Desde hace ya bastante tiempo existe una tendencia a afirmar que el derecho o las normas de diferente tipo no son adecuadas o aplicables para las diferentes nuevas tecnologías que van apareciendo de forma continua. Este trabajo intentará dar la vuelta a ese razonamiento y, centrándose en la inteligencia artificial, tratará de plantear criterios adecuados para que esa tecnología y muchas otras sean desarrolladas y aplicadas de forma adecuada a los derechos fundamentales en general y a la privacidad en particular. (...) Dentro de esos criterios se analizará lo que debe aportar la explicabilidad de la tecnología mencionada y se profundizará en algunos conceptos adicionales como la posibilidad y la necesidad de controlar y de auditar sistemas de inteligencia artificial. Para realizar la mencionada profundización se recurrirá a lo que se conoce como objetivos de protección y a los principios de la ciberética, incluyendo una referencia especial a la sostenibilidad y a la resiliencia de este tipo de sistemas. (shrink)

le present ouvrage examine le role que joue - dans la production et la perception de la signification linguistique - le contexte, concu comme l'entourage semantique du mot dans l'enonce. On impute communement au contexte le sens particulier du mot (marcher, p.ex.) dans l'enonce (le commerce marche). Or, il n'est pas difficile de trouver des enonces - comme en tete du cortege marche le commerce - dans lesquels l'influence s'exerce dans le sens oppose. Cela revient au constat que le contexte (...) est autant source que cible des influences semantiques. Ne s'ensuit-il pas que la recherche semantique est condamnee a la circularite: decrire l'unite par recours aux criteres contextuels et en meme temps decrire le contexte en s'appuyant sur l'unite? Le cercle est bien reel dans le cadre des theories formellees ou l'on considere la structure semantique comme simple et homogene et ou la signification de la phrase est concue comme la somme des significations de ses constituants. Il en va autrement des cadres theoriques ou la structure concue comme complexe, comportant en son sein variation et hierarchie. Chaque constituant peut alors contribuer a la signification de la phrase par toute une gamme de sens potentiels dont l'un ou l'autre se realise suivant le jeu varie de facteurs multiples tels que le sens des unites avoisinantes, la situation de l'echange linguistique, les savoirs culturels, l'experience du monde. L'etude du contexte nous conduit a deux demarches: d'une part, un reexamen des modeles semantiques mais aussi des principes theoriques et des fondements epistemologiques qui les sous-tendent; d'autre part des enquetes pour confronter les theses avancees aux donnees recoltees dans le comportement et l'intuition du sujet parlant. Le rapport unite/contexte n'est pas le seul paradoxe; sont aussi paradoxales les relations sens/situation, sens/culture, semantique/pragmatique, langage/pensee,... que l'ouvrage tente d'eclairer d'un jour nouveau dans la perspective d'une structure relative et ouverte. (shrink)

BackgroundResearch during 2020 has been rapidly attending to the impact of COVID-19 on various dimensions of wellbeing on adults and children around the world. However, less attention has focused on the psychoeducational impact on children and their families. To our knowledge, no currently available studies have looked specifically at the impact of COVID-19 on students with dyslexia and their families. Research on this topic is needed to offer greater support for this population of students and their families.ObjectiveThe main objective of (...) this paper is to examine the psychoeducational impact of the required COVID-19 quarantine in Spain among children with dyslexia and their families.MethodA sample of 32 children with dyslexia and their mothers participated in this study.MeasuresChildren and adolescents with dyslexia and their mother completed several measures before the required national quarantine in Spain and again during the quarantine. Children completed measures of depression, state anxiety, reading activity, and reading motivation. Mothers provided demographic information and completed measures related to students’ emotional and behavioral difficulties as well as parenting stress, parental distress, and a questionnaire about educational problems during quarantine.ResultsMajor findings showed that during quarantine, children with dyslexia had increased levels of depression and anxiety symptoms, and parents perceived their children as having more emotional symptoms, hyperactivity-inattention, and conduct problems. During quarantine, children and adolescents with dyslexia also showed less reading activity and less reading motivation. Parents also reported significantly more stress, during quarantine compared to pre-quarantine conditions. Some demographic and psychological variables predicted children’s state anxiety as well parental stress. The questionnaire related to impacts of quarantine also revealed several important findings. For example, nearly all parents of children with dyslexia reported difficulties in establishing study routines, that the quarantine negatively affected their child’s learning, and that they did not receive sufficient help from teachers on how to support their child’s learning. Additionally, the vast majority of the parents were very worried about the child’s learning and school success, the child’s motivation and interest in reading, the child’s peer relations, and the professional skills of the child’s teacher.ConclusionThis study offers a preliminary investigation into this topic and elucidates several psychoeducational challenges that children with dyslexia and their families have experienced during the quarantine in Spain. Study findings highlight the need to provide immediate support for children with dyslexia and emphasizes the importance of developing prevention programs to mitigate any future negative impacts of COVID-19 on children with dyslexia and their parents. (shrink)

