A number of bioethicists have been critical of the power of the family to “veto” a patient’s decision to posthumously donate her organs within opt-in systems of organ procurement. One major objection directed at the family veto is that when families veto the decision of their deceased family member, they do something wrong by violating or failing to respect the autonomy of that deceased family member. The goal of this paper is to make progress on answering this objection. I do (...) this in two stages. First, I argue that the most plausible interpretation of what happens when a person registers as an organ donor in an opt-in system is that she gives her consent to the state to posthumously remove her organs for transplantation purposes. Call this the Authorization Account. Second, given the Authorization Account, I argue by analogy that when families veto an individual’s decision to donate and the individual’s organs are not in the end removed, neither the doctors nor the family violate the individual’s autonomy in any morally objectionable sense. Call this the Nonremoval Thesis. I argue that since the Nonremoval Thesis is true, we do not violate or fail to respect the autonomy of registered donors when we fail to remove their organs because their family has objected. (shrink)

Razón, poesía, historia.--La cuestión del estoicismo español.--El querer.

“Opt-out” organ procurement policies based on presumed consent are typically advertised as being superior to “opt-in” policies based on explicit consent at securing organs for transplantation. However, Michael Gill has argued that presumed consent policies are also better than opt-in policies at respecting patient autonomy. According to Gill’s Fewer Mistakes Argument, we ought to implement the procurement policy that results in the fewest frustrated wishes regarding organ donation. Given that the majority of Americans wish to donate their organs, it is (...) plausible that a presumed consent policy would result in fewer frustrated wishes compared to the current opt-in policy. It follows that we ought to implement a policy of presumed consent. In this paper, I first consider and find wanting an objection to the Fewer Mistakes Argument developed recently by Douglas MacKay. I also consider an objection put forth by James Taylor but argue that there is a methodological reason to prefer my own argument to Taylor’s. Finally, I argue for two theses: first, that Gill’s major argument in favor of the crucial premise of the Fewer Mistakes Argument is flawed, and second, that the major premise of the Fewer Mistakes Argument is false. (shrink)

Some philosophers and physicians have argued that alcoholic patients, who are responsible for their liver failure by virtue of alcoholism, ought to be given lower priority for a transplant when donated livers are being allocated to patients in need of a liver transplant. The primary argument for this proposal, known as the Responsibility Argument, is based on the more general idea that patients who require scarce medical resources should be given lower priority for those resources when they are responsible for (...) needing them and when they are competing with patients who need the same resources through no fault of their own. Since alcoholic patients are responsible for needing a new liver and are in direct competition with other patients who need a new liver through no fault of their own, it follows that alcoholic patients ought to be given lower priority for a transplant. In this article, I argue against the Responsibility Argument by suggesting that in order for it to avoid the force of plausible counter examples, it must be revised to say that patients who are responsible for needing a scarce medical resource due to engaging in behavior that is not socially valuable ought to be given lower priority. I'll then argue that allocating organs according to social value is inconsistent or in tension with liberal neutrality on the good life. Thus, if one is committed to liberal neutrality, one ought to reject the Responsibility Argument. (shrink)

«Claros del bosque» es uno de los libros esenciales de la trayectoria filosófica de María Zambrano en el que vemos, por primera vez, en marcha su «razón poética». Nadie mejor que la propia autora para presentarnos el significado de esta obra: “«Claros del bosque» dentro de mi pensamiento vertido en lo impreso, salvo alguna excepción, aparece como algo inédito salido de ese escribir irreprimible que brota por sí mismo y que ha ido a parar a cuadernos y hojas que nadie (...) conoce, ni yo misma, reacia que soy a releerme. Tenía que suceder por fuerza. Mas creo que el carácter de ofrenda de «Claros del bosque» a la persona a quien va dedicado en su tránsito tiene que ver en ello, acentuando así el carácter de ofrenda que todo lo que he publicado tiene desde siempre. Nada es de extrañar que la razón discursiva apenas aparezca. Con anterioridad esbocé una ‘Crítica de la razón discursiva’ que no podría prometerme que salga de ese estado. Creo, pues, que como libro es el que más responde a esa ‘idea’ hace tiempo formulada de que ‘pensar es ante todo –como raíz, como acto–– descifrar lo que se siente’, entendiendo por sentir el ‘sentir originario’, expresión usada por mí desde hace años. Y también que ‘el hombre es el ser que padece su propia trascendencia’ en un incesante proceso de unificación entre pasividad y conocimiento, entre ser y vida. Vida verdadera, sorprendida tan sólo en algunos claros que se abren en la espesura inicial entre cielo y tierra. Y en el remoto horizonte donde cielo y tierra, ser y vida, vida y muerte se anegan”. (shrink)

We study versions of limit models adapted to the context of metric abstract elementary classes. Under categoricity and superstability-like assumptions, we generalize some theorems from 7, 15-17. We prove criteria for existence and uniqueness of limit models in the metric context.

