The article attempts to examine the impact of banks' specifics and board of directors' characteristics on directors' remuneration (REM) of 38 Indian listed banks from 2010 to 2019. The current study is based on secondary data that are extracted from the Prowess IQ database. Fixed effect model is used for analysing the data and generalised method of moment is applied for dealing with endogeneity problem. Finally, the sample is classified into three groups in order to check the robustness of the (...) results. Results revealed that return on assets, size, and market capitalisation positively and significantly impact directors' REM of Indian listed banks. While banks' age, capital adequacy, current ratio, and board of directors' composition have an insignificant impact on directors' REM of Indian listed banks. The findings of the study provide new evidence about the impact of banks' specifics and board of directors' characteristics on directors' REM in the Indian banking sector. The findings suggest that firms' specifics are significant determinants of directors' REM. (shrink)

The relationship between science and democracy has been an interesting and important issue in the study of philosophy as well as political science. Democracy does not only apply in the political realm but can also be seen in the context of science. This paper uses a political-philosophical approach to explore the relationship between science and democracy from the perspective of Philip Kitcher. As far as the philosophical research model used in this research is the concept of figure thinking by using (...) primary sources in the form of Philip Kitcher's two main works among other works, namely: Kitcher's Science, Truth, and Democracy (2001) and Science in a Democratic Society (2011), as well as secondary sources such as books, journal articles and sources relevant to the concepts of the relationship between science and democracy. This paper concludes that the relationship between science and democracy according to Kitcher is based on the concept of a partnership model. This model emphasizes that scientists should consider how knowledge can be applied in a social and practical context, as well as enabling the active participation of the public democratically in the process of scientific research. The relationship between science and democracy, according to Kitcher, relates to the epistemological and socio-practical significance to be taken into account in scientific decision-making, as well as taking into account the public perspective in decision-making. In Kitcher’s perspective too, integration between science and democracy became essential to forming a normative framework for more transparent, democratic scientific research, and producing high-quality knowledge. (shrink)

Studies have found that academic dishonesty is widespread. Of particular interest is the case of business students since many are expected to be the leaders of tomorrow. This study examines the cheating behaviors and perceptions of 819 business and engineering students at three private Lebanese universities, two of which are ranked as the top two universities in the country. Our results show that cheating is pervasive in the universities to an alarming degree. We first analyzed the data by looking at (...) the variables gender, college, GPA, and whether the students had taken the business ethics course. We then supplemented this analysis by building an ordered logistic regression model to test whether these independent variables affect the level of engagement in cheating behavior when we control for the other variables. The results show that males engage in cheating more than females and that students with a lower GPA engage in cheating more. We initially find a difference between business and engineering students, but once we control for the other variables, this difference ceases to exist. Our most surprising result is that the business ethics course seems to have a detrimental effect on the cheating behavior of students. Finally, we find that perception plays a key role in defining the behavior of students. The more that students perceive that others are engaging in a certain behavior, the higher the probability that they will engage in the behavior, even if they believe that this behavior constitutes cheating. (shrink)

A decade has passed since the breaking out of the ‘Arabic Spring’ revolutionary phenomena all over the Arab World’s societies. Many challenging and radically intriguing developments and ramifications have eventuated out of that era and led the Arab World’s context into unchartered territories of existence and self-understanding. This essay pauses at one of the particular challenges that faces this Sitz im Leben, namely the question of identity-formation and self-perception processes. It argues that the Arab states do manifest in their political (...) and statehood situations a political situation of democracy that is run by ‘non-democrats’. The essay then suggests that this democracy of non-democrats is the outcome of the prevalence of an identity-formation and self-perception rationales that are rooted in crudely religious Weltanschauung that, far from maintaining distinction and particularity individually and communally, turns alterity into a self-otherizing dogma expressive of contrariety and stark divisive and discriminative relatedness to the other. The essay, finally, suggests that liberating the identity-formation process from the dogmatic attempt at turning religion into ‘identity’ per se is the first required step towards a more cross-pollinating and symbiotic relationality between the different persons and groups who live in that context. (shrink)

