In this study, by the use of Yuan and Lee’s definition of the fuzzy group based on fuzzy binary operation we give a new kind of fuzzy ring. The concept of fuzzy subring, fuzzy ideal and fuzzy ring homomorphism are introduced, and we make a theoretical study their basic properties analogous to those of ordinary rings.

Important decisions are often based on a distributed process of information processing, from a knowledge base that is itself distributed among agents. The simplest such situation is that where a decision-maker seeks the recommendations of experts. Because experts may have vested interests in the consequences of their recommendations, decision-makers usually seek the advice of experts they trust. Trust, however, is a commodity that is usually built through repeated face time and social interaction and thus cannot easily be built in a (...) global world where we have immediate internet access to a vast pool of experts. In this article, we integrate findings from experimental psychology and formal tools from Artificial Intelligence to offer a preliminary roadmap for solving the problem of trust in this computer-mediated environment. We conclude the article by considering a diverse array of extended applications of such a solution. (shrink)

El ensayo pretende reconstruir los debates filosóficos franco-alemanes de los años 80. La llegada del pensamiento francés de Derrida, Foucault, Lacan, etc., generó en la filosofía alemana la polaridad asimilación-rechazo. Sostenemos que dicha polaridad es producto del rechazo o integración de las propias tradiciones alemanas que los autores franceses poseen. En consecuencia, creemos que son claves las obras de Manfred Frank sobre el pensamiento francés para entender tanto el debate como sus derivaciones en las discusiones sobre modernidad-posmodernidad, sujeto-no-sujeto, deconstrucción-hermenéutica, racionalidad-irracionalidad.

Name der Zeitschrift: Der Islam Jahrgang: 91 Heft: 2 Seiten: 266-271.

When examined in light of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the term “neighbor” raises questions of exclusivity and inclusivity, one's understanding of God, and responsibility toward the “Other.”.

. The paper presents a method for transforming a given sound and complete n-sequent proof system into an equivalent sound and complete system of ordinary sequents. The method is applicable to a large, central class of (generalized) finite-valued logics with the language satisfying a certain minimal expressiveness condition. The expressiveness condition decrees that the truth-value of any formula φ must be identifiable by determining whether certain formulas uniformly constructed from φ have designated values or not. The transformation preserves the general (...) structure of proofs in the original calculus in a way ensuring preservation of the weak cut elimination theorem under the transformation. The described transformation metod is illustrated on several concrete examples of many-valued logics, including a new application to information sources logics. (shrink)

There is a substantial shortage of organs available for transplantation in Bangladesh. This has resulted in the commodification of organs. This study analyzes the religious, cultural, and legal barriers to organ donation in Bangladesh. It is based on the examination of available literature and primary sources i.e. religious decrees and opinions of religious leaders of faith traditions, and the Bangladesh Organ Donation Act, 1999. The literature was retrieved from databases, such as PubMed, BioMed, and Google Scholar using the key words: (...) organ donation in Islam, organ donation in Bangladesh, organ donation and religions. The study found that although many Islamic scholars accept organ donation, both living and cadaveric, under some conditions, some Bangladeshi Muslim clerics oppose donation. They argue that organ retrieval violates the sanctity of the human body and retrieval of organs may harm a living donor or lead to death, and organ donation may encourage the commercialization of body parts. Both commercialization and harming oneself are considered sins. Thus, the divergent views of Muslim clerics are a major barrier to organ donation among the Bangladeshi Muslims. Cultural and social factors also have a negative impact. Most people desire to be buried with their bodies intact. Although the Bangladesh government promulgated the Bangladesh Organ Donation Act, 1999, and amended it in 2018, it restricted donors and recipients to members of the extended family, which also reduced the donor pool. This study argues that the Muslim Orthodox clerics’ stand against organ donation and other cultural and legal issues are the major obstacles to organ donation in Bangladesh. (shrink)

