The probabilization of a logic system consists of enriching the language (the formulas) and the semantics (the models) with probabilistic features. Such an operation is said to be exogenous if the enrichment is done on top, without internal changes to the structure, and is called endogenous otherwise. These two different enrichments can be applied simultaneously to the language and semantics of a same logic. We address the problem of studying the transference of metaproperties, such as completeness and decidability, to the (...) exogenous probabilization of an abstract logic system. First, we setup the necessary framework to handle the probabilization of a satisfaction system by proving transference results within a more general context. In this setup, we define a combination mechanism of logics through morphisms and prove sufficient condition to guarantee completeness and decidability. Then, we demonstrate that probabilization is a special case of this exogenous combination method, and that it fulfills the general conditions to obtain transference of completeness and decidability. Finally, we motivate the applicability of our technique by analyzing the probabilization of the linear temporal logic over Markov chains, which constitutes an endogenous probabilization. The results are obtained first by studying the exogenous semantics, and then by establishing an equivalence with the original probabilization given by Markov chains. (shrink)

Lógica, formação escolar e filosofia entre os jesuítas Resumo: O interesse mais direto deste artigo é a relação entre a Lógica e a formação filosófica na educação jesuíta. Para compor uma imagem da importância e da concreção da Lógica na formação proposta pelos inacianos, nós nos concentraremos na Ratio Studiorum e na obra do jesuíta português Pedro da Fonseca (1526-1599). A razão do recorte proposto é que as reflexões de Fonseca sobre o tema parecem, por um lado, orientar outros (...) jesuítas, como é o caso de Sebastião do Couto, que é o autor da dialética do Curso Conimbricense; por outro, elas são mais completas, sobretudo pela atenção dada por Fonseca ao método e às disputationes. De posse do conceito de Lógica de Fonseca, concluímos com a indicação de caminhos contemporâneos de revisitação de lógicas do passado. Palavras-chave: lógica; método; educação; jesuítas. Logic, school education and philosophy among the Jesuits Abstract: The most direct interest of this article is the relationship between Logic and philosophical formation in Jesuit education. In order to produce an image of the importance and concretion of Logic in the formation proposed by the Ignatians, we will focus on the Ratio Studiorum and on the work of the Portuguese Jesuit Pedro da Fonseca (1526-1599). The reason for the proposed approach is that Fonseca's reflections on the subject seem, on the one hand, to guide other Jesuits, such as Sebastião do Couto, who is the author of the dialectic of Curso Conimbricense; on the other hand, Fonseca’s conception of logic is more complete regarding the other Jesuits, especially due to the attention given by our author to the method and the disputationes. In possession of Fonseca's Logic concept, we conclude with an indication of contemporary paths for revisiting the logics of the past. Key-words: logic; method; education; Jesuits. Logica, educazione scolastica e filosofia tra i gesuiti Abstract: L’interesse più diretto di questo articolo è il rapporto tra Logica e la formazione filosofica nell’educazione dei gesuiti. Per produrre un’immagine dell’importanza e della concretezza della Logica nella formazione proposta dagli inaziani, ci concentreremo nella Ratio Studiorum e nell’opera del gesuita portoghese Pedro da Fonseca (1526-1599). Il motivo di questa scelta è che le riflessioni di Fonseca sull’argomento sembrano, da un lato, guidare gli altri gesuiti, come Sebastião do Couto, cioè, l’autore della dialettica del Curso Conimbricense; da l’altro, la concezione di logica di Fonseca è più completa riguardo ad’altri gesuiti, soprattutto per l’attenzione data dall’autore al metodo e alle disputationes. Possedendo il concetto di logica di Fonseca, concludiamo con l’indicazione di modi contemporanei di rivisitare le logiche del passato. Parole chiave: logica ; metodo ; educazione ; gesuiti. Data de registro: 16/09/2021 Data de aceite: 01/12/2021. (shrink)

How does the complex structure of the image today connect to perception, what does this visual culture offer and what is left to the perciever? As we find ourselves in a culture of digital media, wherein Design, Cinema and New Media intersect, this book zooms in on the imagees dynamic factors seen as a field of work in which the creation of contents and forms is inscribed in a post-digital era.