We study notions of independence appropriate for a stability theory of metric abstract elementary classes (for short, MAECs). We build on previous notions used in the discrete case, and adapt definitions to the metric case. In particular, we study notions that behave well under superstability‐like assumptions. Also, under uniqueness of limit models, we study domination, orthogonality and parallelism of Galois types in MAECs.

In a recent article in this journal, Parker Crutchfield argues that if moral bioenhancement ought to be compulsory, as some authors claim, then it ought to be covert, i.e., performed without the knowledge of the population that is being morally enhanced. Crutchfield argues that since the aim of compulsory moral bioenhancement is to prevent ultimate harm to the population, compulsory moral bioenhancement is best categorized as a public health issue, and should therefore be governed by the norms and values that (...) apply in public health settings. In this article, I argue for two related claims. First, I question the extent to which compulsory moral enhancement should be considered a public health issue that ought to be governed by the norms and values that apply in public health settings. Second, I argue that Crutchfield's argument that covert moral bioenhancement would better respect people's autonomy than an overt program overlooks two important autonomy‐based reasons that, in fact, favor an overt moral enhancement program over a covert one. (shrink)

Desde la mirada de los estudios de la cultura y la hegemonía del poder esta investigación explora desde la perspectiva de sus habitantes, el sentir popular y la apropiación de la celebración religiosa de San Pedro y San Pablo en la parroquia Picoazá (Portoviejo – Ecuador). Para el fin se acude a la metodología cualitativa, utilizando la entrevista como herramienta de corte etnográfico. Los resultados plantean un colectivo apegado a la religión con connotaciones significativas en la organización social y cultural (...) del entorno, dando paso a la reproducción de tradiciones heredadas de generación en generación. Las mismas que a la par, fetichizan y esencializan la actividad, e invisibilizan otros aspectos inherentes a las prácticas culturales. (shrink)

The article analyzes the presence of the anthropocentric and ecocentric argument in the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights related to environmental issues. To this effect, at first, it presents the content of these two approaches, explaining their contributions and limitations. With this theoretical framework, identifies four stages in the Court's jurisprudence, which show the gradual transition from anthropocentrism to ecocentrism within its reflections on human rights. Finally, the results of the analysis offer light on the possible development (...) of the right to a healthy environment as an autonomous right in inter-American human rights system. (shrink)

Dibujar el pensamiento de Seneca es dibujar su figura viva, trazar el esquema de su persona. Seneca es un mediador que para alzarse sobre nosotros necesita de nuestra necesidad, pues solo apoyado en nuestra indigencia tiene sentido. Maria Zambrano lleva a cabo un lucido estudio de la figura y significacion del pensador cordobes y presenta una seleccion de sus escritos.

Ad blockers are a category of computer software program, typically run as web browser extensions, that allow users to selectively eliminate advertisements from the webpages they visit. Many people have alleged that using an ad blocker is morally problematic because it is bad for content providers and consumers, and it is morally akin to theft. We disagree. In this paper, we defend an independent argument for the conclusion that using an ad blocker is morally permissible. In doing so, we respond (...) to the criticisms that ad blocking is bad for content providers and consumers, that it is morally akin to theft, and that it violates a contract between consumers and web publishers. (shrink)

In this paper, we study a stability transfer theorem in d-tame metric abstract elementary classes, in a similar way as in 2, but using superstability-like assumptions which involves a new independence notion instead of ℵ0-locality.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar críticamente los conceptos de “opinión” (δόξα) e “idea” (ἰδέα) a la luz de la República de Platón y la influencia de estos en la educación básica media y media vocacional. Se parte de un trabajo mancomunado entre la enseñanza de la Filosofía y el filosofar. Un primer apartado alude al concepto de opinión como camino inicial que exhorta al estudiante a un estudio crítico-reflexivo de los problemas propios del Estado (Polis). El segundo hace (...) énfasis en el concepto de idea como vía para el análisis y la comprensión de las dificultades que acontecen en el Estado (Polis). El último apartado expone la importancia de la enseñanza de la Filosofía y del filosofar en el quehacer educativo. Para ello, se recurre a la interpretación de algunos diálogos de Platón y a textos de investigación relevantes en el campo de la enseñanza de la Filosofía y la pedagogía. (shrink)

