In recent previous work, the authors proposed a new approach extending the framework of statistical mechanics to reparametrization-invariant systems with no additional gauges. In this paper, the approach is generalized to systems defined by more than one Hamiltonian constraint. We show how well-known features as the Ehrenfest–Tolman effect and the Jüttner distribution for the relativistic gas can be consistently recovered from a covariant approach in the multi-fingered framework. Eventually, the crucial role played by the interaction in the definition of a (...) global notion of equilibrium is discussed. (shrink)

The article shows that strategic quantity competition can be characterized by behavioral heterogeneity, once competing firms are allowed in a pre-market stage to optimally choose the behavioral rule they will follow in their strategic choice of quantities. In particular, partitions of the population of identical firms in which some of them are profit maximizers while others follow an alternative criterion, turn out to be deviation-proof equilibria both in simultaneous and sequential game structures. Our findings that in a strategic framework heterogeneous (...) behavioral rules may be consistent with individual incentives is a first attempt to provide a game-theoretic microfoundation of heterogeneity. (shrink)

This article presents a longitudinal study during the Italian ‘short twentieth century’. Our focus is on the behaviour of the political field, the recruitment process of the ministerial elite and its impact on the stability of the political system. The main aim of the paper is to build a descriptive and explanatory model that sheds light on the fragility of the PS in Italy. There are two main findings: PF is formed through waves of new forces characterised by impermeable bonds. (...) The instability of the PS is largely due to a lack of inclusiveness in the PF. The National Solidarity governments showed that an inclusive PF which gathers loyal and disloyal forces even at a critical juncture phase is able to counterbalance the exogenous challenge. (shrink)

Almost a century after the emergence of right-wing dictatorships in twentieth-century Europe, a consensual regime paradigm has yet to be found. The debate always gets bogged down by ongoing attempts to find the definitive and complete definition of the two most common regime types: fascism or generic fascism, and totalitarianism/authoritarianism. This article claims that, although definitive nomenclatures are unlikely to be found, it is more useful to think of regimes as more or less approximating their ideal type than to posit (...) their typologies in abstract terms. It therefore analyzes a key aspect of three dictatorial regimes: the functioning of the consensus-building institutions in Nazi Germany, in Fascist Italy, and in Salazarist Portugal. Propaganda is central to an understanding of these regimes, because it constitutes their ideological footprint—revealing what it aims for (inputs) and its capacity to impose those goals or make them popular (output). The three regimes examined here were very different from each other, and these differences can help us verify the degree to which each of them attained the standard of the totalitarian ideal type. (shrink)

In the 1960s Goffredo Parise made use of a series of interesting similes in order to describe men and women of his time. The similarity between human being and animal makes room for comparisons with objects, that would mean the end of the traditional physiognomy. Can this rhetorical choice be considered a lucid and visionary anticipation of post-humanism?

Goffredo Coppola, the Italian editor of this papyrus, supposed that τὸν ὄρχιν = τοὺς ὄρχεις; but he was puzzled when no likely erotic word seemed available to finish the line. He suggested φαλ[ῆς, from φαλός = λευκός to be followed by some metaphorical word for penis such as κέρκου. Romagnoli noted that it made no sense to have the testicle dependent on the penis, and argued that Hipponax here intended ὄρχις to refer metaphorically to the glans penis; therefore, he (...) emended to καί μοι τὸν ὄρχιν τῆς φαλ[ῆς ἐκλέψασα ; but his feminine form τῆς φαλ[ῆς is unlikely given the masculine form τοῦ φάλεω in Hipponax fr. 21 W. Medeiros suggested ὄρχις, sing. = ὄσχη ‘scrotum’; West actually exalted the role of the testicle by emending to τῆς φαλ[άκρης ἕλκουσα ‘pulling my testicle by the bald spot’; but it is not obvious why hitting the testicles merits such attention in a narrative fixed on the failure to attain an erection. (shrink)

Dopo un'introduzione che delinea lo status questionis relativo alla discussione sul diritto di proprietà nel sec. XIII, l'articolo si divide in tre parti: nella prima si discute la relazione tra gli ideali della fede cristiana e la proprietà comune, con particolare riguardo per l'origine dei diritti di proprietà; la seconda tratta gli argomenti che concernono il diritto alla proprietà privata, mentre la terza approfondisce il tema della proprietà condivisa. I testi sui quali viene condotta l'indagine sono il Tractatus brevis de (...) periculis novissimorum temporum di Guglielmo di Saint-Amour, il Contra adversarium perfectionis di Gerardo di Abbeville e le questioni quodlibetali di Enrico di Gand e di Goffredo di Fontaines, scritte a Parigi dal 1280 al 1290. Si mette in risalto l'uso della concezione aristotelica della proprietà contro l'ideale di assoluta povertà promosso da parte degli ambienti francescani. (shrink)

L’articolo si propone di analizzare, alla luce di un esteso scandaglio documentario e di un accurato spoglio delle testate locali, i rapporti fra Pier Paolo Pasolini e il Cineguf bolognese, negli anni in cui lo scrittore fu studente del Liceo Galvani e poi fra gli iscritti alla Facoltà di Lettere, sotto alla guida di docenti come Carlo Calcaterra e Goffredo Coppola. Questa ricerca ha permesso non solo di approfondire la conoscenza della cultura spettatoriale del giovane Pasolini, ma ha anche (...) consentito di ricondurre all’avvio del 1940 la sua prima prova da scrittore per il cinema, e cioè il soggetto Il giovine della primavera, rimasto inedito fino all’uscita dei Meridiani a cura di Walter Siti e Franco Zabagli nel 2001. Proprio uno sguardo inedito alle attività del Cineguf consente infatti di comprendere quanto la vita del circolo poté pesare sulla passione del poeta per il grande schermo, spingendolo a provarsi nelle vesti di sceneggiatore. (shrink)