Individuals working in different industries were forced to change their work environments to their homes and quickly cope with technical and social changes not experienced before the occurrence of COVID-19 pandemic. This led to blurred boundaries between work and family roles, diminishing performance and wellbeing. Within the scope of the Research Topic “Workplace effects of COVID-19 on employees,” this research emphasizes on the positive impact of job autonomy provided by employers in reducing work-family conflicts. Moreover, the effect of work-family conflict (...) on employees’ performance and wellbeing is analyzed. Furthermore, informational support is examined regarding its moderating effect to mitigate work-family conflicts and enhance wellbeing. A survey was administered among employees of small-medium enterprises in Lebanon, through purposive and convenience sampling with 198 participants. The data was analyzed using PLS-SEM, and the results show that job autonomy reduces work-family conflict. This in turn improves performance and wellbeing as individuals have more control on their tasks. Furthermore, informational support provided to the employees serves as a buffer between work-family conflict and wellbeing. These results can be beneficial for managers of small and medium enterprises, seeking to enhance the performance and wellbeing of their employees in the era of the pandemic. Similarly, scholars can benefit from theoretical premises of current study and the potential pathways for future analyses. (shrink)

Sous l'égide de l'Institut Frédérick R. Bull, un collectif d'auteurs s'interroge sur les conséquences économiques, sociales et humaines de l'emploi généralisé des techniques nouvelles innovées par le traitement de l'information et notamment le secret professionnel, la déontologie médicale, la justice et la morale policière, la déontologie de l'ingénieur, les pouvoirs et systèmes médiatiques.

RésuméAu cours d'un travail, quel qu'il soit, la pensée classe les jugements en trois catégories: ceux qu'elle accepte, ceux qu'elle rejette, ceux qu'elle réserve. Elle applique donc une logique à trois valeurs — la « Logique de la Composition » — dont l'etude entraîne des conséquences dans des domaines variés. Dans son domaine propre, elle permet de déflnir avec précision les instants logiques d'une théorie quelconque. Mais le choix d'une logique détermine le degré de généralité qu'il est possible de donner (...) à la notion d'ensemble; la Logique de la Composition permet d'atteindre la plus grande généralité, qui échappait nécessairement à la Logique bivalente, et elle permet en même temps d'énoncer la relation précise qui unit la Logique et la Théorie des Ensembles. Elle exprime les structures mentales que supposent la Physique probabiliste, et, plus généralement, toute théorie non déterministe — qu'il s'agisse de Physique, de théorie de la connaissance ou de morale. (shrink)

