Haciendo un análisis amplio del contexto no solamente futbolístico, sino también político y artístico, el autor ayuda a comprender como el deporte se volvió en verdadera pasión nacional, que abarca todas las clases sociales, desde comienzos del siglo XX hasta hoy en día. El autor presenta el equipo de fútbol nacional en su formación, sus momentos de apogeo, - con jugadores memorables, como Pelé, Garrincha, Rivelino, Ronaldo Fenómeno y Ronaldinho Gaúcho -, hasta su queda, marcadamente por se haber trasformado en (...) un equipo de calidad técnica mediana, por influencia de la baja inversión en la formación y manutención de jugadores en territorio nacional, los cuales inmigran cada vez más temprano, vendidos para equipos extranjeros, sobre todo del continente europeo. (shrink)

This article analyzes the political and artistic context of Brazilian football. I attempt to understand how football became a true national passion, encompassing all social classes, from the beginning of the 20th century to the present. I present the Brazilian national team from its heyday – with memorable players such as Pelé, Garrincha, Rivelino, Ronaldo Fenômeno, and Ronaldinho Gaúcho – to its downfall, marked by its transformation into a team of average technical quality. I argue that such downfall is related (...) to the lack of investment in the formation and maintenance of players in Brazil, as they emigrate ever earlier after being sold to foreign teams, particularly in the European continent. (shrink)

This article investigates the metaphor of the “black box” in artificial intelligence, a representation that often suggests that AI is an unfathomable power, politically uncontrollable and shrouded in an aura of opacity. While the concept of the “black box” is legitimate and applicable in deep neural networks due to the in- herent complexity of the process, it has also become a generic pretext for the perception, which we seek to critically analyze, that AI systems are inscrutable and out of control, (...) as well as supposedly endowed with intel- ligence and creativity. To challenge these ideas, we will address what we call the supremacy of patterns and the two significant phenomena that result from it: enchanted determinism and the dictatorship of the past. (shrink)

No presente artigo gostaríamos de mostrar como a relação de Heidegger com a ciência e com a modernidade se dá num momento imediatamente anterior a Ser e Tempo. Para tal, faremos uma análise do texto elaborado a partir do curso, de 1924, Introdução à Investigação fenomenológica. Nesse texto o autor afirma que o que ali se prepara é um confronto com a fenomenologia atual, leia-se: husserliana. Esse confronto se estrutura a partir da crítica feita por Heidegger ao artigo A Filosofia (...) como Ciência de Rigor, de Edmund Husserl. Nele Heidegger acredita ter encontrado um preconceito que se interporia entre as coisas elas mesmas e o ente que nós somos e, pela falta de crítica desse preconceito, a fenomenologia de seu mestre se manteria ainda não-fenomenológica de fato. Tal preconceito seria justamente a necessária busca por segurança por meio de um método prévio à investigação da fenomenologia; tal necessidade, por sua vez, seria advinda da tradição moderna cartesiana na qual Husserl se manteria, o que não permitiria, segundo Heidegger, que sua filosofia pudesse se tornar, de fato, fundamental, como se arrogava. (shrink)

QUEM É MESMO EMPREGADO? DILEMAS DA SUBORDINAÇÃO JURÍDICA E O RETORNO DA DEPENDÊNCIA.

O tema do artigo são as representações de moldura e ekphrasis em A santa de Schöneberg, conto de Rubem Fonseca que tem como centro a vida e a obra do pintor EgonSchiele. O objetivo é verificar como tais procedimentos são realizados pelo narrador e de que maneira eles contribuem para o desenvolvimento da trama. Assim, tomamos como apoio teórico textos de estudiosos que tratam de moldura, da ekphrasis, da obra fonsequiana e de aspectos das narrativas breves, tais como Ortega y (...) Gasset (1963), Rosana de Lima Soares (2001), João Adolfo Hansen (2006), Ariovaldo José Vidal (2000), e Ricardo Piglia (2004).Palavras-chave: Rubem Fonseca. Moldura. Ekphrasis. Conto. (shrink)