Research in the area of intellectual property (IP) is increasingly relevant to the rapidly growing artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics industries, affecting the legal, business, manufacturing, and healthcare sectors. This contributed volume aims to develop our understanding of the legal and ethical challenges posed by artificial intelligence and robotics technologies and the appropriate intellectual property based legal and regulatory responses. It provides a philosophical and legal framework for considering concepts and principles that relate to the development and use of such (...) technologies at the international, regional, and national levels. The legal discourse in IP concerns the ever-growing AI sector and how businesses can protect their IP and incorporate AI. Moral sentiments often take a back seat to market sentiments, even in shaping the direction of ethical business strategy. This anomaly persists despite growing interest in ethics and IP. Taking an interdisciplinary and diverse perspective, this book enriches the evolving definition and scope of IP literature by focusing on actors, products and regulation that shape the business sector. Considering the gap between theory and practice, this book bridges academic and professional knowledge in unpacking legal, ethical and governance issues in the intellectual property industry. In an effort to include as many viewpoints as possible, contributions have been gathered from diverse fields, including business, ethics, governance, law, philosophy and technology studies. This book will appeal to academics in the field of intellectual property, business ethics, AI, emerging technologies and strategic innovation, as well as practitioners and policy makers. (shrink)

This paper seeks to the integration epistemologies developed by Mulyadhi Kertanegara. Nowadays, the relation of science and religion have attracted the attention of Islamic universities, especially in the institutional transformations of IAIN to UIN. This transformation should not be limited as institutional transformation, but also followed by an established to the philosophical nature. An established philosophical base has been implicated for the developing scientific construction, academic tradition builds, and those technical-methodological applications level. In this framework, Mulyadhi Kartanegara’sidea is important to (...) be explored intensively in developing the scientific paradigm Islamic colleges. The books and papers of Mulyadhi Kartanegara related to the theme of the writing are being the subject of the study and analysis of this article. The results of the study that the basis of the integration epistemologies developed by Mulyadhi Kartanegara is a mystical-philosophical pattern. Mulyadhi Kartanegara builds a unique epistemology which intuitive appreciate and re-construct the heritage of classical Islamic philosophy. (shrink)

Reproduction and immunity are energy intensive, intimately linked processes in most organisms. In women, pregnancy is associated with widespread immunological adaptations that alter immunity to many diseases, whereas, immune dysfunction has emerged as a major cause for infertility in both men and women. Deciphering the molecular bases of this dynamic association is inherently challenging in mammals. This relationship has been traditionally studied in fast‐living, invertebrate species, often in the context of resource allocation between life history traits. More recently, these studies (...) have advanced our understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of the immunity‐fertility dialogue. Here, we review the molecular connections between reproduction and immunity from the perspective of human pregnancy to mechanistic discoveries in laboratory organisms. We focus particularly on recent invertebrate studies identifying conserved signaling pathways and transcription factors that regulate resource allocation and shape the balance between reproductive status and immune health. (shrink)

El trabajo intenta reconstruir conceptual y bibliográficamente las apropiaciones contemporáneas del primer romanticismo alemán, en términos generales, y de la estética de Friedrich Schlegel, en particular, en la filosofía angloparlante contemporánea de los Estados Unidos. Presentamos los momentos históricos y temáticos de esta apropiación debido a que en las últimas décadas los estudios sobre el romanticismo se han incorporado al ámbito filosófico de forma específica. Dicha renovación de los estudios angloparlantes supone un intento de impugnación a las primeras lecturas sobre (...) el primer romanticismo alemán de los estudios literarios durante el siglo XX, en especial, aquellos identificados con la deconstrucción y el posestructuralismo surgidos a fines del 60 como durante los 70. El objetivo final del trabajo es mostrar las cercanías que en este contexto se han producido entre filosofía analítica y primer romanticismo alemán. (shrink)

