The quaternary phase -- Changes in the art during the quaternary phase, and the transition to the ternary phase -- The ternary phase -- The post-art phase : logic -- Overview.

The Myth of Pelagianism is a ground-breaking interdisciplinary work that combines textual research with sociological analysis and evidence from previously unpresented manuscripts. It offers a revision to our understanding of Pelagius and the formation of Christian doctrine.

As obras de Raimundo Lúlio são famosas pela ausência de citação de autoridades. O presente artigo aventa que Lúlio desejava fundamentar a Arte, a qual, segundo sua convicção, lhe fora dada por Deus, como uma autoridade alternativa, e que esta poderia então tornar-se o ponto focal de uma comunidade textual, dedicada ao estudo do seu método e mensagem.

For this new anthology, Anthony Bonner has chosen central texts from his acclaimed two-volume compilation Selected Works of Ramon Llull. Available for the first time in an affordable format, these works serve as an introduction to the life and writings of the Catalan philosopher, mystic, and theologian who lived from 1232 to 1316. Founder of a school of Arabic and other languages, Llull was also a poet and novelist and one of the creators of literary Catalan.This volume contains three prefaces (...) on Llull's life, thought, and reputation. Of Llull's works, it offers Book of the Gentile and the Three Wise Men, his seminal Christian apology; the Ars brevis, a summary of his philosophical system; The Book of the Lover and the Beloved, a celebration of mystical love in the courtly tradition; and his wittily scathing Book of the Beasts. (shrink)

The current view of theoretical statements in science is that they should be literal and precise; ambiguous and metaphorical statements are useful only as pre-theoretical, exegetical, and heuristic devices and as pedagogical tools. In this paper we argue that this view is mistaken. Literal, precise statements apply to those experiential phenomena which can be defined either conventionally by criterial attribution or by internal atomic constitution. Experiential phenomena which are defined relationally and/or functionally, like nursing, in virtue of their nature, require (...) metaphorical description and explanation. In such cases, metaphor is theory-constitutive. Using insights from the philosophies of language and mind, and examples from nursing practice, education, and our own empirical research, we explore the nature of metaphor and its role in theory constitution. We argue that the apparent resistance of certain experiential phenomena to literal description and explanation is not necessarily indicative of pre-theoretic linguistic imprecision. We suggest, rather, that such resistance provides useful insights into the nature of such experiential phenomena. We also suggest that the aim of scientific theory should be methodological or epistemological precision and not merely linguistic precision. (shrink)