 20 (1974): 56-71. Ages, Arnold. "Bonald and the Jews." Revue de l'Université d'Ottawa 44 (1974): 32-43. Allen, Diogenes. "The Experience of Existence: Jean-Paul Sartre and Iris Murdoch." International Philosophical Quarterly 14 (1974): 181-87. Allen, Marcus. "Character Development in the Oreste of Voltaire and Les Mouches of Jean-Paul Sartre." CLA Journal 18 (1974): 1-21. Alter, Jean. "A (Terrorist) System of the Novel." Diacritics 6 (1976): 10-15. Altieri, Charles. "Wittgenstein on Consciousness and Language: A Challenge to Derridean Literary Theory." MLN 91 (1976): 1397-1423. Altieri,Charles. "Wordsworth's 'Preface' as Literary Theory." Criticism 18 (1976): 122-146. [On Wordworth and Wittgenstein.] Ames, Van Meter. "Art for Art's Sake Again?" Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 33 (1975): 303-307. Appleman, Philip. "The Dread Factor: Eliot, Tennyson, and the Shaping of Science." Columbia Forum, N. S. 3 (1974): 32-38. Armstrong, Paul B. " E. M. Forster's Howard's End: The Existential Crisis of the Liberal Imagination." Mosaic 8 (1974): 183-99. Arnold, A. James. "La Condition humaine as Nietzschean Tragedy." Mélanges Malraux Miscellany 6 (1974): 15-24. 366 François H. Lapointe367 Aronson, Ronald. "L'Idiot de la famille: The Ultimate Sartre?" Telos no. 20 (1974): 90-107. Arthos, John. "Du Bartas, Petrarch and the Poetry of Deism." Rice University Studies 60 (1974): 1-17. Artz, Johannes. "Newman as Philosopher." International Philosophical Quarterly 16 (1976): 263-88. Ausmus, Harry J. "Schopenhauer's Philosophy of Language." The Midwest Quarterly 18 (1977): 169-86. Ayala, Francisco. "Ortega y Gasset, Literary Critic." Critical Inquiry 1 (1974): 395-414. Bakalar, H. Nicholas. "The Cartesian Legacy to the Eighteenth-century Grammarians." MLN 91 (1976): 698-721. Barnes, Hazel. "Apotheosis and Deification in Plato, Nietzsche and Huxley." Philosophy and Literature 1 (1976): 3-24. Baron, Dennis E. "Role Structure and the Language of Literature." Journal of Literary Semantics 4 (1975): 43-52. Barooskian, Vahan D. "The Aesthetics of the Russian Revolutionary Theatre 1917-1921." British Journal of Aesthetics 15 (1975): 99-117. Bart, B. F. "Hypercreativity in Stendhal and Balzac." Nineteenth Century French Studies 3 (1974-75): 18-39. Barthes, Roland. "An Introduction to the Structural Analysis of Narrative." New Literary History 6 (1975): 237-72. Bashford, Bruce. "The Rhetorical Method in Literary Criticism." Philosophy and Rhetoric 9 (1976): 133-46. Bass, Alan. "Time and the Witch: Femininity, Metapsychology and the Temporality of the Unconscious." MLN 91 (1976): 871-912. Bassett, Sharon. "Towards a Critique of Romanticism: Wordsworth, Pater and the 'Anima Mundi'." Criticism 17 (1975): 262-75. Batchelor, R. "Literature, Society and the Concept of Revolt." European Studies Review 5 (1975): 395-427. Battin, M. Pabst. "Aristotle's Definition of Tragedy in the Poetics, Part 1." Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 33 (1974): 155-70, and Part II in Ibid. 33 (1975): 293-302. Bauer, George. "Sartre and the 'Sugars' of History." L'Esprit Créateur 15 (1975): 377-86. Baumgarten, Murray. "The Historical Novel: Some Postulates." Clio 4 (1975): 173-82. Beauchamp, Gorman. "Gulliver's Return to the Cave: Plato's Republic and Book IV of Gulliver's Travels." The Michigan Academician 7 (1974): 201-10. Bennett, Jonathan. "The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn." Philosophy 48 (1974): 123-34. Benzon, William. "Cognitive Networks and Literary Semantics." MLN 91 (1976): 952-82. Bergonzi, Bernard. "A Grid of Codes: Views of Structuralism." Encounter 45 (1975): 52-58. Berry, Wanda Warren. "The... (shrink)