El ensayo pretende reconstruir los debates filosóficos franco-alemanes de los años80. La llegada del pensamiento francés de Derrida, Foucault, Lacan, Althusser, entre otros,generó en la filosofía alemana la polaridad asimilación-rechazo. Sostenemos que dichapolaridad es producto del rechazo o integración de las propias tradiciones alemanas que losautores franceses poseen. En esa dirección, las obras de Manfred Frank sobre elpensamiento francés son claves para entender tanto el debate franco-alemán como susderivaciones en las discusiones acerca: modernidad-posmodernidad, sujeto-no-sujeto,deconstrucción-hermenéutica y racionalidad-irracionalidad. A tales fines, primeropresentamos, (...) a partir de las reconstrucciones de Alain Badiou y Gary Gutting, algunascaracterísticas del pensamiento francés que nos permitan entender los supuestos que Frankcrítica. En segundo lugar, puntualizamos cuáles son las críticas que Frank le realiza alpensamiento francés mediante la recuperación de la estética romántica, en particular, delconcepto de individualidad romántica que se podría derivar de la hermenéutica de FriedrichSchleiermacher. Por último, proponemos reconocer dos derivaciones que resultaron de larecepción del postestructuralismo de las obras de Frank. (shrink)

Resumen En esta discusión expongo algunas objeciones a las siguientes tesis de Velázquez 2020: 1) que tanto Descartes como Frege sostienen que las entidades aritméticas son irreductibles a procesos empíricos; 2) que, en el caso de Descartes, dichas entidades son “perennes, inherentes a la propia constitución y funcionamiento de la mente” y 3) que Frege impugnó la filosofía matemática de Mill por psicologista. Sostengo que la segunda tesis no es, per se, controversial, pero que sí lo es en el contexto (...) del artículo de Velázquez.In this discussion I present objections to the following theses in Velázquez 2020: 1) that both Descartes and Frege maintain that arithmetic entities are irreducible to empirical processes; 2) that, in the case of Descartes, these entities are “perennial, inherent to the very constitution and functioning of the mind”, and 3) that Frege contested Mill’s mathematical philosophy for being psychologistic. I argue that the second thesis is not, per se, controversial, but that it is controversial in the context of Velázquez’s article. (shrink)

El ensayo examina el carácter crítico de la ironía romántica de Friedrich Schlegel siguiendo las consideraciones y apropiaciones de Walter Benjamin, Harold Bloom y Paul de Man. También, el ensayo pretende mostrar el paralelismo de la actitud crítica de la ironía con tres figuras literarias románticas: el esteta, el dandy y el âneur. Estas criaturas, unidas por una fe profética en el arte, hacen de la ironía una profesión que se mueve entre la creación y la destrucción. La apropiación en (...) el contexto post-estructuralista nos permite percibir a la ironía en una incomprensión radical, desarrollando un patrón estético que opera entre la creación y la aniquilación. (shrink)

El ensayo pretende reconstruir la lectura del pensamiento francés en las lecciones dictadas por Manfred Frank en su texto ¿Qué es el neoestructuralismo? Estas lecciones fueron claves para la recepción alemana del pensamiento francés surgido en los años 60. Las lecciones de Frank parecen mostrar algunas vías productivas para pensar la recepción alemana del posestructuralismo sin caer en el rechazo que llevó adelante el trabajo de Jürgen Habermas en El discurso filosófico de la modernidad. Nuestro análisis se centra en la (...) problemática de la subjetividad, tanto en las impugnaciones que realiza Frank, como también en aquellos puntos destacados que podría evidenciar el posestructuralismo. Finalmente, el trabajo sugiere, mediante el camino marcado por las lecciones de Frank, la existencia de una recepción menos problemática en el plano de la estética alemana. (shrink)