Se muestran los rasgos generales de la noción posmoderna de sujeto moral en Vattimo desde la interpretación que hace de Nietzsche y Heidegger, según la cual la continui-dad entre estos pensadores solo se da en el horizonte de una nueva ontología. Esta se especifica con el hilo conductor de la noción de don que desarrolla Bataille, lo que la hace una ontología nihilista del don (del ser como don). Por su parte, el sujeto se determina como agente del don, capaz (...) de recibir el don del ser como llamado del pasado y, a su vez, mediar una respuesta que se configure como don para el futuro. Ese sujeto solo puede ser tal si primero se desustancializa o, según la noción de don de Bataille, se autoinmola. (shrink)

Se muestran los rasgos generales de la noción posmoderna de sujeto moral en Vattimo desde la interpretación que hace de Nietzsche y Heidegger, según la cual la continuidad entre estos pensadores solo se da en el horizonte de una nueva ontología. Esta se especifica con el hilo conductor de la noción de don que desarrolla Bataille, lo que la hace una ontología nihilista del don. Por su parte, el sujeto se determina como agente del don, capaz de recibir el don (...) del ser como llamado del pasado y, a su vez, mediar una respuesta que se configure como don para el futuro. Ese sujeto solo puede ser tal si primero se desustancializa o, según la noción de don de Bataille, se autoinmola. The article shows the general features of the postmodern notion of moral subject in Vattimo's work following his interpretation of Nietzsche and Heidegger, according to which the continuity between these thinkers only occurs on the horizon of a new ontology. This ontology is specified with the conducting thread of Bataille's notion of gift, which makes it a nihilist ontology of the gift. Furthermore, the subject is defined as an agent of the gift, capable of receiving the gift of being as a call of the past and, simultaneously, capable of mediating a response configured as a gift for the future. This subject can be such only if it is de-substantized, or, according to Bataille's notion of gift, self-immolated. (shrink)

This article develops further a proposal for conversation at the ASC 2020 Global Conversation event, motivated by exchange of e-mails with Ranulph Glanville in 2007. Drawing from the questions raised by Glanville and myself, this article addresses the concept of autopoiesis and the possibility of revisiting the concepts of structure and organization, which are discussed with an example of a transfunctional interface (structure) designed to invite people to configure unpredictable organizations. It examines the correspondence between structure and organization and opens (...) new questions to rethink cybernetics in the realm of relations. (shrink)

Jean-Paul Sartre e Michel Foucault travaram acirrado debate em torno de suas concepções acerca do que é a História. No presente artigo examinaremos o debate entre esses dois autores privilegiando as contribuições que fizeram a partir de suas obras principais nos anos 60. Na Crítica da Razão Dialética Sartre explicita uma noção de História que tem como perspectiva geral a superação e a transformação de estruturas pela práxis humana, determinando assim um lugar fundamental para a atividade do sujeito e de (...) sua consciência na história entendida como processo de totalização dialética. Por outro lado, em As Palavras e as Coisas e em A Arqueologia do Saber, Foucault inscreve sua arqueologia no contexto mais geral de uma mutação epistemológica da história. Seu objetivo é defender uma prática metodológica nova, desfazendo as sujeições antropológicas que, nas suas palavras, permeiam uma concepção obsoleta de história. A partir daí compreende-se sua preocupação em desconstruir uma determinada relação entre dialética-humanismo-história como forjadora de uma “grande evolução contínua e homogênea” para onde tudo converge. Investigando em que medida esta arqueologia esteve voltada para uma contraposição com a noção de história que tem o homem como garantia, isto é, um sujeito que faz a história e garante sua continuidade, veremos que o projeto sartreano de desalienação do homem encontra seu limite, em Foucault, na forma de um projeto de historicização que visa reduzir o lugar desse sujeito transcendental. Finalmente, esses deslocamentos tornam patentes novas possibilidades para se pensar a relação entre história e filosofia. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo principal analisar o pensamento desenvolvido por Georges Canguilhem e Gilbert Simondon sobre dois conceitos principais: o conceito de organismo e de máquina. A intenção é de reconstruir, a partir das continuidades e descontinuidades entre os dois conceitos, o raciocínio desenvolvido pelos dois autores sobre esses temas na história da filosofia francesa do século passado. Assim, tomamos como escopo as obras La connaissance de la vie, publicada por Canguilhem em 1952 e a tese complementar de doutoramento (...) de Simondon, orientada por Canguilhem, Du mode d’existence des objets techniques, de 1958. A partir disso, o texto se divide em seis partes: uma introdução, onde damos as especificações de escopo e de análise, seguida pela primeira parte, onde analisamos os conceitos de pensamento, conhecimento, sujeito e objeto. Em seguida, na parte dois, analisamos os conceitos de máquina, mecanismo e motor, como utilizadas em Canguilhem, e os conceitos de indivíduo, elemento e conjunto técnico desenvolvidas por Simondon. A terceira parte se dedica a analisar a questão do autômato, bem como os conceitos de mecanismo e finalismo. A quarta parte desenvolve o conceito de organismo-máquina e os conceitos de potencialidade e de teleologia desenvolvidos principalmente em Canguilhem. Por fim, na conclusão, analisamos as aproximações e distâncias entre os dois autores, bem como a imagem do monstro e do robô. (shrink)

