O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar a versão carrolliana de dois paradoxos clássicos e um original, acompanhadas da reconstrução e exame do tratamento lógico oferecido por Carroll e de como tais paradoxos foram tratados por outros autores.

Both in criminal law science and in the judicial practice there are a lot of discussions as to what should be considered as the beginning and end of human life. Birth and death are not instantaneous acts, but rather processes made up of time-spans that can be construed as evidence of the beginning or end of a human life. From a biological point of view the human life is a constant, continuous metabolic process after cessation of which the human life (...) also ceases. These circumstances very much aggravate the definition of criteria of the moments of beginning and end of human life. There are disagreements in the criminal law science with respect to from which moment the human life is to be protected by the criminal law. Herewith this presupposes also the other problematic question—what is to be considered a “living human” as a homicide subject (a victim). Complication of the said question is also determined by the fact that it is related not only to legal but also to medical, religious, and moral aspects. This article exactly analyses certain aspects of the beginning and end of human life in the context of the homicide composition attributes. (shrink)

This study analyzes 435 oocyte donor recruitment advertisements to assess whether entities recruiting donors of oocytes to be used for in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures include a disclosure of risks associated with the donation process in their advertisements. Such disclosure is required by the self-regulatory guidelines of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) and by law in California for advertisements placed in the state. We find very low rates of risk disclosure across entity types and regulatory regimes, although risk (...) disclosure is more common in advertisements placed by entities subject to ASRM's self-regulatory guidelines. Advertisements placed in California are more likely to include risk disclosure, but disclosure rates are still quite low. California-based entities advertising outside the state are more likely to include risk disclosure than non-California entities, suggesting that California's law may have a modest “halo effect.” Our results suggest that there is a significant ethical and policy problem with the status quo in light of the known and unknown risks of oocyte donation and the importance of risk disclosure to informed consent in the context of oocyte donation. (shrink)

In vitro fertilization using donated oocytes has proven to be an effective treatment option for many prospective parents struggling with infertility, and the usage of donated oocytes in assisted reproduction has increased markedly since the technique was first successfully used in 1984. Data published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on the use of assisted reproductive technologies in the United States indicate that approximately 12% of all ART cycles in the country now use donated oocytes. The increased use (...) of oocyte donation in the United States has prompted discussion regarding risks associated with the process and how best to ensure the safety of oocyte donors.Physical risks associated with oocyte donation include bleeding, infection, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and a potential, although unconfirmed, increased risk of developing various forms of cancer, such as uterine, colon, breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers. (shrink)

Scholars describe Global North feminisms as mostly ‘secular’ and often opposing religion. Contemporary feminist intersectional movements seem to offer different approaches able to overcome distances and articulate the role of religion in feminist emancipatory practice. This contribution explores the complex role of religion in intersectional feminist movements, drawing on the experiences of religious-feminist and secular-feminist women in Italy. The results highlight that religious women are increasingly part of feminist intersectional movements. Nonetheless, religious inequalities are often overlooked, and religion triggers ambivalent (...) reactions, often resulting in a process of othering minority women. (shrink)

The main aim of our study was to determinate whether a repeated bout (RB) (vs. first bout [FB]) of sprint interval cycling exercise (SIE) is sufficient to mitigate SIE-induced psychological and physiological biomarker kinetics within 48 h after the exercise. Ten physically active men (age, 22.6 ± 5.2 years; VO2max, 44.3 ± 5.7 ml/kg/min) performed the FB of sprint interval cycling exercise (12 repeats of 5 s each) on one day and the RB 2 weeks later. The following parameters were (...) measured: motor performance (voluntary, electrically induced and isokinetic skeletal muscle contraction torque, and central activation ratio [CAR]); stress markers (BDNF, cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine); inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-); metabolic markers (glucose and lactate); muscle and rectal temperature; cycling power output; and psychological perceptions. The average cycling power output and neuromuscular fatigue after exercise did not differ between the FB and RB. There were significant decreases in cortisol and BDNF concentration at 12 h (P < 0.05) and 24 h (P < 0.001) after the FB, respectively. The decrease in cortisol concentration observed 12 h after exercise was significantly greater after the RB (P < 0.05) than after the FB. The immune-metabolic response to the RB (vs. FB) SIE was suppressed and accompanied by lower psychological exertion. Most of the changes in psychological and physiological biomarkers in the FB and RB were closely related to the response kinetics of changes in BDNF concentration. (shrink)

