Forced expropriations of immovable property were common during the Communist era in Eastern Europe. Today, many of the former owners or their heirs are interested in regaining legal ownership of such properties, often decades after the ownership has been reallocated to others. Therefore, the conflict between old and new owners is often resolved in favour of the new owners. While this is understandable from a contemporary political perspective, this approach results in a perpetuation of the results of an earlier human (...) rights violation, thereby resulting in a new human rights violation which will have to be measured against the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) if the state in question has ratified it prior to deciding how to handle the long-term effects of expropriations. Firstly, in the article we will devote ourselves to the interpretation of the right to property with an emphasis on the problem of expropriation. Above all, we will elaborate on the definition of the term “property” as well as positive and negative obligations of the Member States regarding this right. Finally, we will address the question of expropriations prior to the entry into force of the Convention and just compensation under Article 41 ECHR. Interpretation of the right to property will be supported by the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. (shrink)

Considering José Cadalso’s Noches Lúgubres [Lugubrious Nights], the article reflects on the possibilities ofrecognizing the other as a condition for an effective process of alterity. In Tediato, the main character and whois plunged into darkness, it is possible to recognize an existential condition pushed to the limit, which needs thepresence of the other to unveil another possibility of meaning. A reunion with oneself is, then, the condition for anopening to the other, which appears as a new existential possibility because the (...) vital meaning of existence dependslargely on our relationship with others. Hence, the relevance of understanding that human beings become humanas long as they have the ability of coming out of themselves to give themselves without reciprocity. (shrink)

Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi es, sin duda, el mejor ejemplo que podemos encontrar de la figura del intelectual-escritor en la Nueva España del S. XVIII. Mediante el análisis de su novela Noches tristes y día alegre, rastrearemos la influencia de la novela ilustrada europea, así como los ecos de la obra Noches lúgubres de José Cadalso. Por último, analizaremos algunas de las principales ideas filosóficas de la época que propiciaron la independencia de México y que aparecen en la obra de (...) Fernández de Lizardi. (shrink)

Noche: La presencia de la ausencia, la disolución de la persona en la noche, el horror de ser, la realidad de lo irreal hacen que la noción de il y a �más que a Dios nos lleve a la ausencia de Dios, a la ausencia de todo ente�. Amanecer: No ser consciente de la existencia de ese supuesto centro inalterable de la persona dentro del tiempo no quiere decir que no seamos capaces de explicar la alterable y relativa (...) identidad personal de otras maneras. Día: Soy yo quién fluye, pero yo no estoy en el flujo como un apoyo de donde la vida fluya; yo estoy fluyendo en mi propia realidad. Esto no es similar a una egología, no significa que todo exista y sea amado por mí, sino que quiere decir que todo es visto y amado por mí. (shrink)

Das Bose hat Konjunktur - und bleibt doch unberechenbar. Lassen sich dennoch angemessene Strategien des Umgangs entwickeln, die weder die prekare Faktizitat des Bosen noch seine historische Tiefendimension ausblenden? Ausgehend von dieser Leitfrage nahert sich der vorliegende, interdisziplinar breit angelegte Band dem vielschichtigen Phanomen des Bosen in praxeologischer Perspektive. So fokussiert er Moglichkeiten eines - asthetisch wie wissenschaftlich reflektierten -, guten' Umgangs mit dem Bosen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass dies nur unter Beachtung der unaufhebbaren Verwiesenheit von Gut und Bose gelingen (...) kann. Im facherubergreifenden Dialog der Beitrage entstehen so Reflexionen auf Dialektik, Differenz und Paradoxien der Fundamentalkategorien Gut und Bose von wissenschaftsethischer wie grundlagentheoretischer Brisanz.Der Band bietet einen gesonderten Schwerpunkt zu Marcel Beyers 'Kaltenburg', einem Schlusselroman zu Konrad Lorenz, dem Autor von 'Das sogenannte Bose'. (shrink)

