A ciência, inicialmente prevista para servir ao homem, se desvia de sua finalidade original e começa a ameaçá-lo. A questão se põe, então, com acuidade em saber qual homem corresponderia à ciência de hoje. Face à visão fortemente cientificista do homem, caberia, entre outros, recorrer a Charles de Bovelles (1479-1566), a quem se deve recorrer para retornar a um conhecimento de si, que é o conhecimento da atividade de sua alma que, por seu turno, deve conhecer o corpo. A philautia (...) (amor de sua condição humana) torna-se, pois, o ponto de partida de uma antropologia filosófica sapiencial em uma perspectiva de conhecimento de si, pelo “sistere in homine” (permanecer no homem) para uma verdadeira ipsologia (discurso de si sobre si). O humanismo encontrado deve, então, se abrir, segundo Bovelles, à transcendência, a este traço de Deus sempre no homem que a ciência busca apagar. Palavras-chave: Homem - científico - Ipsologia - Conhecimento - Philautia - Humanismo. (shrink)

Aller à la découverte de l'homme et de son humanité aujourd'hui, c'est traverser de part en part la question de l'humanisme, qui est plus que jamais une préoccupation sociale, politique, économique et religieuse. A cette question de l'homme et sur l'homme, Charles de Bovelles (1479-1566), philosophe, théologien et mathématicien français, apporte des réponses qui ouvrent les portes d'une anthropologie philosophique sapientielle.

Tome 1. À la recherche de l'homme -- tome 2. L'incontournable philosophique.

Quelle figure d'homme se dessine en ce 21e siècle naissant? Tel est l'enjeu de ce colloque qui a réuni divers acteurs ayant pour dénominateur commun la recherche autour du sens de l'humain. L'humanisme traditionnel a échoué. Du moins les anciens paradigmes pour parler de l'humain ne répondent plus aux attentes de l'homme sous l'emprise de l'intégrisme religieux, des mutations technologiques, de la perte des repères et surtout de l'ignorance de soi. Philosophes, théologiens, éducateurs et enseignants se posent la question de (...) savoir comment redonner à l'humain sa dignité inaliénable. Ce colloque a réuni un certain nombre d'acteurs tous enseignants chercheurs qui ont apporté leurs contributions au renouvellement des paradigmes sociaux en vue du sens de la "Commune humanité ". (shrink)

The recent proliferation of new data and technologies enables increasingly finer personalization of products and prices in every domain. In insurance, this revives and enlarges old debates around fairness that have never been completely settled. We will argue that the commonly accepted “actuarial fairness” as based on the “individual cost of risk” derives in fact from a conflation: while it indicates the average cost for a group of insureds from the perspective of an insurance company—and is therefore sound from a (...) business profitability viewpoint—it is arguable whether it represents the “fair price” for the individual insured. We first show in a historical perspective the intertwinement of conceptions of fairness with knowledge, in order to point to the alternative to actuarial fairness for insurance. We then describe the intrinsic difference between the insured and the insurer when underwriting an insurance contract. Finally, we build on this distinction to discuss the meaning of fairness in insurance prices. We thus hope to re-center the debate around insurance fairness on its underlying solidarity mechanisms rather than technical and actuarial considerations. (shrink)

In matters of rights, constitutions tend to avoid settling controversies. With few exceptions, rights are formulated in open-ended language, seeking consensus on an abstraction without purporting to resolve the many moral-political questions implicated by rights. The resulting view has been that rights extend everywhere but are everywhere infringed by legislation seeking to resolve the very moral-political questions the constitution seeks to avoid. The Negotiable Constitution challenges this view. Arguing that underspecified rights call for greater specification, Grégoire C. N. Webber (...) draws on limitation clauses common to most bills of rights to develop a new understanding of the relationship between rights and legislation. The legislature is situated as a key constitutional actor tasked with completing the specification of constitutional rights. In turn, because the constitutional project is incomplete with regards to rights, it is open to being re-negotiated by legislation struggling with the very moral-political questions left underdetermined at the constitutional level. (shrink)

The _Turba Philosophorum_ is at the confluence of many Greek traditions, and bears testimony both to the history of the transmission of Greek knowledge, and of its reception in Egypt in the ninth century.

