This is a review of CONDITIONALS: FROM PHILOSOPHY TO COMPUTER SCIENCE, edited by Crocco G., del Cerro L. Fariñas, and Herzig A., Studies in logic and computation, no. 5, Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York 1995.

El presente artículo versa sobre Abū Zakariyyāʾ Yaḥyà al-Balansī, un discípulo fervoroso y distinguido del conocido maestro sufí Ibn Sabʿīn de Ricote. Hay poca información sobre Yaḥyà, y quizás por ello ha pasado desapercibido. En el trabajo se recogen estos datos para darlo a conocer. Yaḥyà al-Balansī (o algún antepasado suyo cercano) habría nacido en Valencia. Estuvo en Alejandría en compañía del šayḫ Abū l-Ḥasan al-Šāḏilī, quizás a partir del año 642/1244. Regresó a al-Andalus y, después, habría viajado nuevamente hacia (...) el Magreb. En Bugía, se encontró con Ibn Sabʿīn, en fecha desconocida, aunque debió de haber sido hacia el año 648/1250. Desde entonces se hizo discípulo incondicional suyo. Habría acompañado a Ibn Sabʿīn, hasta establecerse en La Meca, después de pasar por Túnez y Egipto. También estuvo en Medina y en el Líbano. Se deduce que Yaḥyà era un sufí viajero, al igual que Abū l-Ḥasan al-Šuštarī. Yaḥyà falleció en el año 665/1267 y fue enterrado en al-Balyana, en el Alto Egipto. En este trabajo se presentan los fragmentos de las pocas obras que nos han llegado, y se busca confirmar su autoría de Kitāb al-Sulūk fī ṭarīq al-qawm, la única epístola suya que se conserva completa. Al final, se traducen los fragmentos tanto de al-Wirāṯa al-muḥammadiyya, y un fragmento recogido por Ibn al-Ṭawwāḥ, como de otro fragmento que aparece al final de una Risāla de Ibn Sabʿīn. Del estudio de este acopio de datos se llega a dos conclusiones de relevancia: 1. Aunque en el encabezado de Kitāb al-Sulūk, Yaḥyà se presenta como hijo de Ibn Sabʿīn, en este trabajo se va a demostrar que no lo era. 2. Se confirma su autoría de Kitāb al-Sulūk. (shrink)

Este trabalho examina o caráter, o funcionamento e as mudanças do aparelho de segurança do Estado, os "arcana imperii" socialistas, na Bulgária pré-1989. Com base na noção de ‘governança’ de Foucault e de sua formulação do ‘poder’ como sendo construtivo e repressivo ao mesmo tempo, o presente artigo analisa o braço forte do regime visto como instituição de gestão do conhecimento. A importância da vigilância para a política moderna e a dinâmica do sigilo são discutidas como sendo estruturadas por tecnologias (...) de exclusão, obstrução e revelação. A segurança estatal é contextualizada com respeito ao objetivo revolucionário do século vinte, de forjar o novo sujeito socialista.Bulgaria’s Political Police – The Socialist Regime’s Legitimation Machine, 1994-1989 This work examines the character, functioning and changes therein of the state security apparatus, the socialist "arcana imperii," in pre-1989 Bulgaria. Building on Foucault’s notion of ‘governance’ and on his formulation of power as both productive and repressive, the paper aims to analyze the political strong arm of the regime as a knowledge management institution. The importance of surveillance for modern politics and the dynamics of secrecy are discussed as structured by technologies of exclusion, obstruction, and revelation. State security is contextualized through the perspective of the 20th century revolutionary objective to engineer the new socialist subject Resumen La Policía Política en la Bulgaria Socialista - La "Máquina de Legitimación" del Régimen, 1944-1989 Este trabajo examina el carácter, el funcionamiento y los cambios en el aparato de seguridad del Estado, los "arcana imperii" socialistas, en la Bulgaria anterior a 1989. Basándose en la noción de ‘gobernanza’ de Foucault y en su formulación del ‘poder’ como productivo y represivo al mismo tiempo, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el brazo político fuerte del régimen como una institución de gestión del conocimiento. La importancia de la vigilancia para la política moderna y la dinámica del secreto son discutidas como estructuradas por tecnologías de exclusión, obstrucción y revelación. La seguridad del Estado se contextualiza desde la perspectiva del objetivo revolucionario del siglo XX de producir el nuevo sujeto socialista. (shrink)