The generic idea that the human should enhance seems uncontroversial. However, there is a great controversy about the meaning of enhance and the means that should be used. The possibilities of enhance humans through the use of biotechnology are a central theme of the current bioethical debate. Human Enhancement is the concept used to translate the idea that a biotransformation would generate a bioenhancement. In this article, we present a proposal for a factual-elementary framework of the generic concept of human (...) enhancement, in order to highlight the differences between a normative terminology and a descriptive terminology. Then, we contest the radical polarization that creates a harmful bias in the debate, arguing that what is at issue is a decision making based on non-universal value judgments. (shrink)

IntroductionThe idea of video recording in the operating room with panoramic cameras and microphones is a new concept that is changing the approach to medical activities in the OR. However, VR in the OR has brought up many concerns regarding patient privacy and has highlighted legal and ethical issues that were never previously exposed.AimTo review the literature concerning these aspects and provide a better ethical and legal understanding of the new challenges concerning VR in the OR.ConclusionsThere is a disparity between (...) the two main legal models concerning VR in the OR, namely the European legal system ) and the American legal framework ). This difference mainly deals with two distinct bioethical paradigms: GDPR places a strong emphasis on protecting patients’ privacy to improve the public health system, whereas HIPAA indicates the need to generate protocols to safeguard the risks connected to medical activity and patient privacy. Following from this point, we may argue that, at the ethical and bioethical level, GDPR and HIPAA depend mainly on two different ethical models: a perspective based on moral acquaintances and weak proceduralism, respectively. It is worth noting the importance of developing additional guidelines concerning different world regions to avoid the ethical problems that may emerge when simply applying a foreign paradigm to a very different culture. (shrink)

A partir da hipótese de que a inteligência artificial como tal não representaria o fim da supremacia humana, uma vez que, na essência, a IA somente simularia e aumentaria aspectos da inteligência humana em artefatos não biológicos, o presente artigo questiona sobre o risco real a ser enfrentado. Para além do embate entre tecnofóbicos e tecnofílicos, o que se defende, então, é que as possíveis falhas de funcionamento de uma inteligência artificial – decorrentes de sobrecarga de informação, de uma programação (...) equivocada ou de uma aleatoriedade do sistema – poderiam sinalizar os verdadeiros riscos existenciais, sobretudo quando se considera que o cérebro biológico, na esteira do viés da automação, tende a assumir de maneira acrítica aquilo que é posto por sistemas ancorados em inteligência artificial. Além disso, o argumento aqui defendido é que falhas não detectáveis pela provável limitação de controle humano quanto ao aumento de complexidade do funcionamento de sistemas de IA representam o principal risco existencial real. Palavras-chave: Inteligência artificial, risco existencial, superinteligências, controle humano. (shrink)

“Pós-humano” se tornou um termo guarda-chuva para se referir à variedade de escolas de pensamento e diferentes movimentos, incluindo o pós-humanismo filosófico, cultural e crítico; transumanismo ; a abordagem feminista dos novos materialismos; o panorama heterogêneo do anti-humanismo, meta-humanismo, meta-humanidades e pós-humanidades. Tal uso genérico e abrangente do termo criou confusões metodológicas e teóricas entre especialistas e não especialistas. Este ensaio irá explorar as diferenças entre esses movimentos, focando particularmente nas áreas de significação compartilhadas pelo pós-humanismo e transumanismo. Ao apresentar (...) essas duas filosofias independentes, ainda que relacionadas, o pós-humanismo pode-se provar um ponto de vista mais compreensível para refletir sobre futuros possíveis. (shrink)

This paper presents the results of an experiment designed to test for nationality bias among members of the Brazilian philosophical community. Faculty members and postgraduate students from philosophy departments at seven Brazilian universities evaluated texts attributed to authors of European and Latin American nationalities. Results showed a clear preference for French nationality over Brazilian. They were inconclusive, however, when contrasting other Latin American nationalities with European nationalities, which likely relates to the academic background of the participants. These overall results support (...) the claim that Brazilian academic philosophers are highly critical of Brazilians who produce theories of their own. The paper calls on philosophers to carefully consider the ways in which Eurocentrism impacts their very ability to reason. (shrink)