How do people learn to talk about the causal and temporal relations between events, and the motivation behind why people do what they do? The narrative practice hypothesis of Hutto and Gallagher holds that children are exposed to narratives that provide training for understanding and expressing reasons for why people behave as they do. In this context, we have recently developed a model of narrative processing where a structured model of the developing situation is built up from experienced events, and (...) enriched by sentences in a narrative that describe event meanings. The main interest is to develop a proof of concept for how narrative can be used to structure, organize and describe experience. Narrative sentences describe events, and they also define temporal and causal relations between events. These relations are specified by a class of narrative function words, including “because, before, after, first, finally.” The current research develops a proof of concept that by observing how people describe social events, a developmental robotic system can begin to acquire early knowledge of how to explain the reasons for events. We collect data from naïve subjects who use narrative function words to describe simple scenes of human-robot interaction, and then employ algorithms for extracting the statistical structure of how narrative function words link events in the situation model. By using these statistical regularities, the robot can thus learn from human experience about how to properly employ in question-answering dialogues with the human, and in generating canonical narratives for new experiences. The behavior of the system is demonstrated over several behavioral interactions, and associated narrative interaction sessions, while a more formal extended evaluation and user study will be the subject of future research. Clearly this is far removed from the power of the full blown narrative practice capability, but it provides a first step in the development of an experimental infrastructure for the study of socially situated narrative practice in human-robot interaction. (shrink)

Dans l'impossibilite de s'instaurer ex nihilo, toute societe doit definir la nature des rapports que ses valeurs, ses normes, ses institutions et ses moeurs actuelles entretiennent avec celles qui gouvernaient son passe. Ces rapports se situent entre deux poles: celui de la reconduction et de la reproduction les plus fideles d'une part; celui de la rupture et de l'arrachement d'autre part. Les societes voisines du premier pole seront qualifiees de traditionnelles; celles plus proches du second seront appelees modernes. On reservera (...) le qualificatif de traditionalistes aux societes ou sous-groupes sociaux qui, au sein du monde moderne, veulent ouvertement, sinon restaurer, du moins rester inconditionnellement fideles a des principes, regles et modes de vie subvertis par la dynamique de la modernite. Apres avoir examine la polysemie de la tradition et du rapport a la tradition, l'ouvrage etudie en detail trois cas particuliers de la dialectique entre tradition et modernite la secularisation du christianisme et les mutations contemporaines des croyances et pratiques religieuses; la tension entre contractualisme et traditionalisme dans la constitution et les manifestations de l'appartenance nationale republicaine; la tradition du nouveau dans les arts plastiques. (shrink)

In this article, we first describe our general inhibitory-control theory and, then, we describe how we have tested its specific hypotheses on reasoning with brain imaging techniques in adults and children. The innovative part of this perspective lies in its attempt to come up with a brain-based synthesis of Jean Piaget’s theory on logical algorithms and Daniel Kahneman’s theory on intuitive heuristics.

This article illustrates instrumental variable (IV) estimation by examining an unexpected finding of the research on career adaptability and job satisfaction. Theoretical and empirical arguments suggest that in the general population, people’s abilities to adapt their careers are beneficial to their job satisfaction. However, a recent meta-analysis unexpectedly found no effect when personality traits are controlled for. We argue that a reverse effect of job satisfaction on career adaptability, originating from affective tendencies tied to personality, might explain this null effect. (...) Our argument implies that the estimates obtained with traditional ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions are biased by endogeneity, a correlation between an explanatory variable and the error term in a regression model. When experimental manipulations are impossible, IV estimations, such as two-stage least squares (2SLS) regressions, are one possible solution to the endogeneity problem. Analyzing three waves of data from a sample of 836 adults, the concurrent and time-lagged effect of job satisfaction on career adaptability was revealed to be more consistent than the reverse. Our results provide an explanation, rooted in affective dispositions, as to why recent meta-analytical estimates unexpectedly found that career adaptability does not predict job satisfaction at the interindividual level. We also discuss IV estimation in terms of its limits, weight the interpretation of its estimates against the temporality criterion for causal inference, and consider its possible extension to analyses of change. (shrink)

Interrogating the relationship of the sovereign power of the nation state to the scientist's expert knowledge as a legitimating--and sometimes challenging- ...