El presente trabajo intenta reconocer en la novela Jonathan Strange & Mr. Norrell aspectos relacionados con la estética romántica. Creemos advertir, en esta novela sobre la magia inglesa, el legado y subsistencia del espíritu romántico. El objetivo general del ensayo es poner de relieve distintas características de esta novela de Susanna Clarke, las cuales remiten a las consideraciones del romanticismo. Particularmente, nos interesa analizar el personaje de Jonathan Strange, a los efectos de reconocer en su figura tópicos asociados al romanticismo (...) como la fantasía, la imaginación, el amor, la pasión, etc. La figura de Strange parece mostrar el mismo optimismo epistemológico que manifestaban, a fines del siglo XVIII, los románticos. La atmosfera romántica, el marco histórico y el lenguaje utilizado en los diálogos de la novela evidencian que el romanticismo no sólo es un momento histórico, sino una forma cultural que todavía sigue siendo fascinante en la cultura. (shrink)

RESUMEN El trabajo reconstruye la recepción del pensamiento de Fr. Schlegel en la obra temprana de Paul De Man. Nuestra hipótesis sostiene que si analizamos los ensayos gestados antes de los años 80 se puede visibilizar que De Man inscribe al romanticismo a partir de algunos de los críticos del romanticismo, pero, al mismo tiempo, modifica la imagen orgánica y totalizadora del romanticismo que una parte de la crítica literaria sostenía en relación con la poesía romántica. A tales efectos, examinamos (...) de qué modo se presenta esta recepción en dos textos previos a 1980: Retórica de la temporalidad y Alegorías de la lectura. ABSTRACT The work reconstructs the reception of the thought of Fr. Schlegel in the early work of Paul De Man. Our hypothesis holds that if we analyze the essays produced before the 1980s, it can be appreciated that De Man inscribes the romanticism from some of the critics of romanticism, but, at the same time, it modifies the organic and totalizing image of romanticism that a part of literary criticism held in relation to romantic poetry. To this end, we examine how this reception is presented in two texts previous to 1980: Rhetoric of Temporality and Allegories of Reading. (shrink)

Resumen El objetivo general del trabajo es analizar las influencias y recepciones del post-estructuralismo en las lecturas de Judith Butler y sólo algunas derivaciones en el pensamiento de Paul B. Preciado. A partir de este rastreo se pueden establecer las críticas de la teoría queer al feminismo a través de las imágenes y textualidades que propone el arte. La hipótesis general del trabajo supone que, a partir de la recepción del postestructuralismo en los análisis de Butler y Preciado, se podría (...) reconocer en la estética la capacidad crítica y política que las teorías de la identidad sexual pretenden lograr. A los efectos de identificar estos legados nos detendremos en reconocer los aportes de Jacques Derrida en la obra de estxs autorxs. Para finalizar dejamos planteadas algunas críticas que podrían advertir sobre los posibles límites en el plano de la estética de las teorías de género.The general objective of this article is to analyze the influence of post-structuralism in the thought of Judith Butler and Paul B. Preciado. It is argued that queer theory’s critique of feminism can be established through the images and textualities proposed by art; furthermore, on the basis of the influence of poststructuralism in Butler’s and Preciado’s analyses, one can recognize in aesthetics the critical and political capacity that theories of sexual identity intend to achieve. In order to identify these influences, we discuss the contributions of the ideas Jacques Derrida to the work of these authors. In conclusion, we raise some criticisms that warn of the possible limits of gender theories in the plane of aesthetics. (shrink)

Karl-Heinz BOHRER Traducción María Verónica Galfione Prometeo libros 2017, 338 pp. Buenos Aires ISBN: 978-987-574-855-2.