Human extinction is something generally deemed as undesirable, although some scholars view it as a potential solution to the problems of the Earth since it would reduce the moral evil and the suffering that are brought about by humans. We contend that humans collectively have absolute intrinsic value as sentient, conscious and rational entities, and we should preserve them from extinction. However, severe threats, such as climate change and incurable viruses, might push humanity to the brink of extinction. Should that (...) occur, it might be useful to envision a successor to humans able to preserve and hand down its value. One option would be to resort to humanoid robots that reproduce our salient characteristics by imitation, thanks to AI powered by machine learning. However, the question would arise of how to select the characteristics needed for our successors to thrive. This could prove to be particularly challenging. A way out might come from an algorithm entrusted with this choice. In fact, an algorithmic selection both at the social and at the individual level could be a preferred choice than other traditional ways of making decisions. In this sense, reflecting on human extinction helps us to identify solutions that are also suitable for the problems we face today. (shrink)

Following a trend in bioethical/applied ethics approaches, one of the frustrating features of studies on technological human enhancement is their dichotomous tendency. Often, benefits and risks of technological human enhancement are stated in theoretically and empirically vague, polarized, unweighted ways. This has blocked the debate in the problematic ‘pros vs. cons’ stage, leading to the adoption of extremist positions. In this paper, we will address one side of the problem: the focus on risks and the imprecise approach to them. What (...) motivates our approach is the identification of the weaknesses of the anti-enhancement criticism, which stem from its use of the concept of risk, as well as the heuristic of fear and the precautionary principle. Thus, ‘taking a step back’ to move forward in the debate, our purpose is to establish some theoretical foundations concerning the concept of risk, recognizing, at the same time, its complexity and importance for the debate. Besides the concept of risk, we emphasize the concept of existential risk, and we make some considerations about epistemic challenges. Finally, we highlight central features of more promising approaches to move the debate forward. Keywords: Human enhancement technologies, risk, uncertainty, conceptual problem, epistemic challenges. (shrink)

O presente artigo explica o que é e como funciona o método de análise lógica de Russell no contexto do atomismo lógico, apontando os objetivos e preceitos que ele leva em conta quando se propõe a fazer análises proposicionais. Após explorar o desenvolvimento geral da análise em sua obra, examinamos dois exemplos de análise proposicional: o de proposições relacionais e o de proposições que contêm descrições. Nos dois casos, notamos que Russell busca romper com uma lógica restrita à forma sujeito-predicado, (...) que ele pensava ser a origem de uma gramática defectiva e, por isso, também de muitos dos problemas metafísicos tradicionais. Neste sentido, presumindo que pode haver uma ampla variedade de formas, Russell pensa que o objetivo da análise seria justamente identificar qual é a forma lógica e quais são os constituintes de uma proposição, o que serviria para desfazer mal-entendidos da linguagem e dissolver problemas metafísicos. Portanto, no presente artigo, detalhamos sob quais preceitos teóricos Russell realiza esse objetivo nos dois exemplos especificados. (shrink)

Lue et appréciée par Schelling et Hegel, mais férocement critiquée par Lobeck et les cercles philologiques rationalistes, la Symbolik de Creuzer ne manqua pas d'exercer son influence sur Bachofen et le jeune Nietzsche, jusqu'à Klages, Frobenius, W. Fr. Otto et Kerényi. Point de repère incontournable de toute recherche historique et philologique sensible aux racines mystériques, dionysiaques et orientales de la grécité, la Symbolik a eu le mérite de conjuguer l'érudition typique du XVIII e siècle et une vision métaphysique et religieuse (...) de l'histoire de l'antiquité et de son immense patrimoine symbolique et mythologique. (shrink)