The emergence of the field of health care at a distance, or “telehealth,” has been embedded within discourses of high ambition about health improvement, seamless services, empowerment, and independence for patients. In this article, the authors examine how telehealthcare technologies assume certain forms of patients—or “telepatients”—who can be mobilized and combined with images and artifacts that speak for them in the clinical encounter. Second, a tentative intervention is made in these emerging identities in the form of facilitating some alternative discourses (...) about telehealthcare. The aim is to stimulate debate by presenting and contrasting these different approaches to technology development. Such differences take material and discursive shape in the making and unmaking of telepatients, showing important interferences in the shaping of identity and possibilities for governance and participation. (shrink)

In his 2004 article “Hannah Arendt and Jean Baudrillard: Pedagogy in the Consumer Society,” Trevor Norris bemoans the degree to which contemporary education’s focus can increasingly be described as primarily nurturing “consumers in training.” He goes on to add that the consequences of such “mindless” consumerism is that it “erodes democratic life, reduces education to the reproduction of private accumulation, prevents social resistance from expressing itself as anything other than political apathy, and transforms all human relations into commercial transactions of (...) calculated exchange.” This, then, is the challenge of the age: to articulate the sort of education that might prompt our youngsters to imagine a genuine alternative to this consumer madness—a challenge that the authors of this paper attempt to tackle. (shrink)

According to policy makers, telemedicine offers “huge opportunities to improve the quality and accessibility of health services.” It is defined as diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring, with doctors and patients separated by space but mediated through information and communication technologies. This mediation is explored through an ethnography of a U.K. teledermatology clinic. Diagnostic image transfer enables medicine at a distance, as patients are removed from knowledge generation by concentrating their identities into images. Yet that form of identity allows images and the (...) expert gaze to be brought into potentially lifesaving proximity. Following Latour’s thread, images must be captured and then mobilized to the knowledge base, where they must be stabilized into standard diagnoses, then combined with different images, waiting lists, skin lesions, dermatologists, paper records, and beds, so that ultimately, outcomes are produced. This huge task requires new knowledges and a widening of agency that, if unacknowledged, may see telemedicine projects continue to founder. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to show the relevance of Michel Henry's thinking towards a reflection on the phenomenological meaning of life. A reflection that will question both history of philosophy and historical phenomenology, and which will implicate the very history of modern and contemporary Western society. Our presentation of Michel Henry's philosophy is divided into five sections: the question of the prerogative of Greek’s meaning of phenomenon and truth in the history of philosophy; the concept of “flesh” to (...) the definition of life; the transcendental illusion of life through the ego; the abstraction of life or devitalization of the world, due to this illusion; and, finally, the diagnosis of the decay of life in modern Western society, as the result of this process. (shrink)

Inspirando-se pela obra de Byung-Chul Han e com o suporte valioso de outros renomados pensadores, visa-se abordar como a experiência do trabalho, na consolidação da Modernidade sob o crivo do regime capitalista cada vez mais alinhado com as tecnologias da informação, converte-se em uma estrutura gerencial de promoção da exaustão total do ser humano, cada vez mais sufocado pela impossibilidade de resistir aos imperativos do culto da performance.

Tentativa de estabelecer um monismo pulsional a partir do conceito nietzschiano de vontade de poder e o conceito freudiano de princípio de prazer. Nossa intenção é unificá-los na ideia de uma pulsão existencial originária, presente e efetivamente atuante em todos os processos existenciais – a pulsão de poder absoluto.

Neste artigo, pretendo discutir alguns problemas que emergem da associação, já comum na literatura secundária, entre o último dualismo pulsional freudiano, baseado na oposição entre pulsões de vida e de morte, e as teses schopenhauerianas sobre a vida e a morte derivadas de sua metafísica da vontade. A partir de uma confrontação com as leituras de Marcel Zentner e Stephan Atzert, argumentarei a favor da hipótese de que a diferença mais relevante entre os modelos de Freud e de (...) Schopenhauer não diz respeito à distinção no plano ontológico entre dualismo das pulsões e monismo da vontade, mas sim entre sentido biológico e sentido ético da suposta finalidade associada à morte, como “fim” ou “objetivo” da vida. Minha discussão, portanto, gira em torno de uma distinção quanto ao estatuto teleológico que se pode atribuir à dinâmica da relação entre vida e morte nos dois autores. (shrink)

On the 100th anniversary of the death of Max Weber, we dedicate the monographic section of this issue to his political thought through a series of international contributions which investigate its multiple economic, religious, cultural and social perspectives.