This paper presents, assesses, and compares six diagrammatic methods for Categorical Syllogistic. Venn’s Method is widely used in logic textbooks; Carroll’s Method is a topologically indistinguishable version of Venn’s Method; and the four remaining methods are my own: the Dual of Carroll’s Method, Gardner’s Method, Gardner–Peirce’s Method, and Ladd’s Method. These methods are divided into two groups of three and the reasons for switching from a method to another within each group are discussed. Finally, a comparison between the Dual of (...) Carroll’s Method and Ladd’s Method supports the main result of the paper, which is an approximation of the two groups of methods. (shrink)

I present the realist conception of logic supported by Oswaldo Chateaubriand which integrates ontological and epistemological aspects, opposing it to mathematical and linguistic conceptions. I give special attention to the peculiarities of his hierarchy of types in which some properties accumulate and others have a multiple degree. I explain such deviations of the traditional conception, showing the underlying purpose in each of these peculiarities. I compare the ideas of Chateaubriand to the similar ideas of Frege, Tarski and Gödel. I suggest (...) a view of the logical properties in terms of the Aristotelian notion of focal meaning and I give a formal expression to the type of the entities in the hierarchy proposed by Chateaubriand. (shrink)

O Método de Gardner – um método por dígrafos para a Silogística – implementa a concepção de proposições categóricas como expressões de subordinação e de não-subordinação entre pares de conceitos; nele, a representação das proposições universais é mais complexa do que a representação das proposições particulares. Neste trabalho desenvolverei uma implementação da Silogística na qual as proposições categóricas são expressões de instanciação e de não-instanciação de pares de conceitos. Adaptarei o Sistema Beta dos Grafos Existenciais de Peirce ao Método de (...) Gardner. Essa adaptação tem o mérito de igualar a complexidade da representação das proposições categóricas, mas introduz outros inconvenientes. (shrink)

Most, perhaps all, non-classical logics are a blend of classical logic with extralogical elements. Possibly this thesis has no general proof, and only a casuistic argument can be provided. I discuss a case of paraconsistency that results of applying a “filter” to two syllogistics. These syllogistics incorporate two ideas of Nikolai Vasiliev: the idea of a complete system of contrary judgements, and the idea of double judgements. I also show how these results can be extended to propositional logic, with the (...) aid of the conjunctive and disjunctive normal forms. Despite the non-classical appearance, it is used, without exception, the classical notion of deductive validity: a conclusion cannot carry more information, but may carry less information than the information carried by the collection of the premisses. (shrink)

A maioria, talvez todas, as lógicas não-clássicas são um amálgama da lógica clássica com elementos extralógicos. Possivelmente esta tese nao possui uma prova geral, mas somente um argumento caso a caso possa ser fomecido. Discuto um caso de paraconsistência que resulta da aplicação de urn "filtro" a duas silogísticas. Essas silogísticas incorporam duas idéias de Nikolai Vasiliev: a idéia de um sistema completo de juízos contrários, e a idéia de juízos duplos. Tarnbém mostro como esses resultados podem ser estendidos à (...) lógica proposicional, com a ajuda das formas nornais conjuntiva e disjuntiva. Apesar da aparencia não-clássica, utilize-se, sem exceção, a noção clássica de validade dedutiva: uma conclusão não pode veicular mais inforrnação, mas pode veicular menos inforrnação, do que a informação veiculada pelo conjunto das premissas. (shrink)

I provide a proof method for First Order Monadic Predicate Logic. This method uses the Normal Form of Herbrand and the Disjunctive and Conjunctive Normal Forms for Propositional Logic. The validity is determined by mere inspection of the presence and arrangement of formulas that act as informational atoms. The exact relationship between First Order Monadic Predicate Logic and the extended syllogistic developed during the nineteenth century is established by the Normal Form of Herbrand.