Entre le XIIIe et le XVIIIe siècle, les allégories picturales de la musique mettent en scène de manière récurrente un couple énigmatique : une jeune femme à l’orgue et un forgeron frappant sur son enclume. Il s’agira, à travers un parcours en quelques images, de questionner les termes, a priori antagonistes, de cet appariement et, ce faisant, de poser les jalons d’une réflexion sur ces représentations qui, sur la longue durée historique, semblent bien former – ou forger – un système.

Resenha de: CHAMAYOU, Grégoire. Teoria do drone. Tradução de Célia Euvaldo. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2015.

This paper raises a new form of speaker error objection to the analysis of disputes as metalinguistic negotiations in cases in which disputants reject that analysis. It focuses on an obvious but underexplored form of speaker error: speakers’ misattribution of contents both to others and to themselves. It argues that the analyses of disputes that posit this type of speaker error are uncharitable in three different ways: first, by portraying speakers as mistaken interpreters of their interlocutors; second, by portraying speakers (...) as uncharitable interpreters of their interlocutors; third, by portraying speakers who retract their claims as mistaken interpreters of their own prior utterances. Taken together, these unfavorable consequences weigh significantly against the plausibility of this type of analysis for the cases in question. (shrink)

This article argues that curriculum work can benefit from signifiers of Bildung to promote democracy in public education. The argument is built on the premise that cultural and intellectual traditions that value Bildung presume a link between the inner cultivation of the individual and the development of better societies (Horlacher 2017). I start by presenting Mouffe’s (2000) democratic paradox and how pluralism is the defining feature of liberal democracies. Based on how curriculum work is a standard of public education (Hopmann (...) 1999), I state that the curriculum must formalise pluralism in education and convey the democratic paradox in educational terms. With reference to Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory, I then argue that such a laborious task can be achieved in the curriculum with the aid of signifiers of Bildung. Signifiers of Bildung are discursively empty and cannot acquire a definite meaning. Because of this, they make it possible to speak of the student and the society of liberal democracies while impeding a too narrow comprehension of what they are and ought to be. Therefore, to implement signifiers of Bildung in the curriculum can help establish both a standard of public education and limits to popular sovereignty. However, their use must undergo careful scrutiny, and teachers must remain free to interpret them. (shrink)

In spite of the considerable development of research in the fields of business ethics and family business, a comprehensive review and integration of the area where both disciplines intersect has not been undertaken so far. This paper aims at contributing to the call for more research on family business ethics by answering the following research questions: What is the status of the current research at the intersection of business ethics and family business? Why and how do family firms differ from (...) non-family firms regarding business ethics? And, what are the key directions for further research? To answer these questions, this study combines a systematic approach for the selection of articles, resulting in a sample of 31 articles over 35 years, with a narrative review to analyze the literature. This paper finds that research on family business ethics is scarce but increasing and that family firms are considerably different from non-family firms regarding ethical issues. Particular stakeholders, goals, relationships, and practices are found to be the forces behind the peculiarity of family business ethics. Ultimately, research development on family business ethics is encouraged and future research directions flowing from the key findings and reflections of this review are provided. (shrink)