This first supplement to my An Annotated Bibliography on Ibn Sînâ , published in 1991, informs the reader about all new studies on Ibn Sînâ published in the period 1990-1994, and also offers corrigenda and addenda to the former bibliography. Also in the supplement, attention is paid to Western, and to non-Western publications. Moreover, it has been tried to be even more exhaustive by including publications, which have not Ibn Sînâ in the title, but which nevertheless are offering important and (...) innovative information about his life or thought. First, an overview is given of the new editions and/or translations of Ibn Sînâ's works, which are once more identified according to the classic bibliographies of G.C. Anawati and M.Mehdavî. Hereafter, separate chapters are dedicated to studies of a biographical and a bibliographical nature. No less than ten chapters are devoted to materials dealing with Ibn Sînâ's philosophical thought . Finally, materials dealing with in two separate chapters. It has to be noted that almost all publications are annotated with a summary of their most original points and a short critical evaluation. An index, which includes the names of all authors, ancient, medieval and contemporary, has been added. In sum, this work aims at providing a clear, concise and comprehensive work- instrument for all future Avicenna research. It is not only of great interest for all scholars working in Arabic-Islamic philosophy, science and medicine, but also for historians of philosophy and mediaevalists. "Hay que felicitar al autor de este minucioso trabajo que, como su anterior bibliografía, es de un valor incalculable para todos aquellos que nos consagramos al estudio del pensamiento del gran filósofo islámico, al ser instrumento necesario con el que contar para futuras investigaciones sobre Avicena". (shrink)

This paper, we propose a modal logic satisfying minimal requirements for reasoning about diagrams via collection of sets and relations between them, following Harel's proposal. We first give an axiomatics of such a theory and then provide its Kripke semantics. Then we extend previous works of ours in order to obtain a decision procedure based on tableaux for this logic. Beside soundness and completeness of our tableaux, we manage to define a strategy of rule application ensuring termination by extending the (...) usual loop test of modal logic S4 to whole sub-structures of the model being computed. (shrink)

Psychology research on men studies, attractiveness, and partner preferences has evolved from the influence of sociobiological perspectives to the role of interactions in shaping election toward sexual–affective relationships and desire toward different kinds of masculinities. However, there is a scientific gap in how language and communicative acts among women influence the kind of partner they feel attracted to and in the reproduction of relationship double standards, like the myth of the “warrior’s rest” where female attractiveness to “bad boys” is encouraged (...) or supported. Some women imitate “the warrior” behavior of men by choosing dominant traditional masculinities to have “fun” with and oppressed traditional masculinities for “rest” after the “fun” with DTM—choosing an OTM for a stable relationship, but perhaps without passion, while also feeling attraction toward DTM, a response which perpetuates the chauvinist double standard that the feminist movement has condemned when men behave in this sexist way. Through conducting a qualitative study with communicative daily life stories, this article explores, on the one hand, how language and social interaction among women can lead to the reproduction of the DTM role by women and, on the other hand, also how new alternative masculinities offer an alternative by explicitly rejecting, through the language of desire, to be the rest for the female warrior, the second fiddle to any woman. This has the potential to become a highly attractive alternative to DTM. Findings provide new knowledge through the analysis of communicative acts and masculinities evidencing the importance of language uses in the reproduction of the double standards in gender relations and to understand how and why these practices are maintained and which kind of language uses can contribute to preventing them. Implications for research and interventions on preventive socialization of gender violence are discussed. (shrink)