James Harrington e la concezione del "commonweath" come organismo - This article aims to shed light on the link between Harrington’s political thought and his conception of Nature as an organic whole. Such a relation is reflected in the way mixed government and the representative system are designed to act as complementary institutions of a republic or commonwealth. Under mixed government, the popular balance of property - a political transposition of the fullness of natural life meaning the spread of landed (...) property among the population - is tempered by a quarter of the entire territory being concentrated in the hands of a minority of big landowners. On this basis, the minority ensures for its members exclusive access to the Senate, as an aristocratic institution. In the context of the representative system, the fact that the Senate alone can deliberate, whereas a Popular Assembly can only accept or reject decisions made by the Senate, is moderated by periodical elections of both Houses of Parliament based on popular suffrage. (shrink)

Riassunto Il tragico epilogo delle vicende graccane non lasciò indifferente la classe dirigente romana. La violenza e il ricorso legittimo ad essa furono oggetto di un’articolata riflessione storiografica presso le élites. La violenza diventò parametro interpretativo della storia politica dell’ultimo secolo della res publica. La rilevanza del problema influenzò profondamente la successiva riflessione storiografica, suscitando interesse anche nella storiografia moderna.

A Inteligência Artificial (AI) é a mais nova hype tecnológica. Embora envolva grande diversidade de tecnologias, uma imagem genérica, superpoderosa, fortemente negativa e, no limite, distópica da IA tem sido disseminada, especialmente por obras de ficção científica. Recentemente, sobretudo após o lançamento do ChatGPT, houve uma explosão de publicações jornalísticas e acadêmicas, que, em parte, reforçam esse imaginário. Nas abordagens acadêmicas, os riscos seguem em destaque e, inclusive, cenários apocalípticos relacionados à AI são levados em consideração. A preocupação ética, então, (...) assume um sentido eminentemente negativo e os possíveis benefícios das AIs, muito mais realistas, são subfocalizados. Neste artigo, destacamos a importância de ir além da hype, desenvolvendo abordagens multi/interdisciplinares, delimitadas, realistas e ponderadas. Recorrendo à inteligência coletiva expressa na interação entre pesquisadores de três áreas (ciência da computação, linguística e filosofia), abordamos uma ferramenta de tradução automática (Machine Translation) gratuita: Google Translate. Nosso objetivo é mostrar que abordagens bem delimitadas, multidisciplinares, tecnicamente respaldadas e que não adotem o discurso sensacionalista nos conduzem a reflexões epistemicamente mais consistentes e crítico-normativas mais ponderadas, o que seria fundamental para o avanço do debate sobre AI. (shrink)

As the world of technology increasingly intersects with humanity, one name stands out as a guide in this complex and ever-changing territory: James Hughes. In this interview, we had the opportunity not only to learn more about the author’s thinking and expertise, but also to explore the perspectives he brings on the technological future.

Human improvement is epistemologically challenging and has awakened a wide range of academic and public debates, especially considering the possible ethical and political consequences of its regulation. This article focuses on a selection of conceptual questions about cognitive enhancement and defends, through the discussion, the role of cognitive artifacts and the insufficiency of a strictly materialistic vision of enhancement techniques. The article approaches 3 specific questions: first, that the concept of enhancement should not be linked only with biotechnological artifacts; second, (...) that the most potent technologies of the near future will be those that offer user integration and transformation with machines without the need for implants or surgery; and third, that cognitive artifacts, i.e. non-biological material devices coupled to cognitive system functions, are responsible for the course of human enhancement throughout history. Thus, we do not need a moral compass to evaluate all dimensions and risks that human enhancement can elicit, since traditional conservatism about enhancement limits itself to the idea that the growth of our powers would make our values unsustainable and put the current way of human life at risk. (shrink)