Anthony Shiver (2013) desenvolveu dois jogos de cartas lógicas para a prática da derivação no contexto da Lógica Proposicional Clássica. Embora ele tenha apresentado os contornos gerais desses jogos, muitos detalhes do desenho deles estão faltando. Neste artigo proponho uma metodologia para o desenho detalhado do primeiro dos jogos de Shiver. Esta metodologia utiliza uma abordagem informacional para a seleção das cartas do baralho, que conforma-se a critérios de alcançabilidade de cada carta e de balanço entre elas.

As Redes Dialéticas visam a representação dos elementos de uma disputa: as asserções do Proponente e do Oponente, e as ações de ataque e de defesa. Proponho uma representação diagramática – o Diagrama Dialético – e uma representação algébrica – o Grafo Dialético – das Redes Dialéticas. Este trabalho está limitado aos aspectos estático-estruturais das Redes Dialéticas.

A Lógica Contemporânea dá pouca ou, mesmo, nenhuma atenção à construção de argumentos para uma conclusão dada, diferentemente do que ocorre nos Analíticos Anteriores, de Aristóteles. O procedimento de Aristóteles foi, posteriormente, compilado sob a forma de um diagrama lógico conhecido como “Ponte de Asnos” (Pons Asinorum). Neste trabalho proponho um procedimento para a construção de argumentos para uma dada conclusão, no âmbito da Lógica Proposicional Clássica, abstraído do procedimento de Aristóteles. Utilizo a noção de informação semântica como fio de (...) Ariadne para a obtenção do procedimento. (shrink)

Hume's Law, according to which an ought cannot result from an is, and its reciprocal, according to which an is cannot result from an ought, occupy salient positions in discussions on metaethics. In this paper I will show logical relations between distinct formulations of Hume's Law and of its reciprocal. I will show, also, how these formulations are related to theses sustained by important thinkers such as Poincaré, Nelson, Jörgensen and Hare.A Lei de Hume, pela qual um dever ser não (...) pode resultar de um ser, e a sua recíproca, pela qual um ser não pode resultar de um dever ser, ocupam posições proeminentes nas discussões de metaética. Neste trabalho mostrarei relações lógicas entre distintas formulações da Lei de Hume e da sua recíproca. Também mostrarei como essas formulações estão relacionadas a teses sustentadas por importantes pensadores como Poincaré, Nelson, Jörgensen e Hare. (shrink)

After haring presented statistical data, an ethical framework for analysing the poverty-problem is discussed, using this framework the roots of the poverty-problem are analyzed: poverty causing rules of allocation and of distribution, deficient transfer systems. Basing on this analysis the elements of an anti-poverty strategy are shown.

I will apply a technique employed by Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri in Logica demonstrative to concisely prove the invalidity of moods of the First Figure of the Theory of the Assertoric Syllogism without appealing to facts outside logic.

: I give two interpretations of the supreme rules of all syllogisms provided by Kant in his pre-critical essay “The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures”. One interpretation understands literally, i.e., grammatically, the expressions ‘positive syllogism’ and ‘negative syllogism’; the other interprets them non-literally, i.e., it interprets them logically.