Trying to overcome Dugundji’s result on uncharacterisability of modal logics by finite logical matrices, Kearns and Ivlev proposed, independently, a characterisation of some modal systems by means of four-valued multivalued truth-functions , as an alternative to Kripke semantics. This constitutes an antecedent of the non-deterministic matrices introduced by Avron and Lev . In this paper we propose a reconstruction of Kearns’s and Ivlev’s results in a uniform way, obtaining an extension to another modal systems. The first part of the paper (...) is devoted to four-valued Nmatrices, including Kearns’s and Ivlev’s. Besides proving with full details Kearns’s results for T, S4 and S5, we also obtain a characterisation of the system B by four-valued Nmatrices with level valuations. Concerning Ivlev’s results, two new modal systems are introduced and char.. (shrink)

This book looks at the ways in which conditionals, an integral part of philosophy and logic, can be of practical use in computer programming. It analyzes the different types of conditionals, including their applications and potential problems. Other topics include defeasible logics, the Ramsey test, and a unified view of consequence relation and belief revision. Its implications will be of interest to researchers in logic, philosophy, and computer science, particularly artificial intelligence.

ABSTRACT We consider the question of the complete axiomatization of a relative modal logic with composition and intersection.

Interessato in esaminare il rapporto tra Lukàcs e la filosofia clàssica, questo saggio vuole mostrare che il filosofo ungherese ha trovato nella categoria del lavoro una sintesi tra soggetto e oggetto, restando cosi in condizioni di riproporre alcune delle questioni fondamentali delia filosofia: il ruolo del filosofo nella società, il rapporto tra filosofia e politica, la definizione di una nuova etica. Dimenticate dalla filosofia contemporânea, queste questioni sono tornate oggi al centro del dibattito filosòfico, spingendo i filosofi a riflettere sul (...) fondamento dello stesso pensiero e della realtà storica che essi vivono. Ed è alia luce di esse che il saggio pretende interpretare la categoria lukàcsiana dei lavoro.Interessado em examinar as relações entre Lukács e a filosofia clàssica, o presente ensaio procura demonstrar que o filósofo húngaro encontrou na categoria do trabalho uma sìntese entre sujeito e objeto, ficando assim em condições de repropor algumas das questões fundamentais da filosofia: o papel do filósofo na sociedade, a relação entre filosofia e política, a definição de uma nova ética. Esquecidas por boa parte da filosofia contemporânea, tais questões retornam hoje ao centro do debate filosófico, impelindo os filósofos a refletir sobre o fundamento do próprio pensamento e da realidade histórica em que vivem. E é a partir delas que o ensaio pretende interpretar a categoria lukacsiana do trabalho. (shrink)

The primary goal of the present research was to determine the order of swimmers on a mixed relay team that would ensure the best performance in the Fédération Internationale de Natation World Championships held in Kazan, Budapest, and Gwangju. The data were obtained from database websites for the 4 × 100 m freestyle and 4 × 100 m medley official results,1 including 660 records from 188 entries of finals and 472 preliminary events. The results showed that the fastest swimmers were (...) located primarily in the first or second positions of the freestyle relay. The most successful gender strategy for the 4 × 100 m freestyle and for the 4 × 100 m medley relays was the order male-male-female-female, although no statistical differences were found for the medley relays. In the 4 × 100 m freestyle, the second and third relay legs had a statistical effect on the total relay time, whereas in the 4 × 100 m medley, all four relay legs had a statistical effect on the final performance, the weight of the four strokes being different in heats with respect to the final round. Also, a later position of the first female swimmer or the consecutive position of two female swimmers in the team order significantly affected the relay performance in specific events. Mixed relay events appeared to present specific strategies in comparison to traditional male- or female-only relay lineups. (shrink)