Vale a pena referir a edição desta obra, mesmo que editada já no ano anterior, agora que voltou a ser divulgada, muito recentemente, a propósito da comemoração do dia da Europa, numa iniciativa designada por Café da Europa. A presidência austríaca da União Europeia decidindo assinalar o dia 9 de Maio do presente ano nos Cafés recupera, assim, uma ideia origi­nal de George Steiner, quando considera que a identidade europeia se revela pelos Cafés: " A Europa é feita de cafetarias, (...) de cafés. Est... (shrink)

This book aims to enrich our understanding of the role the environment plays in processes of life and cognition, from the perspective of enactive cognitive science. Miguel A. Sepúlveda-Pedro offers an unprecedented interpretation of the central claims of the enactive approach to cognition, supported by contemporary works of ecological psychology and phenomenology. The enactive approach conceives cognition as sense-making, a phenomenon emerging from the organizational nature of the living body that evolves in human beings through sensorimotor, intercorporeal, and linguistic (...) interactions with the environment. From this standpoint, Sepúlveda-Pedro suggests incorporating three new theses into the theoretical body of the enactive approach: sense-making and cognition fundamentally consist of processes of norm development; the environment, cognitive agents actually interact with, is an active ecological field enacted in their historical past; and sense-making occurs in a domain consisting of multiple normative dimensions that the author names enactive place. (shrink)

Brian Cutter objected to the consequence argument due to its dependence on the principle that miracle workers are metaphysically impossible. A miracle worker is someone who has the ability to act in a way such that the laws of nature would be violated. While there is something to the thought that agents like us do not have this ability, Cutter claims that there is no compelling reason to regard miracle workers as metaphysically impossible. However, the paper contends that miracle workers (...) are indeed impossible according to well-known theories concerning the laws of nature. This result highlights the reliance of the consequence argument on a plausible premise, which is widely accepted by proponents of non-Humean views of laws. The paper also provides a way to explain away the intuition that miracle workers are possible, but this has the upshot that a recent, two-dimensional formulation of the consequence argument is unsound. (shrink)

Although music is known to be a part of everyday life and a resource for mood and emotion management, everyday life has changed significantly for many due to the global coronavirus pandemic, making the role of music in everyday life less certain. An online survey in which participants responded to Likert scale questions as well as providing free text responses was used to explore how participants were engaging with music during the first wave of the pandemic, whether and how they (...) were using music for mood regulation, and how their engagement with music related to their experiences of worry and anxiety resulting from the pandemic. Results indicated that, for the majority of participants, while many felt their use of music had changed since the beginning of the pandemic, the amount of their music listening behaviors were either unaffected by the pandemic or increased. This was especially true of listening to self-selected music and watching live streamed concerts. Analysis revealed correlations between participants’ use of mood for music regulation, their musical engagement, and their levels of anxiety and worry. A small number of participants described having negative emotional responses to music, the majority of whom also reported severe levels of anxiety. (shrink)

We explore Peirce’s pragmatic conception of sign action, as a distributed and emergent view of cognition and exemplify with the emergence of classical ballet. In our approach, semiosis is a temporally distributed process in which a regular tendency towards certain future outcomes emerges out of a history of sign actions. Semiosis self-organizes in time, in a process that continuously entails the production of more signs. Emergence is a ubiquitous condition in this process: the translation of signs into signs cannot be (...) inferred from the properties of the components of a semiotic triad alone, but has to take into account a complex interaction between a micro-semiotic and macro-semiotic level of description. This interaction can be understood as an interplay of potentialities and tendencies, or upward constitutive determinative relations and downward selective determinative relations. According to this view, emergence is a central defining condition of processes of meaning. Ballet is a sign in action. The emergence of classical ballet is a self-regulatory process, in which a system of different kinds of cognitive artifacts (musical, bodily/motor, spatial/architectonic) and agents obtained a stable semiotic relation throughout many phases of development between the 16th and the 19th Century. One case is the development of the verticality of dance in classical ballet as a semiotic relation connecting proscenium arch stages, dancing bodies, and audiences. This development is micro-semiotically determined by the spatial constraints of the proscenium arch stage, and macro-semiotically determined by a historical construction of the dancing body as a sign within a network of semiotic chains, such as the intersemiotic regulation of body of the dancer by principles coming from painting. This is not only the emergence of actual meaning, but also the emergence of an open-ended field of potential and general meanings, an autonomous tendency of development. To say that ballet, as sign action, emerges, is to say that cognitive artifacts such as dancer’s bodies, stages and audience’s point of view, musical compositions, costumes, all sorts of supporting institutions, etc, constitute a niche for sign action, interacting according to tendencies of development that didn’t exist before. (shrink)