The text opening the 'Great Peace Part' ('Taiping bu') in the Ming Taoist Canon, the Great Peace Scripture Digest (Taiping jing chao) is widely confused with the famous Great Peace Scripture (Taiping jing) which follows it in the Canon. The first full analysis and reassessment of the Great Peace Scripture Digest, this paper reviews the textual morphology of its ancient and modern editions, discusses current hypotheses concerning its date and authorship, and investigates its literary structure and form, pointing to clusters (...) of prosodic patterns. Light is shed on strata of diachronic origin coexisting in the text, which should not be regarded as being the product of an inconstant solitary compiler, but rather as the conflation of shortened renditions of the Great Peace Scripture perhaps dating to the Tang and pre-Song or early Song eras. A full linear analysis of the text, including a concordance, completes the literary study. (shrink)

Background:Little is known about case managers’ ethical issues and professional values.Objectives:This article presents an overview of ethical issues in case managers’ current practice. Findings are examined in the light of nursing ethics, social work ethics and principle-based biomedical ethics.Research design:A systematic literature review was performed to identify and analyse empirical studies concerning ethical issues in case management programmes. It was completed by systematic content analysis of case managers’ national codes of ethics.Findings:Only nine empirical studies were identified, eight of them from (...) North America. The main dilemmas were how to balance system goals against the client’s interest and client protection against autonomy. Professional codes of ethics shared important similarities, but offered different responses to these two dilemmas.Discussion:We discuss the respective roles of professional and organizational ethics. Further lines of research are suggested. (shrink)

Résumé L’objet de cet article est d’analyser les récits de bestialité qui se multiplient dans la littérature des XVIe et XVIIe siècles, dans les écrits juridiques, médicaux, polémiques et surtout dans les relations de voyages. Ces anecdotes qui mettent en scène des accouplements, voire des enfantements, entre hommes et bêtes, amènent à questionner les rapports troubles entre l’épistémè de la Renaissance et les savoirs ethnographiques acquis durant cette première époque coloniale, savoirs qui s’imprègnent parfois des récits mythologiques locaux. Inspirées par (...) une perspective anthropomorphique comme par le modèle de la fable, ces anecdotes zoophiles témoignent de la diversité des réflexions sur un possible interrègne, sur les zones de partage instables entre l’homme et l’animal, mais aussi sur la projection de stéréotypes animaliers sur des populations étrangères. (shrink)

Breast cancer is a major public health challenge. Organized mammography screening (OS) is considered one way to reduce breast cancer mortality. EU recommendations prone mass deployment of OS, and back in 2004, France introduced a national OS programme for women aged 50–74 years. However, in 2012, participation rate was still just 52.7%, well short of the targeted 70% objective. In an effort to re-address the (in) efficiency of the programme, the French National Cancer Institute has drafted an expert-group review of (...) the ethical issues surrounding breast cancer mammography screening. (shrink)

Auxiliaire de justice, indépendant et mandaté par son client, l’avocat occupe une place singulière dans le système judiciaire français et sa parole se caractérise a priori par une grande liberté. A l’examen cependant, on constate que son espace de parole est soumis aux règles rituelles du procès qui tendent progressivement à le restreindre, et que le contenu de cette parole est contraint par les exigences de sa mission même s’il bénéficie d’une protection dont l’effectivité est une garantie fondamentale du procès (...) équitable. Ainsi, si indéniablement l’avocat peut dans certaines situations, dire plus que le citoyen ordinaire, il doit surtout en toutes circonstances veiller à dire mieux que ce dernier. (shrink)

Comment expliquer que tant d'humains, en ce début de XXIe siècle, accordent encore foi aux discours des religions, que ce soit une religion chrétienne, musulmane ou juive? Possèdent-elles des vérités plus assurées que celles des sciences humaines ou maintiennent-elles leurs fidèles dans l'ignorance, de peur que ceux-ci ne quittent le bateau amiral des églises, des mosquées ou des synagogues? Que proposent-elles de si séduisant pour que l'on sente le besoin de suivre aveuglément leurs enseignements et que des croyants soient prêts (...) à mourir ou à occire pour elles? « Au moment où le créationnisme devient de plus en plus présent dans le cursus académique et où le programme Ethique et culture religieuse, enseigné à nos jeunes dans nos écoles, fait l'apologie du religieux et banalise la superstition, ce livre de Marcel Sylvestre a de quoi nous faire réfléchir sur l'importance à accorder à la raison. » Extrait de la préface de Louise Mailloux. (shrink)

Legislated Rights: Securing Human Rights through Legislation aims to correct certain imbalances in constitutional thought and scholarship that burden the legislature and rights with misconceptions...