Resumo: Este artigo se propõe a refletir sobre a possibilidade de a biotecnologia promover uma nova forma de criação do humano e sobre como isso pode alterar a compreensão ética do que significa ser humano. Tendo como pano de fundo a contraposição entre duas idéias de humano – como sujeito ativo da seleção e como sujeito moral dotado de autonomia, autenticidade e autocompreensão ética da espécie –, o objetivo é analisar os argumentos apresentados por dois importantes filósofos contemporâneos acerca da (...) biotecnologia. Apresento e contraponho os argumentos do debate entre Peter Sloterdijk, no texto Regras para o parque humano, e Jürgen Habermas, na obra O futuro da natureza humana, identificando e debatendo suas posições acerca do papel das biotecnologias para o futuro da humanidade. (shrink)

No artigo, abordo a ideia de melhoramento humano (MH), visando a contestar três frustrantes tendências dos seus críticos, a saber, as ideias de: (1) que a natureza humana será artificializada, sugerindo que estaremos diante de algo novo e incomparavelmente perigoso, bem como que ainda seja possível preservar uma separação radical entre natureza e técnica; (2) que é possível abordar e criticar o MH a partir de uma singularidade semântica; e, diretamente relacionada à anterior, (3) que há univocidade entre os defensores (...) do MH acerca de como os indivíduos devem lidar com os meios biotecnocientíficos disponibilizados, a saber, como uma ingênua e acrítica obrigação de melhorar. In this paper, I discuss the idea of human enhancement (HE). My goal is to refute three frustrating trends in the HE criticism, namely the ideas that: (1) human nature will become artificial, suggesting that we will be facing something new and uniquely dangerous, and that it is still possible to preserve a radical separation between nature and technique; (2) it is possible to address and criticize HE from a semantic uniqueness, which is directly related to the previous item; and (3) there is an univocity among the HE's defenders on how individuals should handle the available bio-techno-scientific tools made available, namely, as a naive and uncritical obligation to become enhanced. (shrink)

Resumo: neste artigo, examinamos a ideia de que o transumanismo é uma religião. Para isso, partimos de uma definição prototípica do transumanismo, que orientará nossa abordagem. Na sequência, apresentamos a ideia de transumanismo como um tipo de religião. Além de destacar as semelhanças entre transumanismo e religião apontadas pelos defensores de tal possibilidade de associação/identificação, apresentamos algumas das suas alegações fundamentais, concluindo a seção com uma lista de diferenças entre transumanismo e religião. Em seguida, tendo em mente semelhanças e diferenças, (...) analisamos as alegações apresentadas na seção anterior, o que nos leva à contestação da plausibilidade daquela ideia. Concluímos o artigo com uma breve reconstrução da teoria habermasiana da religião, a fim de fundamentar a manutenção da separação entre as esferas da ciência e da religião, o que seria fundamental para salvaguardar o horizonte epistêmico e normativo das sociedades pós-metafísicas, democráticas e pluralistas. (shrink)

Traditional approaches in healthcare have been challenged giving way to broader forms of users’ participation in treatment. In this article we present the Health 2.0 movement as an example of relational and participatory practices in healthcare. Health 2.0 is an approach in which participation is the major aim, aspiring to reshape the system into more collaborative and less hierarchical relationships. We offer two illustrations in order to discuss how Health 2.0 is related and can contribute to a positive uptake of (...) patient’s knowledge, which implies challenging healthcare practices exclusively focused on scientific expertise. In contrast, the illustrations we discuss focus on relations and cultural practices, searching for responsive and context-sensitive interventions, entertaining multiple views and allowing space for creativity. Finally we introduce two relational resources to contribute with the development and sustainability of Health 2.0 practices: Relational being and edge of fluidity. Those are resources aiming to engage professionals in a type of conversation with their clients, which is different from the hierarchical, linear and fact-oriented approach. This conversation aims at creating a space where the voices of all involved are welcomed, raising different opinions and points of view, bringing up new light and possibilities to the problem being investigated. These resources may be useful for those who are interested in improving quality in healthcare by investing in collaboration, contextual sensitivity and relational engagement. (shrink)