RésuméVivre, agir, c'est participer à des répétitions qui laissent en nous une marque et finissent par nous faire acquérir une pratique. La réflexion vient ensuite, utilise ces marques, en forme des images qu'elle peut évoquer à volonté, et qu'elle structure en représentations: langage intérieur, puis langage de communication. Une « intuition » est l'affleurement conscient d'une marque laissée par la pratique, et son insertion quasi‐instantanée dans le système des représentations internes. Les progrès alternés dans la pratique, dans l'association des images, (...) dans le langage, dans l'action se suscitent les uns les autres, au cours d'une évolution conditionnée par nos structures physiologiques .La pratique sur laquelle s'exerce ainsi la réflexion peut ětre la pratique měme de la réflexion. A chaque pratique particulière s'associe une technique: à l'origine empirique, puis, par réflexions successives, rationnelle, mathématique, formelle .Mais toute mathématique suppose un mathématicien, tout langage formalisé un méta‐langage, et la connaissance ne se laisse jamais enfermer dans une technique ultime: on retrouve les trois horizons de l'idonéisme. Le développement intellectuel qui va d'un niveau au niveau supérieur est à rapprocher du développement de l'embryon; l'ontogenèse répète la Phylogenèse; on ne peut atteindre un niveau de connaissances qu'en passant par les niveaux intermédiaires atteints successivement par nos prédécesseurs; il n'existe pas de raccourci, et la connaissance future ne peut ětre prévue par les moyens de la connaissance actuelle.SummaryTo live and to act is to share in repetitions which impress marks upon us and eventually makes us acquire a practice. Reflection comes later on, using those marks, shaping them into images that it can conjure up at will, and structuring them into representations: first inner language, then communication language. An « intuition » is the conscious outcrop of a mark left by practice and its quasi‐instantaneous insertion into the system of inner representations. Alternating progress in practice, in image‐ association, in language and in action give rise to one another in the course of an evolution conditionned by our physiological structure .The practice on which reflection exerts itself can be the very practice of reflection. To each particular practice is associated a technique, originally empirical, then, through a succession of reflections, rational, mathematical, formal .But every mathematics supposes a mathematician, every formalized language a metalanguage, and knowledge can never be shut into an ultimate technique: one is once more confronted with the three horizons of idoneism. Intellectual development, going from a certain level to an upper level, is to be compared with the development of an embryo; ontogenesis repeats phylogenesis; one can only reach a certain level of knowledge by going through intermediate levels successively reached to by our predecessors; there is no short cut, and future knowledge cannot be foreseen through the ways of present knowledge. (shrink)

RésuméLa probabilité présente, en Physique classique, des caractères paradoxaux; relative à un état de connaissance, et n'apportant de renseignements que sur un ensemble nombreux d'essais, elle semble pourtant se définir comme un caractère objectif de l'événement isolé; elle suppose qu'on doive répondre » peut‐ětre « à certaines questions, alors que la Logique classique n'admet d'autre réponse que » oui « ou » non «. Utilisée par la micro‐physique, elle brise l'unité des fondements physico‐mathématiques qui se manifestait dans la Logique bivalente, (...) conçue comme théorie de l'objet, de l'événement, de la théorie quelconques.L'analyse de ces caractères paradoxaux, ainsi que des notions d'objet et d'événement, montre que la Physico‐mathématique retrouve son unité de fondements si l'on substitue à la Logique bivalente, la Logique trivalente de la Composition , ou la Logique des Attitudes qui la généralise . Cette revision des notions fondamentales à laquelle la science en progrès s'oblige elle‐měme est une expérience de l'idonéisme en action.ZusammenfassungDie Wahrscheinlichkeit zeigt in der klassischen Physik paradoxe Züge; obwohl sie vom Stande des Wissens abhängt und nur über eine grosse Anzahl von Versuchen Auskünfte gibt, scheint sie als eine objektive Eigenschaft des Einzelereignisses definiert zu sein; sie nimmt an, dass gewisse Fragen mit » vielleicht « beantwortet werden müssen, obgleich die klassische Logik keine andere Antwort als » ja « oder » nein « zulässt. Durch die Mikrophysik nutzbar gemacht, durchbricht sie die Einheit der physikalisch‐mathematischen Fundamente, die sich kundtat in der bivalenten Logik, verstanden als Theorie des beliebigen Objektes, des beliebigen Ereignisses, der beliebigen Theorie. Die Analyse dieser paradoxen Züge, sowie der Begriffe des Objektes und des Ereignisses zeigt, dass Mathematik und Physik ihre einheitlichen Grundlagen wiederfinden, wenn man die bivalente Logik durch die trivalente der Komposition ersetzt oder durch die Logik der Einstellungen , welche sie verallgemeinert . Diese Revision der grundlegenden Begriffe, zu der sich die fortschrittliche Wissenschaft selbst verpflichtet, ist ein Beispiel des in die Tat umgesetzten Idoneismus.Probability shows paradoxical characteristics in classical physics; although dependent upon a state of knowledge, and yielding information only as the total result of numerous trials, it seems nevertheless to be definable as an objective characteristic of the isolated event; it assumes that one must reply » perhaps « to certain questions, whilst classical logic would allow no answer but » yes « or » no «. When used by micro‐physics, it breaks the unity of the physico‐mathematical foundations which became apparent in bivalent logic, in its conception as a theory of any object, any event or any theory.Analysis of these paradoxical characteristics and of the concepts » object « and » event « shows physics and mathematics regain their fundamental unity if bivalent logic is replaced by the trivalent logic of synthesis or the logic of attitudes, which generalises it . This revision of fundamental concepts which progressive science brings upon itself, is an example of the doctrine of suitability in action. (shrink)