Marcel Mauss published his essay The Gift in the context of debates about the European sovereign debt crises and the economic growth experienced by the colonies. This article traces the discursive associations between Mauss’ anthropological concepts and the reformist program of French socialists who pushed for an “altruistic” colonial policy in the interwar period. This article demonstrates that the three obligations which Mauss identified as the basis of a customary law of international economic relations served as key references in the (...) French debate about the relationships between metropolises and colonies in the interwar period. Mauss made this relation between colonial policy and the ethnology of the gift explicit in his book, The Nation. Moving beyond Mauss’ interwar writings, the article traces the genealogy of his later reflections to his involvement in prewar debate... (shrink)

Touching on issues of power, authority, and domination, Manhunts takes an in-depth look at the hunting of humans in the West, from ancient Sparta, through the Middle Ages, to the modern practices of chasing undocumented migrants.

The aim of this paper is to show how systematic Charles Taylor’s philosophy is. It rejects two opposite readings: one claiming that Taylor’s thought is too diverse to have real unity; the other, that it is the product of a “monomaniac” (Taylor’s own word). I claim that his thought has a very distinct structure, comprising two levels. On the first, “meta-hermeneutic” level, Taylor defends a thesis about hermeneutics (namely, that it cannot be dispensed with): this unifies his anthropology, epistemology, moral (...) philosophy, philosophy of language and political philosophy. On the second, “hermeneutic” level, Taylor builds an impressive historic construal of modern identity and its dilemmas. More importantly, while these two levels are irreducibly distinct, they relate to each other in interesting ways, giving Taylor’s philosophy its systematicity. I finally confront this view with other readings, and argue that it is the best way to understand Taylor’s work. (shrink)

Fichte's philosophy represented one of the first coherent attempts to provide a utopian philosophical foundation for preventative police power, one which anticipated in surprising ways the fundamental logical premises of modern dataveillance or "datapower." This article examines Fichte's proposals for a new system of police passports and the logic of control on which it rests, contextualizing it within the transformation of police practices during his lifetime. It concludes with a discussion of Hegel's criticism of the logical incoherence of securitarian policing, (...) and its relevance for our situation today. (shrink)

Cet article prend pour point de départ une critique souvent adressée au minimalisme moral de Ruwen Ogien : il y a bien de la normativité dans le rapport à soi, nous avons des obligations vis-à-vis de nous-même. Après avoir rappelé cette objection (en la reformulant et en la renforçant), l’on se demande si une forme de minimalisme peut malgré tout lui survivre. Cet article répond par la positive, en proposant une reformulation radicale de la thèse minimaliste, qui parvienne à maintenir (...) le rejet du paternalisme tout en prenant en compte l’existence d’une normativité dans le rapport à soi. Il explique en quel sens une telle thèse peut encore être considérée comme minimaliste, puis entreprend d’examiner ses principales conséquences. (shrink)

La question de l’ennemi et de la guerre chez Rosenzweig est importante non seulement pour comprendre l’auteur, mais aussi son œuvre : L’Étoile de la Rédemption. Avec la relation d’hostilité, la temporalité rédemptrice basée sur le commandement d’amour s’affronte au problème des rapports qu’ont le judaïsme et le christianisme avec la guerre et le nationalisme.

Poser la question de la provenance du geste critique instaurant le pré-monde (Vorwelt) revient à s’interroger de manière plus générale sur le commencement ou plus précisément sur le fondement de L’Étoile de la Rédemption. À cette question, qui pourrait être qualifiée elle-même de fondamentale, Franz Rosenzweig fait remarquer tout d’abord, dans « La pensée nouvelle », qu’« à l’égard des premières pages d’un livre de philosophie, les lecteurs ont une attitude singulière : ils croient qu’elles c...