The theoretical system of Ottoman music was developed through the works of Safi al-Din al-Urmawī (d. 693/1294) and ʿAbd al-Qādir Marāgī (d. 838/1435). Considering the first period, although the 24-tone sound system was not developed in theory, it is clear that it was used in practice. However, in a theoretical sense, the 17 sound system initiated by al-Urmawī continued to be used until the 20th century. In this century, the Turkish theoretical musical system evolved into a different point with the (...) efforts of Raūf Yektā (d. 1935). Here we have an unequal 24-track sound system. The first written traces of the 24-tone sound system can be seen in the work of La Borde (d. 1208/1794). Later, Muhammad al-‘Attār (d. 1243/1828) and his student Mīkhāʾīl Mishāqah (d. 1305/1888) found fame with their 24-tone sound system. Mishāqah's work named Riṣālah al-Shihābiyyah fī al-ṣināʻah al-mūsīqiyyah, which also includes this system, has become an important cornerstone in the shaping of modern Arabic music. Raūf Yektā, who noticed this system through a newspaper article, determined that this note system, which is divided into 24 equal parts, provides great convenience in Turkish music, especially in naming intermediate sounds. This determination of Yekta is largely similar to the note names in Mishāqah's system, despite some differences. The main difference between this system that Yektā introduced to Turkish music and Mishāqah's system is that Yektā prefers unequal sounds. In this study, information about who first introduced the 24-tone sound system is included. However, no clear data on this subject has been found. From the perspective of Turkish music, this systematic breakthrough succeeded by Yektā - although not put forward by Yektā - enabled him to lay the foundations of today's theory with the Arel-Ezgi-Uzdilek trio. In this research, it has been determined that some of the concepts included in Mishāqah's work are the same in terms of content with the concepts in Turkish music. The focus of this study is the work named Riṣālah al-Shihābiyyah fī al-ṣināʻah al-mūsīqiyyah, written by Mīkhāʾīl Mishāqah, which Murat Bardakcı clearly stated in an article and which we think Raūf Yektā used in creating the sound system of Turkish music. The aim of the article is to reach the first traces of the 24-tone sound system and to reveal its connection with Turkish music. In the literature study, it is founded that no detailed study has been conducted on both Mīkhāʾīl Mishāqah and where the traces of the 24-track sound system can be traced. In this respect, seeking answers to these questions constitutes the originality of the article. Qualitative research method is used and, the information obtained through literatüre review was discussed with data analysis. (shrink)

This study aims to reveal the Turkish religious music practices of Jawharism, a sect based on Qadiri and Rifai, founded in Bagcilar, Istanbul. The historical process of the establishment of Jawharism was firstly mentioned, and then the musical activities of the "Association for the Promotion and Sustenance of Sufi Music and Culture", which enabled it to spread in a cultural sense, were discussed. As a result of archives, interviews and observations, the relationship of Jawharism with music was determined, the types (...) of music performed in the dhikr and the compositions belonging to the lodge were identified. In addition, through the sound recordings and note archives obtained as a result of the research, the works specific to the lodge were arranged and notated, and it was aimed to introduce the Turkish religious music repertoire to new works. Genres such as salawat, imamet, tasbihât, istighfar, taravih composition, odes and hymns are performed in the lodge, and especially the compositions of salawats and tasbihâts in the maqam of uşşak, rast, hicaz and segah are sung specifically for the lodge. Meşk evenings are also organized and many hymns, suğl, tevşih, nefes, mersiye, etc. are practiced. Composed genres are performed. The problem of this study is, is the relationship between dhikr and music of Jawharism compatible? How is the statues of Jawharism in Turkish religious music?, Qualitative research methods such as source scanning, data collection, sampling, comparison and citing sources were used in our study determined as a method. We can express the importance of this study as the importance of Jawharism's relationship with music, as it used music effectively and trained many musicians and composers. (shrink)