Este artículo presenta el modo de relación de la totalidad de lo condicionado y lo incondicionado en la lógica transcendental de Kant. Para ello el argumento reconstruye los elementos que abren el tratamiento de la dialéctica transcendental en la Crítica de la razón pura, es decir, la apariencia ilusoria y las Ideas de la razón. Este modo de leer la doctrina de las síntesis transcendentales de lo condicionado y lo incondicionado exhibe la tesis de la complementariedad diferenciada entre ambas regiones, (...) dando a cada una su derecho, lugar y misión. (shrink)

We broaden the framework of metric abstract elementary classes (mAECs) in several essential ways, chiefly by allowing the metric to take values in a well-behaved quantale. As a proof of concept we show that the result of Boney and Zambrano (Around the set-theoretical consistency of d-tameness of metric abstract elementary classes, arXiv:1508.05529, 2015) on (metric) tameness under a large cardinal assumption holds in this more general context. We briefly consider a further generalization to partial metric spaces, and hint at connections (...) to classes of fuzzy structures, and structures on sheaves. (shrink)

There currently is sufficient scientific evidence directly linking acquisition, exposure and prevalence of the human papillomavirus to cervical cancer. The article addresses HPV in women by taking NaProTechnology into account, which makes it posible to combine scientific evidence with ethical approaches. It looks at both the biological aspect of sexuality and the ability to become a person within one’s sexual nucleus. There is an analysis of sex education programs based on preventive health and on the anthropology of sexuality, and supported (...) by family institutions, that have demonstrated better acceptance in dealing with the risk of sexually transmitted diseases, including HPV infection. (shrink)

Esta investigación reúne las voces y perspectivas de un grupo de mujeres indígenas en la zona sur andina ecuatoriana (Azuay, Cañar y Loja), y muestra la estructura social y las formas organizativas en los espacios que ocupan en el tejido social. Desde un enfoque intercultural y de género, y desde imaginarios esbozados a partir de la alteridad, la repetición y la reafirmación de estereotipos, el estudio analiza aspectos identitarios de la construcción femenina indígena en el territorio. La metodología utilizada es (...) cualitativa con herramientas etnográficas que derivan en entrevistas semiestructuradas y en la autoetnografía. Los resultados exponen el estado actual de un feminismo flagelado por la discriminación, la desigualdad, los silencios y la esencialización a las que son sometidas las mujeres indígenas no solo por su condición femenina, sino por su condición étnica y cultural. (shrink)

Much controversy has emerged on the demarcation between legal positivism and non-legal positivism with some authors calling for a ban on the -as they see it- nonsensical labelling of legal philosophical debates. We agree with these critics; simplistic labelling cannot replace the work of sophisticated and sound argumentation. In this paper we do not use the term ‘legal positivism’ as a simplistic label but identify a specific position which we consider to be the most appealing and plausible view on legal (...) positivism. This is the view advocated by Gardner in his paper 'Legal Positivism: 5½ Myths’, where he carefully scrutinises the most convincing and unifying postulates of legal positivism, which he calls “the thin view”. The study shows that this thin view presupposes an empirical conception of action that is untenable and implausible since it makes acts of engagement with the law unintelligible to an observer of such acts. (shrink)

In this paper I explore a new approach to the ethics of animal experimentation by conceiving of it as a form of rescue. The notion of rescue, I suggest, involves some moral agent performing an action or series of actions, whose end is to prevent or alleviate serious harm to another party, harm that otherwise would have occurred or would have continued to occur, had that moral agent not intervened. Animal experiments that are utilized as a means to alleviate human (...) illnesses mirror the structure of rescue cases and this means that we can and should apply principles of rescue to illuminate the moral status of animal experimentation. To do this I consider various principles of rescue that might justify animal experimentation. I’ll argue that all of these rescue principles are either not independently plausible, or else they fail to imply that animal experimentation is morally justified. This suggests that it is quite difficult to morally justify animal experimentation when conceived as a form of rescue. (shrink)