During 2014, the International Cusanus Society commemorated the 550th anniversary of the death of Nicholas of Cusa (1464-2014). Various conferences and events were organized to celebrate the intellectual heritage of the cardinal from Cues, as well as to showcase the results of the latest international research on his philosophical, theological, mathematical and political thought. This contribution offers an overview of these events with the aim of capturing the status quaestionis of current international research on Cusanus and to indicate the most (...) intriguing philosophical questions that could characterize the debate over the next few years. (shrink)

In this essay a theoretical comparison is presented between the perspective developed by Heidegger in Being and time regarding authentic existence and the analogous one afforded by the ethics of Spinoza. The bearing thesis is that these two perspectives have a common theoretical presupposition: the essence of every entity is founded in its rooting in the world or nature in which it exists. Nevertheless, it appears that the results which the two authors reach are opposite. While Heidegger develops a radically (...) contingentist approach that through the concept of being-for-death and anticipatory decision transforms being-in the-world itself into a mere unfounded accident, Spinoza’s ontology works out this affiliation in terms of absolute necessitarianism, ultimately identifying the essence of every entity with the activity that it carries out in nature. This leads to a diametrically opposite conception of freedom: while for Heidegger this must be thought of first of all as emancipation from dispersion and dejection in the world, for Spinoza being free means being adequate causes of the effects that necessarily derive from one’s nature.". (shrink)

Pretende-se investigar a estética e a religião na filosofia de Max Horkheimer, enquanto instâncias de crítica à ordem estabelecida e à imagem de uma sociedade possível ainda não realizada. Mesmo não tendo desenvolvido um pensamento estético de grande envergadura, como foram os casos de Adorno e Marcuse, suas esparsas considerações sobre a relação entre arte e sociedade coincidiram, durante longo período, com as de seus dois colegas do Instituto de Pesquisa Social. Ou seja, a arte autêntica é conhecimento e crítica (...) à sociedade estabelecida. Por sua vez, a religião, embora seja um sentimento verdadeiro, é posta em um nível inferior e concebida como refúgio para os miseráveis, dentro da tradição marxista na qual o filósofo se inserira inicialmente. Ao final da vida, porém, Horkheimer pareceu mais inclinado a considerar que, no mundo administrado, apenas o sentimento religioso cumpria a condição de imagem de um mundo inteiramente outro. As razões para essa mudança de perspectiva podem ser buscadas na sua avaliação tardia sobre a relação entre arte e sociedade. (shrink)

Um dos principais problemas sociais da atualidade é o assustador crescimento de várias modalidades de crimes violentos em várias cidades brasileiras. O retrato atual da violência no Brasil pode ser assim exposto: crescimento da delinqüência urbana, com espantoso aumento dos homicídios em torno do tráfico de drogas nas grandes cidades; consolidação da criminalidade organizada, através de redes de tráfico internacional, tráfico de órgãos e seres humanos, máfias internacionais de contrabando e pirataria; aumento das violações de direitos humanos, comprometendo a ordem (...) social e política e, no campo, a explosão de conflitos motivados pela estrutura agrária concentradora e historicamente violenta. Como a religião, enquanto instrumento de coesão social, pode contribuir para a reversão dessa perversa onda de criminalidade e violência? É o que pretendemos apresentar. Palavras-chave: Religião; Violência urbana; Criminalidade; Coesão social; Doutrina Social da Igreja; Cultura da paz. ABSTRACT One of the main current social problems is the appalling growth of various kinds of violent crime in many Brazilian cities. The current portrait of violence in Brazil can be thus designed: the growth of urban delinquency, with a remarkable increase in the number of murders connected to drug traffic in big cities; the consolidation of organised crime, through nets of international traffic, organs and human beings’ traffic, international smuggling and piracy mafias; an increase in the violation of human rights, jeopardising social and political order; and, in the rural area, the explosion of conflicts motivated by an agrarian structure of concentration and historical violence. How can religion, as an instrument of social cohesion, contribute to revert that hideous wave of criminality and violence? This is our scope. Key words: Religion; Urban violence; Criminality; Social cohesion; Social doctrine of the Church; Culture of peace. (shrink)

The description of Immanuel Kant's last days and of the phrenological and craniometric studies of his skull gives the Author the opportunity to discuss the philosophical validity of biographies and more in general to re-examine the vexata quaestio of the relationship between philosophy and history of philosophy. Here the Author supports the thesis that, for the most part, any reference to the biographies of philosophers is essentially of no use – their works have to be judged as such, independently of (...) whoever wrote them and also to a large extent of the historical context – and that there is the need to get back to a philosophical history of philosophy, while still maintaining the very rigorous approach to which the history of philosophy has accustomed us in the last few decades. (shrink)

Resenha do livro "Morte", de Giovanni Casertano.