Wann habe ich zu existieren begonnen? Mit der Geburt? Mit der "Empfangnis"? Oder noch davor? Wenige Fragen beruhren unser Selbstverstandnis so sehr wie diese. Diesen Fragen wird transdisziplinar theologisch-philosophisch-naturwissenschaftlich nachgegangen. Gezeigt wird, welcher Status dem Vorgeburtlichen in Geschichte und Gegenwart zugeschrieben wurde bzw. wird; Begriffe wie "biologisches Individuum", "Spezies" und "aktive Potenz" werden geklart; sodann wird diskutiert, welche ontogenetischen Ereignisse als "Beginn" - sei es des Organismus, des Individuums, des Menschen oder der Person - taugen.

Is philosophy endangered by a scientific culture increasingly influenced by demands of utility and efficiency? What are the goals and intentions of philosophy, and what are the reasons that one practices philosophy at all? The main questions of this collection concern the self-understanding of philosophy. Prominent authors consider historical, systematic, and social approaches to this question and discuss possible answers. The purpose is not merely to legitimate philosophical practice but to understand what such practice consists in at all.

Kelsen's theory of legal norms can be assessed adequately only if his writings are assigned to different phases. Contrary to Stanley L. Paulson's view, there is a radical break in the genesis of the theory around 1940, when Kelsen abandons the specific neo-Kantian thesis that the general legal norm is identical with the hypothetical judgment of legal science in favour of a rather naïve conception, according to which the judgment of legal science simply reproduces the pre-existing legal norm on a (...) descriptive level. By reading this simple correspondence theory of truth of the later period into Kelsen's writings of the twenties, Paulson misses the central thesis of Kelsen's neo-Kantianism. (shrink)

The primary focus of this work is to show that it is possible to find a certain way to think the community, a very different kind of community to those ways of conceiving the community from a certain dialectic of inclusion and exclusion, defining an inside and an outside of the collective, a proper and improper. In that sense, we believe that through the aforementioned work emerges a concern for the community but in a rather shifted from how we usually (...) think this. When we think about a community experience through The Nights of Labor we refer to a certain attitude that opens possibilities of change and possibilities of being-in-common. (shrink)

El silencio y la noche El silencio de la noche es el albergue del olvido, la intimidad de un agua trasegando el tiempo y la piel. “La noche es muda”, dice León de Greiff, en la noche el mundo de la razón calla, se levanta otra voz, la voz sin rostro, la voz que se pone máscaras en el día. El silencio sonoro de la noche abre la puerta a “la lejana”, y es en la (...) noche cuando nos sentimos valientes, porque no desistimos del día, porque tenemos el valor de levantarnos, y darle la piel una vez más al alba. (shrink)

El autor de este trabajo expone un diagnóstico crítico de Europa apoyándose en la lectura de tres libros diferentes. El triunfo del nihilismo se levantaría, a su juicio, sobre el olvido de tres fundamentos íntimamente conectados entre sí: la Filosofía, el Cristianismo y Europa.

Ever since Hegel made poignant the difference between morality and ethical life, philosophical discourse in the traditions that developed subsequently, up to and including the Frankfurt school, has oscillated between those poles. This paper starts out with a short exposition of autonomy as one of the few large-scale innovations in the history of philosophy and then proceeds to discuss Hegel’s concept of “Sittlichkeit” and the objections to be raised against it from a Kantian point of view. Political theory, however, has (...) to move beyond pure normativism and consider actual social relations of power, as Marx disclosed. Mapping out this winding trajectory from Kant to Marx provides some perspective that may be illuminating for challenging present-day issues. (shrink)

Ever since Hegel made poignant the difference between morality and ethical life (“Sittlichkeit”), philosophical discourse in the traditions that developed subsequently, up to and including the Frankfurt school, has oscillated between those poles. This paper starts out with a short exposition of autonomy as one of the few large-scale innovations in the history of philosophy and then proceeds to discuss Hegel’s concept of “Sittlichkeit” and the objections to be raised against it from a Kantian point of view. Political theory, however, (...) has to move beyond pure normativism and consider actual social relations of power, as Marx disclosed. Mapping out this winding trajectory from Kant to Marx provides some perspective that may be illuminating for challenging present-day issues. (shrink)