): This study answers the following question: How does John M. Finnis introduce in his Theory of Law the hartian and razian concept of “an exclusionary reason for action”? The search for an answer entails at least the following items: (a) the generic concept of a “reason for action” and its distinction from other possible motivations for action; (b) the distinctive elements of a legal reason for action, and its difference from other classes of reasons for action; (c) the correlative (...) concepts of authority and obligation, as applied to Law. This analysis will highlight some descriptive and evaluative achievements in Finnis’ proposal, particularly regarding his positivist predecessors, but also some theoretical difficulties, which we presume are linked to Finnis’ aim in trying to conciliate Legal Positivism and Natural Law Theory.Resumen:Este estudio intenta responder a la siguiente pregunta: ¿cómo introduce John M. Finnis en la teoría ius-naturalista del derecho, la idea hartiana y raziana de que el derecho proporciona razones excluyentes para la acción? En la búsqueda de una respuesta se abordarán los siguientes ejes temáticos: (a) el concepto genérico de razón para actuar, y su distinción de otras motivaciones posibles para la acción; (b) los rasgos propios de la razón jurídica para obrar, que la diferencian de otro tipo de razones para la acción; (c) los conceptos correlativos de autoridad y obligación en referencia al derecho. En este análisis se señalarán algunas fortalezas en la propuesta de Finnis con respecto a sus predecesores de la tradición positivista, pero también algunas debilidades descriptivas e inconsistencias teóricas. Estas dificultades se presumen ligadas a la dificultad de Finnis en su intento de conciliar el aparato conceptual heredado de la tradición iuspositivista, con el esquema conceptual heredado de la tradición iusnaturalista y, más ampliamente, con la epistemología práctica tomista que recoge de esta tradición. (shrink)

The prolific discussion about consciousness has resulted a multiplicity in the uses for the term. The -curious- little clarity regarding the use of the notion, can lead to confusion to who tries to enter the contemporary discussion of the philosophy of mind. The purpose of this article is to serve as a starting point for those who seek to enter the contemporary discussion of consciousness, presenting: i) the central concept of the consciousness that is used, and ii) give an account (...) of the state of the discussion, that is, the central problem of consciousness. (shrink)

El «mundo entero» vive un gran desasosiego al estar inmiscuido en la dominación de la Naturaleza sustentada en la gran inversión económica, desde el paradigma antropocéntrico neoliberal. El objetivo del presente trabajo es reconocer y abrazar epistemologías y metodologías alternativas, entre ellas validar las contribuciones de los pueblos indígenas (PI) como protagonistas de la sustentabilidad y soberanía alimentaria. La investigación es de corte documental y la reflexión personal de más de 20 años de labor junto a los PI en Mesoamérica (...) y los Andes. Valorar dichas contribuciones, es centrarse en sus acervos y corpus cognoscitivos, antes que sea tarde. Son los sabios guardianes de la sustentabilidad biocultural de la Naturaleza y la Vida. Se concluye principalmente que son quienes conocen las claves, llaves y secretos que dan respuesta al reto de estelarizar la sustentabilidad y seguridad alimentaria global, que tanto persigue la humanidad. La sociedad en general y en particular las instancias oficiales, formativas, políticas, corporativas, industriales, de extensión y académicas, deben distinguir a estos actores sociales que soportan hoy la seguridad alimentaria mundial. El hallazgo principal cual severa advertencia, es que al «desaparecer» estaríamos ante un fenómeno descomunal de inseguridad alimentaria mundial. (shrink)

The public and commercial spheres constantly address the largest ethnic minority in the United States, people with ancestry or from a Latin American country, as a homogenous group under the ethnopolitical terms “Latinos,” “Hispanics,” and even “Mexicans.” This panethnic view, and the negative stereotypes associated with it, was especially visible during the 2016 presidential election. While the majority of Latinos found Donald Trump’s remarks on “Mexicans” offensive to the Latin community as a whole, a large number of people still supported (...) his opinions, even those belonging to the “Latino” community. Even more so, women of Latino heritage still supported a nominee that went against their own advance in society given his constant misogynistic comments. In this essay, I analyze the groundings for this apparent contradiction in the preference for said candidate. I argue that these women’s political preference is a tool with which they build their identity in the U.S. Besides, I explore the ways in which individuals linguistically construct their own identity in three ways by actively doing the identification instead of merely receiving it by an unknown agent; by choosing the self-representation of their preference, and by finding commonalities and bonding with other individuals they deem part of their group. Through this approach, I analyze semiotic processes, such as intertextuality, use of pronouns, and discourse alignment, that are used to construct identifications of the self that go beyond imposed categories, such as gender and ethnicity. (shrink)