Starting from the nature of the concept of niceness, nice voice, smartness, together with the clues, is a skill that generally meets the common denominator. This ability is present in every human being, but with different levels. Just as every talent needs training and development, a nice voice needs to be distinguished, trained, developed and rewarded. In this way, a person who is created with a nice voice should be able to reach high level in terms of sound. This emerging (...) niceness also has an effect on strengthening religious feelings on people. For this reason, the prophets sent as guides to people also benefited from this effect of music in their messages. Some prophets even came to the fore by using a nice voice as a method of communication. As the last prophet who has a nice voice as a part of the method of conveying with his strong oratory ability, Prophet Muhammad, as well as the importance he attached to a nice voice, had a lovely voice. The main issue here isalso noteworthy that Muhammad both had a nice voice himself and the importance he gave to a nice voice. In this study, some hadith narrations about how the voices of the prophets were and the narrations about the niceness of the voice of Hz. Muhammad and its effect on the listeners will be evaluated. In addition, the verses of the Qur'an and the narrations of the Hadith about Hz. Muhammad's attitude towards person with a nice voice and "Hz. Muhammad's voice" will be examined in terms of musical context in accordance with the conditions of the period. (shrink)

Among the Turkish verse texts, the mawlid named Wasīlat al-najāt by Süleyman Çelebi has been one of the most widely read works in various geographies for centuries. The text of Mawlid, which has been produced in many manuscripts over time, has diversified, and various versions have emerged. Although there is no detailed information about its beginning and development, it is understood that Süleyman Çelebi’s mawlid had a musical performance form from an early period. In integrating Mawlid with music, various forms (...) of performance developed over time and stated that were composed in some narratives. In some Mawlid manuscripts, it is found that various maqām names are written next to the couplet or on the mar-gin of the pages. Nineteen manuscripts of the Mawlid registered with maqām information, which have essential clues in terms of the performance of the work, have been identified and analyzed in this study. After a brief introduction of the copies, the formal features of the Mawlid manuscripts with the maqām registered, their characteristics for use in performance, and the frequency of recording the maqām names were evaluated. In the nineteen Mawlid copies investigated, the preferred maqāms for each divi-sion/chapter were listed numerically. Thus, the preferred maqāms in the performance and the maqām diversity in the manuscripts were analyzed comparatively. The performance features reflected in the Mawlid manuscripts and the transfers regarding the composition of the Mawlid were discussed through the results. (shrink)

In this paper, we consider ethical issues related to the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in combat zones, via exposure therapy. Exposure-oriented interventions are the most well-researched behavioral treatments for PTSD, and rigorous studies across contexts, populations, and research groups provide robust evidence that exposure therapy for PTSD is effective and can be widely disseminated. Clinical procedures for Prolonged Exposure therapy, a manualized exposure-oriented protocol for PTSD, are reviewed, and we illustrate the potential benefits, as well as the potential (...) difficulties, associated with providing this treatment in combat zones. Several ethical considerations are identified: (1) Assuming successful treatment, is it ethical to send individuals with a known risk of developing PTSD back into combat? (2) If treatment is unsuccessful in theater (perhaps due to the confounding factor of ongoing danger), could that impact treatment effectiveness for soldiers who attempt therapy again post-deployment? (3) If the military finds combat-zone treatment effective and useful in maintaining an efficient work force, will treatment become mandatory for those diagnosed with PTSD? (4) What unintended consequences might be associated with large-scale dissemination of exposure therapy in or near combat, outside of mental health care infrastructures? (5) How would genetic variations known to be associated with PTSD risk influence decisions regarding who receives treatment or returns to combat? We conclude with a review of the personal and societal costs associated with not providing evidence-based PTSD treatments wherever possible. (shrink)

Treatment of military-related posttraumatic stress disorder is a major public health care concern. Since 2001 over 2.5 million troops have been deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan, many of whom have experienced direct combat and sustained threat. Estimates of PTSD rates related to these wars range from 8% to over 20%, or 192,000 to 480,000 individuals. Already, nearly 250,000 service members of Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and New Dawn have sought VA health care services for PTSD. This recent increased need (...) for mental health services comes in addition to the ongoing needs of Vietnam-era and other veterans who continue to suffer from PTSD. PTSD is related to high co-morbidities of other mental health difficulties, poorer physical health status, and increased medical care utilization. Such high demand for services is an important contributor to the large cost associated with combat-related PTSD. Accordingly, promoting successful, cost-effective treatment strategies for PTSD is a chief public health care priority. (shrink)

Introduces young readers to Ibn Sina, telling his story as he might tell it himself. It provides a fascinating glimpse into the life of this philosopher, scientist and physician who was one of the greatest thinkers of his time.