A pesar de que la doctrina de las máximas no se halla en el centro de la ética kantiana, constituye una base irrenunciable para la formulación del imperativo categórico. Kant se apoya, como veremos, sobre representaciones recogidas por la tradición de la moral moderna. Ahora bien, en las últimas décadas la noción de máxima ha captado una mayor atención gracias al debate de la filosofía del lenguaje en tomo a las reglas, así como al interés que dicha noción suscita en (...) la teoría de la acción. Tomo aquí posición en forma resumida con respecto a estos debates. (shrink)

The thesis that Kant's “Rechtslehre” is entirely independent of his transcendental idealism is simply not correct. In fact: the material contents of the “Rechtslehre” follow analytically from the logical explication of the empirical concept of external freedom, whereas the absolute practical validity (“Verbindlichkeit”) of the imperative and of the imperatives of right is based exclusively on the categorical imperative and therefore ultimately on transcendental idealism.

The paper develops a uniform compositional analysis of the various readings of the scalar particle still and its German counterpart noch. Noch/still is a presuppositional scalar particle that gives rise to implicatures. Interpretive possibilities arise through different choices for the scale that the particle associates with, different attachment sites in the syntax, and interaction with focus. These interpretive parameters allow for a wide range of possible sentence interpretations, which overlap, but do not coincide for still and noch. The contrastive perspective (...) allows us to examine the role of scales in the grammar. The implicatures triggered by the scalar item open an interesting perspective for the generation of implicatures in general. (shrink)

A través del análisis lírico, este artículo pretende averiguar con qué frecuencia los tópicos y las figuras retóricas intervienen para establecer la percepción del mundo por parte del autor. Los poemas “Cuerpo en exilio” y “Cuerpo multiplicado” de Noche oscura del cuerpo (1955) del escritor peruano Jorge Eduardo Eielson reinciden en la noción de plasmar al hombre en una instancia en la que debe interactuar con la sociedad. Sin embargo, esa confrontación no es exitosa (motivo por el que se (...) critica la inconformidad). Para explicar esa propuesta, recurro a categorías como campo retórico para entender el contexto de los cincuenta, como también me respaldo de los paradigmas pertinentes, como campo figurativo, tropos, tipo de metáfora, interlocutores y cosmovisión. (shrink)

With the following paper the author responds to criticism concerning his argument about the origin of the legend of the Trojan War and about the role the wrath of Achilleus played in the development of Greek epic tradition. It is shown that the Serbian song of „Marko Kraljević and Mina of Kostur“ indeed represents the story-pattern of an insulted hero who reacts with anger and withdrawal from fighting and therewith forces his king to make amends. As there are similar stories (...) in the Indian and Iranian epic traditions, the story-pattern is probably of Indo-European origin and represents an oral tradition that precedes the „Iliad“. (shrink)

Haben wir noch Grundsätze? Von A. Bengsch.--Das evolutive Weltbild im Lichre der Offenbarung, von M. Schmaus.--Das Selbstverständnis des gläubigen Menschen, von E. Gössmann.

Escrito en el segundo semestre de 1893, en el contexto de una prolífera colaboración con La Revue blanche, “Avant la nuit” [Antes de la noche] cobra la forma de un relato que, bajo la rúbrica del “estudio”, hace confluir la narrativa y el ensayo de argumentación para exponer, desarrollar y examinar el tema de la homosexualidad o, dicho en los términos de la época, de los “invertidos”. En el diálogo entre Françoise y Leslie, entre una bella mujer asediada por (...) la muerte y un hombre que supo amarla “desprovisto de toda esperanza de placer carnal”, Proust ofrece un examen tripartito de la homosexualidad que consta de un primer abordaje socrático, luego de una perspectiva médica y finalmente de un argumento estético. Ofrecemos a continuación una versión castellana del relato, antecedida de algunas palabras sobre su génesis y su carácter. (shrink)