This study uses a sample of 242 European professional purchasers to examine the six characteristics of the decision-making process developed by Jones. The illustration mobilizes six original scenarios reproducing typical purchasing situations. Two versions of each scenario were used, one representing low moral intensity and the other showing high moral intensity. Two populations were sampled: one of 120 purchasers responding to the first version of the questionnaire and a second of 122 different purchasers responding to version two. Each version contained (...) three low-moral-intensity scenarios and three high-moral-intensity scenarios. The research also investigates two concepts suggested by Hannah et al. :663–685, 2011): examining the complexity of ethical decision-making through scenarios and microsocial professional ethical contexts. The findings reveal that neither traditional individual characteristics nor standard company characteristics have a real impact on two stages of Rest’s model. They also show that internal locus of control and a high microsocial ethical environment have a positive impact on purchaser awareness and intention to act ethically for four of the six dimensions: magnitude of consequences, social consensus, temporal immediacy, and concentration of effect. Moral intensity factors also have a positive impact on these four dimensions. The two other dimensions are not related to the independent variables. (shrink)

The aim of this study is to examine the decision-making processes at work among French buyers—whether beginners or more experienced individuals, when confronted with a dilemma involving an ethical or non-ethical choice to be made. We go on to illustrate these dilemmas through the use of five original scenarios that reproduce typical situations that arise in a purchasing context in relation to the environment, physical integrity, conflict of interest, or paternalism. Based on 172 participants, the results of our study show (...) that, ethical decision-making depends very clearly on two main factors: expertise and gender. The study also reveals that there is not always a coherent link between ethical choices made and the reasons and justifications given for those choices. Ethical options chosen are not exclusively justified on the grounds of purely ethical reasons but also on the grounds of commercial or economic reasons, or else reasons of avoidance. (shrink)

Research in communication studies has suggested that Al-Jazeera produces different versions of news stories for different audiences. Yet, examining the linguistic means used to create these versions has remained under-researched. Drawing on Fairclough’s three-dimensional model (1992) and Halliday’s Transitivity Model (1985), this study aims at exploring how Al-Jazeera Arabic (AJA) and Al-Jazeera English (AJE) discursively represented the participants involved in the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict in headlines. The analysis of transitivity patterns in AJA and AJE headlines reveals both similar and different (...) representations of the conflict. Although they avoided negative labeling of the Russian government, both channels ascribed conflict escalation to it, highlighting civilians suffering and protesting. Nevertheless, while AJE emphasized the Ukrainian government vulnerability, AJA presented the conflict as a confrontation between two symmetrical forces. Similarities are attributed to organizational and social institutional forces, while differences result from different editorial policies and audience preferences. As discursive and social practices, the headlines contribute to shaping audience perceptions of the conflict, with AJA challenging the prevailing western narrative of the conflict while AJE reinforcing it. (shrink)