El ensayo intenta mostrar de qué modo, en la obra de Butler, se podría pensar que la aprehensión de una vida está ligada a las condiciones de posibilidad del conocimiento que la legitiman. A partir de esa relación, procuramos abordar la noción de marco como una problemática epistemológica que implica considerar a las normas de reconocimientos como éticas y políticas. A los efectos de delimitar esta relación, contrastaremos los alcances del análisis butleriano con la propuesta biopolítica de Michel Foucault. Además, (...) pretendemos explicar cómo el concepto de marco evidencia el legado posestructuralista en el giro ético de Butler. (shrink)

Este estudo apresenta uma abordagem aproximativa entre as discussões propostas pelo modelo social de deficiência e as concepções filosóficas do médico e filósofo Georges Canguilhem. A partir dos conceitos de doença, patologia, anomalia, normalidade e anormalidade, busca-se aqui, atualizar a discussão dialogando com as preposições do modelo social de deficiência. Elegemos como referencial teórico a obra O normal e o patológico, de Georges Canguilhem e as contribuições de Débora Diniz na obra O que é deficiência; além disso, uma busca na (...) plataforma Google acadêmico foi feita com os seguintes descritores: normal – anormal – norma – normalidade – deficiência. Foram feitas as seguintes associações de descritores: normal/deficiência, anormal/deficiência, norma/deficiência e normalidade/deficiência. Após a leitura dos resumos, constatamos que quatro textos encontrados tratam da temática abordada neste artigo, portanto, fizemos a opção de integrá-los ao referencial teórico deste estudo. Espera-se que essa abordagem aproximativa possibilite uma reflexão a respeito do conceito de normalidade, distanciando-o da deficiência, e assim, aumentando as possibilidades de alcançarmos uma sociedade cada vez mais inclusiva. (shrink)

En base a una investigación empírica del Movimiento de Estudiantes Secundarios de 2006, este artículo desarrolla algunas consecuencias teóricas que apuntan a explorar en los aspectos culturales que condicionan la constitución de identidades políticas en el Chile actual. En un nivel de mayor abstracción, se plantea la existencia de cuatro transformaciones socioculturales propias de nuestros tiempos, que cambian radicalmente la perspectiva de creación de identidades políticas como se entendieron en el pasado. Ellas son: la reducción de espacios de formación de (...) postura frente a los temas públicos; la ampliación valorativa de la potestad individual en la elección de pertenencias políticas; la erosión de los mapas que permiten hacer sentido del contexto societal y sus procesos de cambio; y la autonomización de la subjetividad. (shrink)

The supreme counsel of the religion of Islam insistently emphasizes and promotes social solidarity and solidarity at every stage of life. Among the encouraged advices; the Qur'an and the hadith how meticulously focused on orphans and promised conditions and provisions for a virtuous life. The aim of the protection of orphans, shelter, representation, surety, evaluation of his property for bestowal, approaching with compassion and mercy. The prophet of Islam, who was born as orphan, Muhammad (pbuh.), by addressing the conscience of (...) humanity in order to protect the rights and law of orphan, brought preventive, encouraging orders and prohibitions. When it comes to dealing with orphans and protecting their rights and laws, it is not a correct approach to understand only in the form of protecting and meeting their material needs. On the contrary, it has been emphasized to meet his spiritual and psychological needs, not to insult his personality, and to contribute to his growing up as a beneficial individual for the society. This issue is stated as follows in the verse: “So don't crush the orphan” (Duhâ, 93/9). This order and the person of the Messenger of Allah also, draw the attention of mankind to respect for the material and spiritual rights of the orphan. The main target of the related things is not to leave the orphans alone, but to protect them, to provide an atmosphere of love. Otherwise, orphans deprived of the environment of love may pose problems for themselves and society while struggling with some psychological problems. The main purpose of our study is to draw attention to the compliance of the orphans' rights-law in the axis of the Qur'an and hadith according to the rapidly developing and changing life conditions in our age. (shrink)