Dans l'esprit contemporain, un principe d'émergence remplace les conceptions dualistes ou foncièrement discontinuistes : sur la possibilité générale de la vie et son évolution, sur le passage de l'évolution naturelle à une progression d'ordre historique. Continuité et discontinuité s'y chevauchent et s'y défient. Si l'ontologie en ce domaine n'a pas de donnée positive à avancer, sans elle, la possibilité de principe et le sens général d'un changement de régime ontologique restent à l'état d'impensé.0Or ce qui se traduit là est la (...) tension fondamentale entre l'être et, du côté de la vie comme de l'histoire, l'existence. (shrink)

La dualité.objectif-subjectif constitue pour le dualisme une structure a priori par essence : ceci se vérifie aussi bien avec le couple contemporain de l'en-soi et du pour-soi qu'avec, sur une autre base, le couple cartésien de la chose étendue et de la chose pensante. Dans le champ théorique actuel règne, de facto, un double monisme juxtaposé qui se partage entre le réductionnisme phénoménologique et celui du néomatérialisme, aussi systématiques l'un que l'autre. Aussi la difficulté générale inhérente au dualisme, loin de (...) disparaître avec cette scission, a-t-elle pris une forme nouvelle. Au lieu de se réduire à une expérience subjective pure (comme dans la phénoménologie) ou à la seule expérience objective (dont se réclame l'explication néomatérialiste), l'auteur du présent essai explore une voie nouvelle pour interpréter la dualité du côté de l'ontologie, grâce à une division préalable et proprement ontologique. La détermination du fondement de cette dualité ne doit plus relever de l'expérience (toujours particulière), mais d'une déduction plus générale."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Among such social-philosophic notions as society, culture, civilization, system, human, sense, sign, truth and others, concept “symbol” takes a special place. Most of the researchers meet the view, that symbol possesses an important place in the development of culture as a social phenomenon. The role of symbol in cultures birth and development is characterized by antipathy and polysemy. However revelation of the symbol role in spiritual processes of cultural transitions is beyond question one of the urgent philosophic issues. Symbol is (...) a form of access to over-sensible culture’s substance, it functions as a money-box and hearth of culture senses, which are included by the systems of signs, images, metaphors into the circulation of world and human relations. (shrink)

La crise et la critique implaquables qui ont mine l'idee de subjectivite et de sujet meme - depuis plusieurs decennies - n'etaient-elles pas dues pour une large part, a l'inachevement des concepts et a celui de la theorie? Inachevement qui cependant, s'est trouve tout a fait masque par l'hypertrophie (mille fois denoncee) du sujet, dans la metaphysique, la morale ou la theorie politique des classiques; et d'ailleurs, masque aussi bien pour ses critiques ulterieurs que pour ses promoteurs. Telle est l'hypothese (...) qui meut cet ouvrage. Elle s'approfondit et surtout en vient a se confirmer, lorsque - s'aidant en quelque sorte des apories et des difficultes memes de la theorie classique parvenue a son apogee - l'on introduit plusieurs notions dont l'absence ou bien le developpement insuffisant, devait conduire a ces difficultes; et plus tard a la critique contemporaine, a son tour (en sens negatif), unilaterale et insuffisante. (shrink)

The study aimed to investigate the impact of behavioral biases on herding for Islamic financial products with the mediation of shariah literacy. An adopted questionnaire from several published studies was used to collect data. The data were collected from 410 respondents and were analyzed with SmartPLS. The results for the direct impact showed that self-attribution, illusion of control, and information availability have a positive and significant impact on herding for Islamic financial products while shariah literacy showed an insignificant impact on (...) herding. The results for mediation showed that previously significant and positive impact turned to insignificant when shariah literacy was introduced as mediating variable between the illusion of control, self-attribution, information availability, and herding. From a theoretical perspective, this study would contribute to the existing body of knowledge of financial decision making from shariah literacy point-out. On the other hand, the findings of this study may be useful for investors to avoid herding in the Islamic financial markets. The authors synthesize the contribution made by behavioral finance studies in extending the knowledge of herding behavior in Islamic financial products with a mediating role of shariah literacy. The key limitation of the study includes data that were collected from three districts of Punjab, Pakistan. (shrink)

