Artykuł poświęcony jest problemowi możliwości analizy faktów istnienia. Fakty istnienia są specyficznymi stanami rzeczy. Stany rzeczy są ontycznymi odpowiednikami sądów. Fakty istnienia są korelatami sądów egzystencjalnych. Stany rzeczy różne od faktów istnienia dadzą się analizować jako złożenia z prostszych składników, np. podmiotu i własności. Są filozofowie, którzy uważają, że w analogiczny sposób da się analizować fakty istnienia. Według tej analizy polegają one na tym, że rzeczy posiadają istnienie, ale rozumiane w sensie zasady istnienia czy też aktu istnienia — niesamodzielnego składnika (...) rzeczy. Argumentuję przeciwko możliwości takiej analizy. Jeśli jest ona konsekwentnie przeprowadzona, to wiedzie do tezy, że istnienie-zasada jest całkiem zewnętrzne wobec rzeczy. Poza tym pokazuję, że niesamodzielność istnienia-zasady blokuje przypisywaną jej funkcję urealniania. Fakt istnienia uznaję za nieanalizowalny i w związku z tym odrzucam sensowność pytania o realną różnice między istotą a istnieniem. (shrink)

The aim of the paper is to compare the role played by logical analysis in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus logico-philosophicus and Russell’s On Denoting. Whereas in Russell’s work it is an important element of his argument in support of description theory, in his pupil’s it does not function this way. Russell, while analysing various propositions, including descriptions translates them into formal language, indicating that those propositions, despite the appearances, in fact do not denote. Logical analysis shall be a tool decisive in favour (...) of Russell’s thesis. Wittgenstein similarly analyses some troublesome propositions and claims that they are meaningless. The difference is that Russell’s final conclusion is derived from logical analysis, whereas Wittgenstein’s from pure speculation. In Tractatus logico-philosophicus logical analysis is not a method thanks to which the author gets certain result, just as it was the case with his teacher and his On Denoting. In Wittgenstein’s early philosophy logical analysis concerns just a few technical problems connected only to some ideas from Principia mathematica, and not to the main subject of his work, which is the analysis of philosophical theses. (shrink)

AI designers endeavour to improve ‘autonomy’ in artificial intelligent devices, as recent developments show. This chapter firstly argues against attributing metaphysical attitudes to AI and, simultaneously, in favor of improving autonomous AI which has been enabled to respect autonomy in human agents. This seems to be the only responsible way of making further advances in the field of autonomous social AI. Let us examine what is meant by claims such as designing our artificial alter egos and sharing moral selves with (...) artificial humanoid devices. (shrink)

Artykuł dotyczy pragmatycznych aspektów badań nad pytaniami. Przedmiot rozważań stanowiły relacje między pytaniami a użytkownikiem języka, posługującym się pytaniami dla realizacji różnych celów. Problematyka zastosowań logicznej teorii pytań została przedstawiona w kontekście użyteczności pragmatycznej. Zwrócono uwagę na możliwości wykorzystania rezultatów analizy logicznej do rozwiązywania problemów w dziedzinach, w których interrogacyjna funkcja języka posiada szczególne znaczenie. Artykuł składa się z następujących części: 1) rodzaje problemów należących do zakresu pragmatyki pytań; 2) pragmatyczne aspekty w logice pytań; 3) funkcja pragmatycznego ujęcia zagadnień logicznej (...) teorii pytań. (shrink)

In his philosophy P. F. Strawson employs the method of analysis, which he describes as \"[...] resolution of something complex into elements and the exhibition of the ways in which the elements are related in the complex.\" During fifty years of his philosophical activity Strawson has worked out two conceptions of analysis: the analysis of ordinary language and the connective analysis. In general Strawson\'s contribution to philosophy may be viewed as an elaboration of his conception of analysis and its deployment (...) for particular cases. In the article the Author presents Strawson\'s criticism of the following conceptions of analysis: reductive analysis, therapeutic analysis and analysis as construction of a conceptual map. Then she gives an account of Strawson\'s analysis of ordinary language and his connective analysis. In conclusion she tries to point out difficulties connected with this method of analysis. (shrink)