No artigo A Negação Fregeana do Número 2 (2008), Greimann argumenta que a negação fregeana do número 2, presente no final do sexto parágrafo de Grundgesetze (1893, 1903), não envolve nenhum absurdo ainda que, segundo ele, seja uma negação do número 2 como um termo singular. Meu ponto aqui é mostrar que, na passagem em questão, Frege não necessariamente nega o número 2 como um termo singular, mas apenas exemplifica a possibilidade de se negar o emprego do número 2 como (...) uma classificação de outro objeto numa sentença falsa. (shrink)

We introduce a new class of real-valued monotones in preordered spaces, injective monotones. We show that the class of preorders for which they exist lies in between the class of preorders with strict monotones and preorders with countable multi-utilities, improving upon the known classification of preordered spaces through real-valued monotones. We extend several well-known results for strict monotones (Richter–Peleg functions) to injective monotones, we provide a construction of injective monotones from countable multi-utilities, and relate injective monotones to classic results concerning (...) Debreu denseness and order separability. Along the way, we connect our results to Shannon entropy and the uncertainty preorder, obtaining new insights into how they are related. In particular, we show how injective monotones can be used to generalize some appealing properties of Jaynes’ maximum entropy principle, which is considered a basis for statistical inference and serves as a justification for many regularization techniques that appear throughout machine learning and decision theory. (shrink)

El presente trabajo trata de ofrecer una posibilidad de abordaje de la perspectiva de género en 2º de la ESO mediante el recurso a las Novelas ejemplares de Cervantes como base para la aplicación del Flipped Classroom y del Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos. Todo ello se aborda desde la consideración de que es posible cambiar las relaciones de género en la enseñanza mediante la didáctica crítica y mediante el tratamiento de las diferencias de género como constructos sociales y culturales.

La Orientación Educativa en la Enseñanza Reglada.

A obra de Suely Rolnik traz para o debate filosófico contemporâneo a possibilidade de pensar os dias de hoje a partir de conceitos psicanalíticos e filosóficos. O livro em si não trata especificamente a área da educação, mas o fio condutor criado pela autora, o que ela denomina de descolonização do inconsciente, bem como a prática micropolítica que se dá sobre os processos de subjetivação e os demais conceitos apresentados: pulsão, linguagem, desejo, imaginação, criação, afetos e outros; são absolutamente relevantes (...) para a propositura de uma educação revolucionária e contemporânea. (shrink)

Journal Name: Semiotica Issue: Ahead of print.

The main purpose of this work is to provide a semiotic ontology for redescription of active cognitive externalism, recently developed by the paradigm 4E (embodied, embedded, enactive, extended cognition). In our approach, distributed cognitive systems (DCSs) are described as semiosis, signs in action. We explored the relationship between semiosis and cognition, as conceived by C. S. Peirce, in association with the notion of distributed cognitive system (DCS). We introduce Peircean externalist approach with an emphasis on the notion of temporal distribution (...) of semiosis, and describe DCSs, and their elements, as “sign in action”. To develop this argument, we describe an example of DCS -- verbal-musical improvisation of repente, repentismo, or viola singing. It is a phenomenon of verbal-musical improvisation that takes the form of a challenge in versified oral poetry. We describe the phenomenon as the embodiment of the formal structure of a cognitive task and an inferential process. This embodiment corresponds to a semiotization of the repente performances as DCSs. The temporally distributed tendency of repentismo organizes the DCS as a system that performs metasemiotic experiments on the action of signs. (shrink)