Generally toxic employees are under performers, yet some get better salaries and excel at workplace, getting positioned at higher ranks. This research assesses the relationship between the dark triad (Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy) and perceived victimization with a focus on the mediating effect of abusive supervision and the moderating effect of mindfulness. The data were gathered in three waves. Both the structural equation model with partial least square and Process were used to analyze the data. The study findings suggest that (...) abusive supervision plays a mediating role in the association between the dark triad and perceived victimization. However, the results did not support the mediating role of abusive supervision in the association between narcissism and perceived victimization. Moreover, the findings suggest that mindfulness weakens the effect of abusive supervision on perceived victimization. Furthermore, our findings support the mediated-moderation model. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are also discussed. (shrink)

The major argument against Ramsey-style epistemic structural realism is the model-theoretic refinement of Newman’s objection against Russell, presented in Ketland : 409–424, 2004), where a technical result is interpreted as showing that the Ramsey-sentence approach collapses into instrumentalism. This paper addresses some questions raised by the application of model theory to the scientific realism debate. Firstly, I will suggest three different formal semantics for the positions in the debate. Then, some technicalities of Ketland’s result will be scrutinized in light of (...) comments by Zahar and Demopoulos. Finally, I will formalize Ketland’s argument by means of an intensional operator and focus on one problematic premise. The conclusion is that, with some adjustments, the Ramsey-sentence approach can represent an intermediate position between realism and instrumentalism, but the term “structuralism” does not suit it well. (shrink)

This communique presents the Q-S synchronization of two nonidentical complex nonlinear hyperchaotic systems with unknown parameters. An adaptive controller based on adaptive integral sliding mode control and parameter update laws are designed to realize the synchronization and parameter identification to a given map vector. The aforementioned strategy’s employment demands the transformation of a system into a specific structure containing a nominal part and some unknown terms. An integral sliding mode controller is used to stabilize the error system by designing nominal (...) control accompanied by compensator control. For chattering suppression, a continuous compensator of smooth nature is used instead of conventional control. The stability of the proposed algorithm is established in an impressive way, using Lyapunov criteria. A numerical simulation is performed to illustrate the validity of the proposed synchronization scheme. (shrink)

t. 1. [no assigned title] -- t. 2. Dialektiko-logicheskie print︠s︡ipy postroenii︠a︡ teorii -- t. 3. Dialektika aktivnosti v nauchnom poznanii -- t. 4. Dialekticheskai︠a︡ logika, obshchie problemy, kategorii sfery neposredstvennogo -- t. 5. Dialektika Kanta -- t. 6. Filosofii︠a︡ i logika Gegeli︠a︡.

“Maqamat as-Sufiyya” is a small theoretical works of Shihab ad-Din as-Suhrawardi (ab. 1154-1191), the founder of the Philosophy of Illumination. It contains practical instructions and theoretical reflections and proofs. As-Suhrawardi especially notes terminology used by philosophers and terminology used by sufis in “Maqamat as-Sufiyya”.

La riche collection d'objets en faïence du musée gréco-romain d'Alexandrie, dont nous préparons la publication complète, comprend plus de mille trois cents pièces découvertes, pour la majeure partie d'entre elles, à Alexandrie ou dans sa région. Nous présentons ici un tableau de la vaisselle ptolémaïque et romaine en insistant plus particulièrement sur les procédés de fabrication et la typologie de ces objets et offrons un état de la question sur la localisation des ateliers et le commerce de cette vaisselle.

Après une première présentation de la vaisselle en faïence du Musée gréco-romain d'Alexandrie (BCH 117 [1993], p. 565-602), nous étudions ici, à travers une sélection d'objets inédits, la petite plastique en faïence de style et de thèmes grecs ou gréco- égyptiens. Cette dernière offre un bon exemple de l'adaptation d'une technique traditionnelle à un nouveau répertoire iconographique et permet, par l'examen des contextes de découverte, d'apporter une contribution aux études sur les pratiques religieuses dans l'Egypte gréco-romaine.