Mevcut literatüre odaklanarak alandaki ilerlemeyi, yönünü ve güncel eğilimleri tespit etmeye çalışan araştırmalar öz yansıtıcı çalışmalar olarak adlandırılmaktadır. İletişim alanına yönelen öz yansıtıcı bir çalışma olarak bu araştırmada Türkiye’de yayınlanan ve ESCI indeksinde taranan Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, İlef Dergisi ve Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi ele alınarak 2020-2022 yılları arasında yayınlanan araştırma makaleleri önce bibliyometrik analiz, ardından içerik analizi tekniği ile iki aşamada incelemiştir. Böylece 2023 Şubat-Nisan tarihleri arasında gerçekleşen bu araştırmada Türkiye’nin iletişim alanında önde gelen (...) dergileri üzerinden alanın güncel bir görünümü elde edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda toplam 210 makale araştırmanın örneklemi olarak belirlenmiştir. İletişim alanında yapılan çalışmalar göz önüne alındığında, ilgili dergilerdeki araştırma makalelerine yönelik karşılaştırmalı olarak gerçekleşen bibliyometrik analiz ve içerik analizine rastlanmaması araştırmanın özgünlüğünü ifade eder. Gerçekleştirilen analizler neticesinde; (1) sosyal medya ve COVID-19 anahtar kelimelerinin ön plana çıktığı; blockchain, yapay zekâ, pandemi iletişimi, dezenformasyon, sürdürülebilirlik, sürdürülebilir iletişim, sivil toplum ile kullanımlar ve doyumlar anahtar kelimelerinin dikkat çektiği, (2) çoğunlukla dijital medyaya odaklanıldığı, (3) fon kullanan makale sayısının oldukça az olduğu, (4) makalelerin çoğunlukla Türkiye menşeli olduğu ve Türkçe yazıldığı, (5) büyük çoğunluğun İletişim Çalışmaları alanına ait olduğu, (6) makalelerin neredeyse tamama yakınının tek bir araştırmadan oluştuğu, (7) nitel araştırma yöntemi ile içerik analizi araştırma tekniğinin ve (8) örneklem bağlamında ise ikincil verilerin ve amaçlı örnekleme yönteminin daha sık tercih edildiği bulgulanmıştır. (shrink)

Artykuł przedstawia krótką analizę krytyczną wybranych pism z czasów cywilizacji sumeryjskiej w kontekście wiedzy filozoficznej. Tekst podzielony jest na dwie części. Pierwsza odnosi się do refleksji sumeryjskiej z zakresu etyki, druga dotyczy wiedzy o świecie zewnętrznym. Bez wątpienia refleksja sumeryjska miała jedynie formułę wiedzy praktycznej, jednak niektóre jej fragmenty wpisują się w kurs przyszłej filozofii.

Supervaluation is a method which has been invented to deal with the reference failure. In his 1975 paper K. Fine suggested that it might be applied to the analysis of the phenomenon of vagueness as well. The paper tries to assess the pros and cons of the supervaluation theory of vagueness. Supervaluation provides us with the means for analysing vagueness without eliminating it from the language, and allows to solve the main paradox connected with vagueness; i.e. the sorities paradox. The (...) preservation of classical logic was thought to be one of its main virtues. The solution to sorities which supervaluationism proposes is a very counterintuitive one, however. Moreover, it seems that it does not preserve classical logic after all. Besides, the theory of supervaluation is not able to handle the higher-order vagueness. Nevertheless it remains one of most attractive semantic theories of vagueness available. In conection with the objections raised against supervaluationism arises the problem concerning the interpretation of the meaning of the supervaluationism's key notion, namely the notion of supertruth. The paper offers one such interpretation. (shrink)