In the present paper, I raise some questions referring to Chateaubriand’s discussion of the nature of language, its origin, its development and its functions in human live. These questions arise when his view is compared with the partly similar views defended by Gödel and Jørgensen, among others.No presente trabalho levanto algumas questões referentes à discussão de Chateaubriand sobre a natureza da linguagem, sua origem, seu desenvolvimento e suas funções na vida humana. Essas questões surgem quando seu ponto de vista é (...) comparado aos pontos de vista parcialmente similares defendidos por Gödel e Jorgensen, entre outros. (shrink)

In this paper Chateaubriand’s approach to solve some problems related to the nature of logic is confronted with the traditional approaches. It is shown that his hierarchy of logical types opens up new possibilities to characterize logical properties and logical truths and that it also sheds some new light on the foundations of mathematics.

Autor (2020) desenvolveu duas semânticas informacionais para a Lógica Sentencial Clássica, decorrentes da utilização de formais normais. A abordagem informacional em questão utiliza unidades mínimas de informação (infons) para realizar o trabalho lógico. Neste artigo, expandiremos a aplicação da abordagem informacional às lógicas sentenciais polivalentes finitas mediante um procedimento dedicado à extração de unidades mínimas de informação (infons). Tal procedimento decorre do trabalho com tablôs semânticos para Lógicas Sentenciais Polivalentes Finitas desenvolvido por Carnielli (1982).

Analisarei estruturas resultantes da utilização coordenada de múltiplos silogismos, e investigarei o problema de normalização de tais estruturas.

Formulações da validade dedutiva clássica costumam recorrer explicitamente a modalidades: por exemplo, um argumento é classicamente dedutivamente válido se, e somente se, necessariamente se as premissas forem verdadeiras, a conclusão também é verdadeira. Não é possível abolir completamente esse apelo ao discurso modal, porque a lógica clássica é o domínio das possibilidades. Não obstante, pode-se, por intermédio de uma semântica informacional, evitar que o usuário da lógica clássica tenha de manipular modalidades, ainda que elas estejam, de algum modo, imbricadas nos (...) infons – unidades mínimas de informação. A partir do trabalho pioneiro de Carnap e de Bar-Hillel, apresentarei duas semânticas informacionais: uma delas diretamente relacionada a mundos possíveis, e a outra relacionada aos duais de mundos possíveis. (shrink)

The article deals with the crisis of the German welfare system. Protestant churches are challenged by this crisis. Six challenges are discussed: Recognize facts. One fact is, that the economies of countfies like Germany cannot be separated from the trend of economic globalization. It is every country's position in global economic competition which determines the possible Ievel of its national welfare. A secend fact is, that the present old-age insurance system cannot be maintained. The third fact mentioned is the inconsistency (...) of the system of social security. Becoming open for economic thinking: Solidarity is not possible against but only in conformity with economic rationality. Understand the worldwide dimension of solidarity: lt is exactly economic globalization which promotes worldwide solidarity. Promote selfresponsibility: Those who are able to help themselves should do so more than before so that assistance for the helpless can be maintained. Stimulate innovations in the field of social policy: An example is the negative income tax. Protect the needy: This is indispensable, and it corresponds not only to christian convictions but also to the enlightened self-interest of a secular society. (shrink)

A formalização de noções pré-teóricas não é uma ciência, mas uma arte. Isso se evidencia quando temos de decidir o que é indispensável e o que é prescindível na passagem do intuitivo para o formal. Exemplifico esse tipo de dificuldade com a formalização de uma noção intuitiva de coleção finita de objetos. A observância de maior fidelidade à noção pré-teórica, mesmo que desnecessária da perspectiva formal, resultou em duas novas definições de conjunto finito.

A Lei de Hume, pela qual um dever ser não pode resultar de um ser, e a sua recíproca, pela qual um ser não pode resultar de um dever ser, ocupam posições proeminentes nas discussões de metaética. Neste trabalho mostrarei relações lógicas entre distintas formulações da Lei de Hume e da sua recíproca. Também mostrarei como essas formulações estão relacionadas a teses sustentadas por importantes pensadores como Poincaré, Nelson, Jörgensen e Hare.