In this paper, we present a deterministic time discrete mathematical model based on multiregional periodic matrices to describe the dynamics of Sardina pilchardus in the Central Atlantic area of the Moroccan coast. This model deals with two stages (immature and mature) and three spatial zones where sardines are supposed to migrate from one zone to another. The population dynamics is described by an autonomous recurrence equation N(t + 1) = A.N(t), where A is a positive matrix whose entries are estimated (...) using data collected during biannual acoustic surveys carried out from 2001 to 2003 onboard the Norwegian research vessel “Dr Fridtjof Nansen”. The dominant eigenvalue λ of A that gives the long-term growth rate of fish population is smaller than one. This agrees with the stock decrease observed in the data collected. We show that λ is highly sensitive to the recruitment rate and much less sensitive to the reproduction rate. These results can clearly be used to define an efficient scenario in order to fight for instance against a stock decrease. (shrink)

In this paper, we present a deterministic time discrete mathematical model based on multiregional periodic matrices to describe the dynamics of Sardina pilchardus in the Central Atlantic area of the Moroccan coast. This model deals with two stages (immature and mature) and three spatial zones where sardines are supposed to migrate from one zone to another. The population dynamics is described by an autonomous recurrence equation N ( t + 1) = A . N ( t ), where A is (...) a positive matrix whose entries are estimated using data collected during biannual acoustic surveys carried out from 2001 to 2003 onboard the Norwegian research vessel “Dr Fridtjof Nansen”. The dominant eigenvalue λ of A that gives the long-term growth rate of fish population is smaller than one. This agrees with the stock decrease observed in the data collected. We show that λ is highly sensitive to the recruitment rate and much less sensitive to the reproduction rate. These results can clearly be used to define an efficient scenario in order to fight for instance against a stock decrease. (shrink)

The medieval computus was intended primarily for literate and numerate ecclesiastical users; reading the Latin computus required a good knowledge of technical Latin, while understanding its calculations presupposed some formal education in arithmetic and astronomy. By the mid-thirteenth century, users would have included a small group of literate and numerate laymen; by the mid-fifteenth century, users would have included the less educated and even semiliterate, as a consequence of a more extensive range of computus material made available for the purpose (...) in the vernacular. (shrink)

Il faut saluer la réédition aux Éditions Turquoise de la traduction de Die Waffen nieder!, l’ouvrage antimilitariste de la pacifiste autrichienne Bertha von Suttner, qui, dès sa parution en 1889, devint le best-seller incontesté de la fin du siècle, immédiatement traduit en une vingtaine de langues et en français en 1899. C’est du reste cette traduction, la seule existant à ce jour en langue française, qui est rééditée ici avec la préface d’époque signée par Gaston Moch, dreyfusard de la (...) prem... (shrink)

Die ersten Überlegungen zu diesem Text entstanden bereits im Wintersemester 1994/95, als ich noch am Otto-Suhr-Institut der Freien Universität Berlin gearbeitet habe. Die wissenschaftlich äu­ ßerst anregende Atmosphäre und die stets spannenden Seminardis­ kussionen, für die ich mich noch einmal herzlich bedanken möch­ te, bilden den impliziten Grundstein meiner demokratietheoreti­ schen Überlegungen. Die äußeren Begleitumstände des Schreibens waren dagegen leider nicht durchgängig erfreulich. Ich möchte deshalb ganz be­ sonders denjenigen danken, die sich die Zeit genommen haben, den Großteil des Manuskripts (...) in einer frühen Phase gründlich zu lesen und positiv zu kommentieren: Christine Bauhardt, Tanja Berg, Karin Meißenburg und Uta Ruppert. Ein ganz herzliches Dankeschön für Unterstützung, Ermutigung, solidarische Rat­ schläge und ungezählte Telefoneinheiten Geduld! Besonderer Dank geht an Christine Bauhardt, die sich professionell mit dem Manuskript befaßte. Die Zusammenarbeit hat, trotz der Umstände, Freude gemacht. Ein Dankeschön ebenfalls an Josef Esser für sei­ ne aufmunternde Beratung aus der US-amerikanischen Ferne. Gleichfalls Ermutigung und Unterstützung sowie wichtige inhaltliche Anregungen verdanke ich einmal mehr meiner langjäh­ rigen Theoriearbeitsgruppe: Lieben Dank an Michela Betta, Ursula Hornung und Christi ne Kruse. Auch Erich Weiß stand mit Rat und Tat, mit Trost, Aufmunterung und großer Geduld unermüdlich zur Seite: Merci! Siegrid Wieczorek hat schnell und zuverlässig Literatur re­ cherchiert, die auf unterschiedliche Weise in diesen Text oder sei­ ne Vorfassungen und -überlegungen eingegangen ist. Herzlichen Dank dafür. Ein herzliches Dankeschön ebenfalls an Andrea 7 Herrmann, die als Computerfachfrau dem Manuskript die endgül­ tige Form gegeben hat. (shrink)

