Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE In what sense is the self, as Ricœur conceives it, a vulnerable self? We shall argue that vulnerability, as far as it concerns the self, can be approached on three levels: reflexive, of human abilities and ontological. However, if Ricœur helps us think human fragility and thus define a new concept of self, vulnerability remains understood in the framework of a reflection on human acting of which it is, in a certain way, (...) the negative. Autonomy, as the culminating point of acting, remains the ultimate goal. For us, approaching vulnerability from such a reference point ought to be put into question: does it enable us to really determine what vulnerability is? In order to answer this question, we will confront Ricœur’s conception of vulnerability with levinasian ethics. Indeed, Levinas operates a double reversal: not only does vulnerability come first, but in addition, vulnerability is of the other before being of the self. Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE. (shrink)

Nous voudrions, à partir de la prise en compte de la vulnérabilité humaine et de la réponse à y apporter, questionner la conception ricœurienne de l’homme capable. Au sein des théories morales contemporaines dominantes, la vulnérabilité fait figure d’oubliée. C’est en effet plutôt à partir d’une conception de l’individu considéré comme autonome qu’elles se sont élaborées. Pourtant, qui n’a pas expérimenté au cours de sa vie des périodes de vulnérabilité? L’enfance peut, à cet égard, être tenue pour paradigmatique. C’est cette (...) expérience humaine universelle de fragilité que les éthiques du care visent à penser et dont elles cherchent à rendre visible la valeur morale. Elles partent du constat qu’en tant qu’êtres incarnés, nous avons besoin des autres pour satisfaire nos besoins fondamentaux. Humains, nous sommes des êtres de relation : nous dépendons des autres. Ce qui nous porte, ce qui permet à la vie de se maintenir, c’est le souci dont d’autres font preuve à notre endroit, c’est-à-dire l’attention à nos besoins et l’activité pratique consistant à y répondre, autrement dit, une « capacité de care ». Or, si Ricœur, dans son anthropologie philosophique, fait certes la part belle à la vulnérabilité, s’il reconnaît que l’homme capable est tout autant homme fragile, quelle réponse, cependant, apporte-t-il à la vulnérabilité? Certes, il nous montre que les capacités humaines peuvent faire place à leur envers : la capacité à dire, par exemple, se muer en impuissance à maîtriser le verbe. Il reconnaît donc tout à fait que l’actualisation de nos pouvoirs n’est pas garantie. Mais, voudrions-nous demander : qu’est-ce qui vient alors soutenir ces pouvoirs? Qu’est-ce qui leur permet de se déployer? Qu’est-ce qui leur permet de se restaurer? Prenant appui sur les éthiques du care, nous nous proposons de développer l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’actualisation des pouvoirs du soi dépendrait, fondamentalement, de relations de care. Les différentes capacités humaines que Ricœur décline et déploie ne sont-elles pas, au fond, soutenues par la capacité de care dont dépend, du début à la fin de sa vie, le soi? (shrink)

A code of ethics is used by individuals to justify their actions within an environment. Medical professionals require a keen understanding of specific ethical codes due to the potential consequences of their actions. Over the past thirty years there has been an increase in the scope and depth of ethics instruction in the medical profession; however the teaching of these codes is still highly variable. This inconsistency in implementation is problematic both for the medical practitioner and for the patient; without (...) standardized training, neither party can be assured of the practitioner's overall depth of knowledge. Within the field of ethics certain principles have reached a consensus of importance. Incorporation of these concepts in meaningful ways via a consistent curriculum would provide students with an appropriate skill set for navigating their ethical environment. Moreover, this curriculum should also be extended to residents and professionals who may have missed formal ethical training. This would provide a consistent framework of knowledge for practitioners, creating a basis for clear judgment of complex issues. (shrink)

This article critically reviews what is known about the ethical status of psychologists’ putative involvement with enhanced interrogations and torture (EITs). We examine three major normative ethical accounts (utilitarian, deontic, and virtue ethics) of EITs and conclude, contra the American Psychological Association, that reasonable arguments can be made that in certain cases the use of EITs is ethical and even, in certain circumstances, morally obligatory. We suggest that this moral question is complex as it has competing moral values involved, that (...) is, the humane treatment of detainee competes with the ethical value/duty/virtue of protecting innocent third parties. We also suggest that there is an ethical duty to minimize harm by making only judicious and morally responsible allegations against the psychologists alleged to be involved in EITs. Finally, we make recommendations regarding completing the historical record, improvements in the professional ethics code, and the moral treatment of individuals accused in this controversy. (shrink)

Arrigo, DeBatto, Rockwood, and Mawe take issue with a number of arguments in our previous article. We respond in four major ways: pointing out that they never really take on, let alone refute, the key argument in our article—that utilitarian, deontic, and virtue ethical theories are not only consistent with the use of enhanced interrogation and torture in the ticking time bomb scenario but these prescribe it; there are numerous other exegetical problems in their article; they make unsubstantiated claims about (...) the ineffectiveness of EITSLs techniques that we argue are much too strong; and they conflate the ethical with the legal and but even in doing so miss many important issues regarding the legality of EITSLs in the war on terrorism. (shrink)