Na última fase da sua evolução, Feuerbach propõe um materialismo que não anule a originalidade do sujeito e lhe reconheça um âmbito de liberdade. Confrontando-se com Schopenhauer e com Kant, ele examina o sentimento de remorso e de arrependimento, bem como as condições de imputabilidade de um ato. Enquanto aqueles recorriam à distinção entre a esfera inteligível e a esfera sensível do homem, Feuerbach procura reconduzir tudo ao único principio da sensibilidade. Esta, mudando no tempo, torna possível reconhecer como erro (...) um ato realizado e operar em si uma mudança. Contra Schopenhauer, Feuerbach afirma que o caráter do homem não é inato, nem imodificável, por isso é equivocada a pena de morte. O fundamento da liberdade é o eu que age no jogo das paixões e é essencialmente em relação com os outros. As sugestões no campo moral e jurídico são interessantes, mas permanecem abertas algumas questões éticas, como aquela do fundamento absoluto da obrigação moral, já posta por Kant na explicação da consciência moral. (shrink)

Dugundji proved in 1940 that most parts of standard modal systems cannot be characterized by a single finite deterministic matrix. In the eighties, Ivlev proposed a semantics of four-valued non-deterministic matrices, in order to characterize a hierarchy of weak modal logics without the necessitation rule. In a previous paper, we extended some systems of Ivlev’s hierarchy, also proposing weaker six-valued systems in which the axiom was replaced by the deontic axiom. In this paper, we propose even weaker systems, by eliminating (...) both axioms, which are characterized by eight-valued non-deterministic matrices. In addition, we prove completeness for those new systems. It is natural to ask if a characterization by finite ordinary logical matrices would be possible for all those Ivlev-like systems. We will show that finite deterministic matrices do not characterize any of them. (shrink)

No presente ensaio trata-se da relação entre filosofia e cristianismo no século XX a partir da consideração de uma problemática comum a estas experiências: o eclipse do sentido, ou seja, a perda de referênda a um horizonte a partir do qual o ser humano pode orientar-se na vida. Esta problemática, diferentemente declinada nas formas do excesso do mal, do niilismo e da indiferença religiosa, é uma das heranças com que hoje tanto a filosofia como o cristianismo têrn de se debater. (...) O presente artigo reconstrói uma "genealogia filosófica" da atitude de indiferença e oferece deste fenómeno uma análise articulada. A partir daqui apresentam-se duas soluçõoes possíveis, capazes de unir ainda filosofia e cristianismo e que estão em posição defavorecer novas formas de co-implicação entre Deus, homem e mundo: a referênda aos aspectos "positivos" da indiferença e a atenção à esfera do emocional, na qual as motivações têrn ainda espaço. /// The present essay deals with the relation between philosophy and Christianity in the 20 th Century in relation to the eclipse of meaning, i. e., the lack of a horizon that constitutes a point of reference by which one might orient his/her life. This problematic, affected differently by excesses of evil, nihilism, and religious indifference in the last century, is at the heart of the debate. In view of this, the present article offers a "philosophical genealogy" of the attitude of indifference. On the basis of an analysis of this phenomenon, it proposes two possible solutions that might bring philosophy and Christianity together by reformulating the ways that God, man, and the world may be seen as co-implicated and by considering how this indifference can have positive aspects. (shrink)

Tato recenzní studie sleduje analogii, na níž založil svoji metodu bádání i psaní Douglas R. Hofstadter v knize Gödel, Escher, Bach. Proti Hofstadterovu pojetí analogie, kromě jiného ilustrované zavádějícími příklady skladeb J. S. Bacha, je analogie v této studii precizována. Zároveň jsou ve studii napraveny nedostatky hudebních příkladů, jež by patrně neodhalili čtenáři bez přímé vazby na hudební teorii. Tyto aspekty sleduje tato studie až k závěru, že recenzovaná vlivná kniha, neprávem aspirující na metodologii veškerenstva, patří mezi poulárně naučnou literaturu.