Anistia e as Ambivalências do Cinismo- A ADPF 153 e Micropolíticas da Memória consiste em uma primeira aproximação da pesquisa dos problemas contemporâneos suscitados por um tema cujo aparente anacronismo revela progressivamente sua extemporânea atualidade- o da anistia no Brasil, suas consequências éticas e políticas na transição do Estado brasileiro, e de suas instituições à democracia. Estes estudos foram escritos na atmosfera do debate público suscitado por ocasião do julgamento da ADPF 153 - sob todos os aspectos - sua propositura, (...) pelo Conselho Federal da OAB, consistiu em um gesto simbólico com o potencial de reabrir internamente o debate jurídico, ético e político sobre os temas da anistia e da responsabilização de agentes de Estado, civis e militares, violadores de direitos humanos no Brasil. Decantados nos anos seguintes, os textos que apresentamos ao leitor foram revistos e ampliados à luz de alguns encontros e oportunidades para debater o tema em espaços de pesquisa e de divulgação acadêmica privilegiados. (shrink)

This study analyzes how poetic procedures used in Psalm 9,12-21 emphasize imprecations in these verses. The issue of imprecations in the Psalms is always subject to be studied, discussed and digested. In addition to the general problem of imprecations – something omnipresent in the Psalter –, exegetes always must face the imprecations of each specific poem. This requires a careful examination of the devices that the psalmist uses. For this formal approach, the second part of Psalm 9 offers interesting and (...) rich material, since the various poetic and rhetorical resources are in function of theology, that is, they delineate the theological profiles for the three main characters involved in the conflict: the psalmist, enemies and YHWH. This study is mainly, but not exclusively, synchronic; the translation was made directly from the Hebrew, so keep as closely as possible the poetic and rhetorical devices used by the psalmist. A theological synthesis closes the analysis by way of conclusion. (shrink)

This comprehensive review explores the evolving epistemological foundations of Human Reliability Analysis (HRA), tracing its transition from a practical, applied field to a scientific discipline. The paper critically examines the philosophical assumptions that underlie prominent HRA models, emphasizing their impact on both scientific validity and practical application. Organized into five sections, the paper begins by articulating its primary aim in Section 1: to uncover and scrutinize the philosophical assumptions within HRA models. Sections 2.2 and 2.3 delve into reductionist and holistic (...) paradigms. Section 2.4 focuses on the shift toward holistic theories, emphasizing the integration of human, technical, and organizational elements in modern socio-technical systems. Section 3 concludes by examining systemic approaches, capturing the paradigm shift from reductionism to a broader, interdependent view of accidents and reliability. Section 4 sheds light on the contemporary HRA models, emphasizing the prevalence of systemism in recent research. Notable models, such as SoTeRiA and FRAM, undergo scrutiny for their systemic approach, revealing interrelationships crucial for understanding accidents in complex operations. In Section 5, the paper explores the practical implications of the epistemological insights gained, emphasizing their potential impact on the development and enhancement of HRA models. The conclusion advocates for a paradigm shift in HRA that involves rethinking the epistemological bases of models. It underscores the need for ongoing philosophical scrutiny to drive the discipline's progress, ultimately enhancing our understanding, prediction, and improvement of human performance and system safety. (shrink)

Resilience is the process and outcome of healthy adaptation despite significant adversity. Proliferation of research on the resilience construct has led to scientific concerns about the operationalization and measurement of resilience for assessment science and practice. Various studies that have investigated the psychometric properties and construct validity of the Resilience Scale for Adolescents have yielded inconsistent findings, which could partly be due to variations in the methodological approaches. This study investigated the factor structure and construct validity of the READ in (...) four European regions participating in the Universal Preventive Resilience Intervention Globally Implemented in Schools to Improve and Promote Mental Health for Teenagers project. Participants included adolescents aged 10–15 years from Spain, Iceland, Italy, and Poland. The five-factor model of the READ was similar across gender and participating regions. Construct validity of the READ was supported. After establishing construct separability, incremental validity was supported. The READ is a valid and reliable measure of protective factors involved in resilience and demonstrates promise for cross-cultural applicability. Recommendations for measuring resilience and validating the READ in future investigations are provided. (shrink)