A dos años de su publicación original (Kunst als menschliche Praxis. Eine Asthetik, 2014) ingresa por primera vez, en manos de la excelente traducción de José Francisco Zuñiga García, un libro completo de Georg Bertram. Este profesor alemán de filosofía de la Freien Universitat Berlin cuenta con una productividad destacada como sorprendente, pues atraviesa diversos campos y tradiciones de discusión filosófica con cierta comodidad. Bertram puede discutir tanto con la tradición analítica como con los herederos de la tradición crítica de (...) la estética alemana (Albrecht Wellmer, Martin Seel, Christoph Menke) y las fuentes de la hermenéutica contemporánea. Probablemente, este hecho tenga que ver con su trayectoria intelectual y formativa que, como bien indica la edición de esta colección de estética de la editorial española Comares, el autor ha investigado al lado de pensadores provenientes de muy diversas corrientes de pensamiento, desde Martin Seel u Odo Marquard hasta los circuitos académicos de Pittsburgh orientados por John McDowell. Esto último es evidente en la reconstrucción de Kant y Hegel que Bertram realiza en los capítulos dos y tres de este texto. Los trabajos de los llamados “neohegelianos de Pittsburgh” o Pittsburgh School (John McDowell, Robert Brandom, Robert Pippin, Terry Pinkard) se vuelven visibles en el análisis de los idealistas alemanes. (shrink)

This paper exploits the modified simple equation and dynamical system schemes to integrate the Klein–Gordon model amid quadratic nonlinearity arising in nonlinear optics, quantum theories, and solid state physics. By implementing the modified simple equation technique, we develop some disguise adaptation of analytical solutions in terms of hyperbolic, exponential, and trigonometric functions with some special parameters. We apply the dynamical system to bifurcate the model and draw distinct phase portraits on unlike parametric constraints. Following each orbit of all phase portraits, (...) we originate bounded and unbounded solitary, periodic, and periodic rogue-type wave solutions of the KG model. These two schemes extract widespread classes of solitary, periodic, and periodic rogue-type wave solutions for the KG model jointly due to restrictions on parameters. We also analyze the effect of parameters on the obtained wave solutions and discuss why and when it changes its nature. We illustrate some dynamical features of the acquired solutions via the 3D, 2D, and contour graphics. (shrink)

Traditionally dated from the 8th to the 14th century, historians generally agree on the period of the golden age of Islamic civilization. They count that the keys to this civilizational achievement laid on the flourishing educational institutions, scientific findings, and the births of influential Muslim scholars. This article tries to reframe the significance of education in the creation of Islamic golden age and offer a brief reminder to the importance of education for contemporary Muslim societies. It is a bibliographical study (...) for the materials for the discussion are taken from books, journal articles, and other written sources related to the topic. The collected data were then analyzed by content analysis. This article argues that the state policies on education is the key for the past Muslim golden age. Scientific culture ranging from namely research tradition, translation tradition, reading tradition to scientific habitus are essential in the making of Muslim golden age. This historical records reserves as a reminder for contemporary Muslim to reestablish the past golden age that lies on the reformation of educational system. (shrink)

Every scientific or intellectual movement is founded upon basic assumptions and hypotheses that shape its specifically formulated philosophy. This study seeks to explore and explicate the basic philosophical underpinnings of grey systems theory, as well as the paradigm governing its postulates. The study, more specifically, scrutinizes the underlying principles of GST from the perspective of postmodern philosophy. To accomplish this, the epistemology, ontology, human nature, and methodology of GST are substantially investigated in the light of postmodern philosophy. The study draws (...) on Burrell and Morgan’s framework to reveal the paradigm underlying the philosophy of GST. Results demonstrate that GST is an anti-realistic, anti-positivistic, and non-deterministic theory which is inherently pluralistic and ideographic. Based on the principles of GST, change is an indispensable dimension of human speculation about the world and systems, and knowledge is ceaselessly reproduced as new information is collected. As a result, knowledge, narratives, theories and scientific laws are dynamically changed. GST, then, is remarkably compatible with the foundations of postmodern thought and it could be regarded as a postmodern theory governed by a humanistic paradigm. (shrink)