The dispersal of the Romance language family by the Roman Empire is an attractive model for examining the spread of Quechua. Wari and Tiwanaku are often considered the first Andean empires, during the Middle Horizon. Despite being contemporaries sharing the same religious iconography, they were unlikely to have spoken and dispersed the same language. Tiwanaku material culture rather implies ethnic and linguistic diversity, not least in its best-documented colonization in Moquegua. Wari, meanwhile, appears culturally and administratively unified, colonizing and controlling (...) a territory across southern Peru, from Cuzco to Nasca. If Wari was responsible for a language dispersal, then this should represent its core territory; and it is indeed the heart of Southern Quechua. In northern Peru, Wari presence seems less intense, its rule more complex and indirect. The Moche region remained essentially beyond Wari influence, while for the central coast and distant Aguada culture more research is needed. (shrink)

Maḥmūd, Zakī Najīb, 1905-; philosophers; Egypt; biography; interview.

Maḥmūd, Zakī Najīb; 1905- ; philosophy; criticism and interpretation.

Du succès de la saga Moi, moche et méchant au #chubby sur Instagram, du selfie au photo-dumping, du désormais incontournable pull moche arboré à Noël à l’improbable design de la Citroën AMI, il semble qu’aujourd’hui, la Beauté avec un grand B ne soit plus en vogue. Normatif et dictatorial, artificiel et trompeur, prompt à l’asservissement et au rejet du différent, le Beau est alors à présent accusé d’intolérance et de propagandisme. Dès lors, la Laideur est devenue en art une source (...) intarissable de liberté esthétique et une critique de la culture du Surhomme des dictatures du XXe siècle avant que le moche ne soit considéré comme une réponse à l’hyperesthétisme impersonnel et deshumanisant des mass mediaDepuis, l’heure semble désormais à l’élaboration d’une esthétique de l’inesthétique et à la banalisation comme à la valorisation de nos penchants les plus abjects. De cette tendance émerge une nouvelle valeur qui ne prétend plus à la transcendance du Beau ni au choc cathartique du Laid, mais revendique une mocheté assumée et militante. Un moche qui entend déconstruire les anciennes hiérarchies esthétiques et morales au profit d’une vision résolument inclusive. Un néo-moche que nous qualifions d’imbeau, et dont ce livre propose d’analyser la genèse artistique autant que sociétale. (shrink)

Partisan fougueux du positivisme logique, il n'est pas étonnant que Zakî Najîb Mahmûd annonce la mort de la métaphysique traditionnelle qui se sert des concepts vides de sens. Concepts qui s'appliquent à un domaine qui ne tombe pas sous le contrôle des sens. S'il compare la métaphysique à la superstition, c'est parce que le métaphysicien se contente d'élaborer idéellement un système qu'il estime chargé d'une représentation fidèle au monde sensible. A telle enseigne qu'il s'y renferme tout en omettant les enseignements (...) fournis par la réalité sensible. Cette attitude critique vis-à-vis de la métaphysique ne l'a pas empêché de retourner au patrimoine arabe qu'il étudie dans toute son ampleur tout en dégageant les caractéristiques de l'identité arabe. Laquelle concilie l'intuition et la raison, ainsi que les valeurs et la science. (shrink)