Eyesight is practically a main organ of senses for man orienting in the world. But it is also a result of evolutional development of nature from 600 to 450 mln. years according to evolutional scale and still it preserves its stable contradictory inner structure. The genesis of eyesight has been reconstructed in Arthropoda type. It was made possible by using a philosophical approach, namely, by considering this process from the dualism point of view. Two Laurence's concepts were used as basic (...) interrelated categories. They are intranspecific and interspecific aggressiveness. Development of the two interrelated opposites results in the formation of a new kind – eyesight (Hegelian not Marx’s), typical for all succeeding kinds of animals. The eye has become a unity consisting of on- and off-type ganglionic cells, that percept both fixed end non-fixed objects simultaneously. The two eyes of higher animals and man allow to orient in the world, and depending on outside conditions, they can fully enough demonstrate one of the stable contradictory inner tendencies. This is just one of the directions in studying philosophy of nature. (shrink)

Review of Hazard Adams, The Offense of Poetry. For the Comparative Literature Edition of MLN (2009).

Between 1945 and 2010 the Palace Museum in Wilanów and its legal predecessor incurred particular financial costs which could be expressed in money (in circula-tion), in nominal values. The aim of this article is to express the costs according to unchanged price measures: the American dollar, gold and rye. The conducted research shows that the overall costs borne by The Palace Museum in Wilanów between 1945 and 2010 were 297 mln zł (Polish currency), after counting which included money exchange and (...) denomination, or $124 mln (in USD). According to the average exchange rate in 2010, it gives the sum of 375 mln zł ($1 equals 3,02 zł). The costs measured in rye equalled 10.5 mln q (average price of rye in 2010 was 1 q = 42,12 zł). In the end, it gives the sum of 442 mln zł. As to world gold prices, the costs were 542,000 ounces of pure gold (in 2010 1 ounce of gold costs $1421,6). It gives $771 mln according to the average exchange rate in 2010 and 2329 mln zł ($1 = 3,02 zł). It can be a matter of discussion which one of these three measures shows the real value of the costs incurred since 1945. Fortunately, there is no question that a counting method which takes into consideration exchanged money and denomination ought not to be used in measuring nominal values. (shrink)

Using Blanchot’s Heideggerian conception of “negativity,” this paper argues that the Hegelian conception of desire is defined by its pursuit of comprehension of the concept, but, because of the operation of negativity, the comprehension of the concept perpetually reproduces the desire for further comprehension. Desiring self-consciousness thus perpetually recreates its own opacity to itself, and the pursuit of the object of desire destroys its own fulfilment. The Greek mythical figure of Orpheus, whose gaze destroys the beloved for whom he longs, (...) is used to illustrate self-consciousness desire for identity. (shrink)

Even if everything is up for grabs in philosophy, some things are very difficult to doubt. It is hard to believe, for example, that no one ever acts intentionally. Even the most powerful arguments for the unreality of intentional action could do no more, we believe, than place one in roughly the position in which pre-Aristotelian Greeks found themselves when presented with one of Zeno's arguments that nothing can move from any given point A to any other point B. One (...) argument has it, for example, that in order to move from one point to another, a thing must first move to the half-way point; to do that, it must move half way to that point; and so on forever: so nothing ever moves at all. The argument undoubtedly stopped some auditors in their tracks; but eventually they moved on, most of them fully confident that they were doing precisely that. (shrink)