In this work I analyze the phenomenon of political polarization on the internet. I argue that the approach centered on the filter bubble and echo chambers has shortcomings. To solve them, I propose the concept of artificial polarization. This concept refers to the process by which the expressive uses of communication, such as flaming or moral grandstanding, provoke fictitious forms of polarization. Recognizing the artificial polarization will allow a better understanding of the polarization processes in the network and their effects (...) on the democratic debate. (shrink)

No hubo que esperar el Renacimiento florentino para que se produjera una revolución en la concepción del artista. Casi un siglo antes, en 1359[1], el escultor Andrea Orcagna esculpió un discreto medallón, situado en un ángulo inferior del tabernáculo de la iglesia de Orsanmichele en Florencia[2] que constituye todo un manifiesto visible sobre el nuevo estatuto del artista y su misión: en aquél se asoma, en medio de un pequeño marco trilobulado, una figura femenina con un gran compás de dos (...) puntas en la mano, muy visible (el objeto puede tener más de setenta centímetro de alto), que una inscripción identifica como la Templanza (en griego Sôphrosyne). Se trata de una alegoría de una de las cuatro virtudes cardinales cristianas (las que daban acceso a los cardines, las juntas de las puertas del cielo), junto con la Prudencia, la Justicia y la Fortaleza, tomadas en último término de la “teología” (o lista de virtudes necesarias para la vida del alma) platónica -una de las grandes aportaciones de Platón a la comprensión y la importancia de de la vida interior-. (shrink)

El presente artículo expone la noción de “ser” de Maurice Nédoncelle. Primero se explica la tesis de este filósofo personalista francés sobre la reciprocidad de las conciencias. Enseguida se trata de su ontología en general. Luego, se discute su concepción sobre el ser entendido como relación trascendental. Sostengo que la concepción de Nédoncelle sobre el ser es coherente con las posiciones personalistas sobre la naturaleza de la persona.

Attention is brought upon certain reali ties of contemporarty developed capitalism,concerning the new modali ties of linkage between scientific knowledge, technical developments, their technological insertion, and the military, political, managerial, economic and cultural sectors with the aim of o..

CONVOCAÇÃO DE ELEIÇÕES GERAIS E O DECORO DEMOCRÁTICO: ANÁLISE DA PROPOSTA DE EMENDA À CONSTITUIÇÃO N˚ 20/2016.

The analysis of the posthumous text of Benjamin, titled Capitalism as religion, show a certeral diagnosis about the progression of capitalism of XX and XXI century, in which its cult aspect have been attached to the images that dwell the city, and in some way, it constitute her, reconfigurating at the same time, his urban planning. The notion of phantasmagoria it is key to understand how this capitalistic religion has been introduced and totalized in men life, in the sense that (...) has transformed space in an image for-itself of capital, being, in conclussion, in an intrinsec union with a phantasmagorical politics that require the city for the perpetuation of his cult. (shrink)

The analysis of the posthumous text of Benjamin, titled Capitalism as religion, show a certeral diagnosis about the progression of capitalism of XX and XXI century, in which its cult aspect have been attached to the images that dwell the city, and in some way, it constitute her, reconfigurating at the same time, his urban planning. The notion of phantasmagoria it is key to understand how this capitalistic religion has been introduced and totalized in men life, in the sense that (...) has transformed space in an image for-itself of capital, being, in conclussion, in an intrinsec union with a phantasmagorical politics that require the city for the perpetuation of his cult. (shrink)

Valiéndonos de traducciones propias, así como de entrevistas personales con exponentes del área investigada y de la bibliografía recabada, en el presente trabajo perseguimos tres objetivos: definir la característica neurálgica del pesimismo filosófico, proponer un modelo bipartito del mismo que divide esta escuela en «pesimismo clásico» y «pesimismo de la fortaleza», y finalmente, ilustrar mediante sendos ejemplos el corpus teórico de uno y otro. Nuestra conclusión será que no solo dicho modelo es posible, sino que el pesimismo clásico ha de (...) preferirse al de la fortaleza cuando se trata de abordar cuestiones de filosofía existencial desde una óptica intelectual puramente pesimista. (shrink)