ResumoO texto aqui apresentado pretende dar uma pequena contribuição à discussão sobre a relação entre lógicae ontologia na filosofia kantiana. Seu objetivo é mostrar como Kant segue a lógica dos wolffianos, mantendosua abordagem geral, não sem introduzir algumas mudanças importantes. Ao contrário dos filósofosdogmáticos, Kant, como se sabe, enfatiza a neutralidade ontológica e epistemológica da lógica geral, diferenciando-a da lógica transcendental, que apresenta as condições universais necessárias apenas com basenas quais se pode falar de conhecimento objetivo. Leibniz, Wolff e seus (...) seguidores teriam negligenciadoessa distinção e dado à lógica geral um significado ontológico e heurístico, que absolutamente não lhepertence. Este artigo examina até que ponto essa versão da lógica dogmática, tão bem construída por Kante geralmente aceita pelos estudiosos, é confiável; tenta também mostrar que Kant flerta aqui e ali comasserções ontológicas e, ao fazê-lo, sua lógica também funciona como uma heurística. Os juízos categóricoe hipotético, bem como seus respectivos silogismos, serão aqui examinados em sua relação recíproca comocasos emblemáticos desse uso menos neutro da lógica formal por Kant. Além disso, espera-se que esteexame revele alguns dos procedimentos metódicos seguidos pelo filósofo em sua investigação conceitual,modo de proceder que, embora respeitando estritamente as regras lógicas estabelecidas, introduz modulaçõesdentro dessas mesmas regras, para enfrentar os desafios do pensamento crítico.Palavras-chave: Kant, lógica, ontologiaAbstractThe text presented here intends to make a small contribution to the discussion on the relationship betweenlogic and ontology in Kantian philosophy. Its purpose is to show how Kant follows the logic of theWolffians, maintaining their general approach, not without introducing some important changes. Unlikedogmatic philosophers, Kant, as is well known, lays stress on the ontological and epistemological neutralityof general logic, differentiating it from transcendental logic, which presents the necessary universal conditionsonly on the basis of which one can speak of objective knowledge. Leibniz, Wolff and his followerswould have neglected this distinction and given general logic an ontological and heuristic meaning, whichabsolutely does not belong to it. This article examines to what extent this version of dogmatic logic, so wellconstructed by Kant and generally accepted by the scholars, is reliable; it also tries to show that Kant flirtshere and there with ontological assertions and, in doing so, his logic also functions as a heuristic. The categoricaland the hypothetical judgments, as well as their respective syllogisms, will be examined here in theirreciprocal relationship as emblematic cases of this less neutral use of formal logic by Kant. Furthermore, thisexamination will hopefully reveal some of the methodical procedures followed by the philosopher in hisconceptual investigation, a way of proceeding that, although strictly respecting the established logical rules,introduces modulations within these same rules, to face the challenges of the critical thought. (shrink)

The study aimed to identify the effect of applying detection and prevention tools for career fraud in combating and preventing fraud and reducing its risks through an applied study on Palestinian Ministry of Health in Gaza Strip, Palestine. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers used the questionnaire as a main tool to collect data, and the descriptive and analytical approach to conducting the study. The study population consisted of (501) supervisory employees working at MOH in Gaza Strip, (...) Palestine. The researchers used the stratified random sample method and the multiple regression method to measure the effect. The study concluded a set of results, the most important of which is a positive evaluation among respondents about the levels of application of tools to detect and prevent job fraud within MOH, and the presence of a high interest in tools to prevent job fraud during the implementation of its various work. The study recommended the necessity for the Palestinian National Authority to develop and approve laws regulating health sector, so that those laws guarantee the prevention of conflicts of interest, especially for the category of doctors, by preventing job duplication of doctors working in the government sector. Also study recommended the need for MOH to adopt principles of health sector governance and begin immediately to implement them. This process to ensure transparency, disclosure and accountability in the business framework in a manner that realizes the effective protection of stakeholders and does not compromise or discriminate in the application of these principles, which ensures that all forms of job fraud are organized in an organized manner and within fixed legal frameworks. (shrink)