The claim of this paper is to argue contra Waluchow’s and Raz’s versions of legal positivism – as main representatives of the inclusive and exclusive variants – that legal interpretation always requires an appeal to law’s rea- son or purpose. The main thesis could be expressed as follows: one technique of legal interpretation (the author labels it as systematical), one that demands that the interpreter interprets the law through its general pur- poses in legal practice, is not one technique amongst (...) many, it is necessary in all legal interpretation.The second purpose of the paper is to argue that this systematic approach towards legal interpretation enables an evaluative role on the part of the interpreter that may be called “interpretative creativity”. Due to this, the creative role in legal interpretation is not an exception, but a necessary element in all interpretation. This creative role is not a defect or an inevitable evil in law, but is functional and instrumental to law’s coordinating activity of citizen’s conducts in a reasonable manner.Resumen:Este trabajo se propone mostrar, en contraposición al positivismo jurídico de Wilfrid Waluchow y Joseph Raz —como representantes, respectiva- mente, de la versión incluyente y excluyente del positivismo contemporáneo—, que la interpretación jurídica supone atender siempre, y no de modo excepcional o recortado, a las razones o fines del derecho. La expresión metodológica de esta tesis podría enunciarse diciendo que la interpretación teleológica-sistemática, mediante la cual el intérprete determina el sentido de las normas a la luz de los fines globales de la práctica jurídica, no es un método interpretativo más, sino el modo necesario de toda interpretación jurídica.El segundo propósito de este trabajo es argumentar que la dimensión teleológica sistemática de la interpretación abre un espacio para la valoración por parte del intérprete que podría denominarse, “creatividad interpretativa”. Por esto mismo, la creatividad en la interpretación jurídica no es una excepción, sino una nota general y necesaria de toda interpretación. Se intentará mostrar, por último, que esta creatividad interpretativa no es un defecto o un mal inevitable del derecho, sino que es funcional o instrumental a la función del derecho de coordinar conductas de modo razonable. (shrink)

Since its inception, the institution of postmortem organ transplantation has faced the problem of organ shortage: Every year, the demand for donor organs vastly exceeds supply, resulting in the deaths of approximately 8,000 individuals in the United States alone.1 This is in large part due to the fact that the United States, for the most part, operates under an “opt-in” policy in which people are given the opportunity to voluntarily opt-in to organ donation by registering as organ donors.2 In the (...) United States, a person’s organs will not be removed for transplantation purposes unless she has registered as a donor or her family gives their consent for organ removal.3 Jointly, these policies generate a situation where we do not retrieve as many organs as we could. (shrink)

La filosofía tiene una tarea fundamental que es dialogar y pensar sobre algo particular, la moda es uno de ellos; tiene un tiempo, un espacio y un lugar en el que se despliega, en la base de su estructura está la exclusión social y tiene como fin la hiperrealidad. Esto es posible analizarlo bajo la mira de distintos autores como Walter Benjamin, Georg Simmel, Jean Baudrillard, los cuales me permiten visibilizar algunos elementos de la moda que perduran en el modo (...) en el que vivimos cotidianamente. (shrink)

Must we obtain a patient’s consent before posthumously removing her organs? According to the consent requirement, in order to permissibly remove organs from a deceased person, it is necessary that her prior consent be obtained. If the consent requirement is true, then this seems to rule out policies that do not seek and obtain a patient’s prior consent to organ donation, while at the same time vindicating policies that do seek and obtain patient consent. In this paper, however, I argue (...) that once we recognize the difference between consent, on the one hand, and wishing or desiring, on the other, we will see that obtaining consent before organ removal is neither necessary nor sufficient to respect patient autonomy in organ procurement. (shrink)

The number of online courses in business schools is growing dramatically, but little has been published about teaching business ethics courses online. This article addresses key pedagogical design, delivery, student engagement, and assessment issues that should be considered when creating a high-quality, asynchronous online business ethics course for either undergraduate or graduate business student populations. Best practices are discussed within an integrative case study approach based on the experiences of a director of online faculty development and two accomplished online business (...) ethics instructors, one teaching at a small college and the other at a research-oriented university—their successes, learning opportunities, and recommendations. (shrink)

Reseña de Fernando Forero. Filosofía y negatividad: Sobre el camino del pensar de Hegel en Jena, Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2019, 343pp.