Św. Tomasz nie napisał nigdy własnego traktatu, w którym wykładałby zasady uprawiania psychologii, podobnie jak nie napisał takiego traktatu odnośnie do innych nauk filozoficznych. Wyjątkiem pozostaje teologia. Pierwsza kwestia, I części Sumy Teologii i piąta oraz szósta kwestia Komentarza do Boecjańskiego dziełka O Trójcy Świętej stanowi bowiem takie traktaty metodologiczne, gdzie Akwinata wyłożył ewidentnie własne poglądy. W przypadku psychologii pozostawił jednak dwie lekcje otwierające Komentarz do Arystotelesowego Traktatu o duszy, w których choć dość literalnie omawia tekst Stagiryty, to formułuje (...) w nim pewien schemat metodologiczny psychologii. Można by sądzić, że przedstawia tam jedynie zawartość komentowanego dzieła, zwłaszcza że styl całej pierwszej części Komentarza jest dość literalny i na pierwszy rzut oka mało znajdujemy tu elementu interpretacyjnego. Uważna analiza pokazuje jednak coś innego. (shrink)

The main purpose of this article is to present the essence and the role of anthropic explanation in cosmology. This explanation was proposed during the time when there was no further possibility of finding the explanation of cosmic coincidences on the ground of contemporary scientific theories. This explanation relies on the recognition of the fact of the existence of a carbon life in the Universe as a factor which explains the Universe’s global characteristics, which are a requisite for appearance of (...) life. The explanatory value of this explanation depends on the character of relations of the connections between the cosmic coincidences and the fact of the existence of life. In the case of the Weak Anthropic Principle this explanation has a character of simple tautology. In the case of the Strong Anthropic Principle, however, it is a philosophical explanation, whose cognitive value depends on both: the correctness of these principles and their logico-mathematical coherence with the cosmic coincidences. (shrink)

In the view, which is proposed here, intellectualism is what brings together and not what divides, and its rules are placed in some manner over every distinction. This means, that intellectualism is being treated by me as a collective work. Its most early versions occurred along the occurrence of first philosophers. Later on, they were often corrected, perfected or also so immensely changed, that under more than one condition they varied from the originals. Many philosophers took part in the making (...) of this work, but some had a lesser and some greater influence. To those, who significantly contributed to its emergence and functioning in European philosophy and science, there belonged such authors like Socrates, Descartes, and Popper. (shrink)

The article presents the emergence of the exhibition industry in Poland as an effect of a social and economic transformation, which took place in late 1980s and early 1990s. Several newly established enterprises started to learn the specificity of exhibition industry and to compete with the Poznań International Fair. Lack of professionalism, clear procedures and business reliability often led to misunderstandings and conflicts. Establishing Polish Trade Fair Corporation (PTFC) in 1993 had started the process of setting situation of the industry (...) in order but it did not solve some of the problems. The key problems still regard ethical issues. Although the ethical code of PTFC established rules of just competition, their efficiency depends mostly on their honest abiding. The article presents various examples of breaking the rules and major fields of conflict in the exhibition industry in Poland. In 2007 PTFC was replaced by newly established Polish Chamber of Exhibition Industry (PCEI). Its major challenges are verification of experience of almost twenty years of the exhibition industry in Poland and proposing new version of Ethical Code, so that the representatives of the industry respect it. (shrink)

The writer concentrates upon some selected problems of the theoretical analysis of the conception of “justice” and upon practical applications of the idea of justice, above all in penal law. After having quoted some more interesting views and discussions on this conception, the writer pays special attention to the conception of universal formula of justice, postulated by Ch. Perelman. Such a formal justice he defines as a principle of action, according to which persons belonging to the same category should be (...) equally treated. However, this conception eliminates neither arbitrarily nor dependence of justice from the acknowledged world-outlook and hierarchy of values. Being an abstract and general conception, it requests a concretisation which consists in choosing one essential category based on an arbitrary selection of essential characteristics. (shrink)

At the end of the XX century something extraordinary happened in history of Poland. Without using violence the country become independent and Soviet occupation was stopped. The phenomenon proved John Paul II’ s teachings that “peace is made of justice and solidarity”. This article is divided into two parts. The first one is about the principles of solidarity used during the 1980 strike in the Shipyard of Gdańsk. These principles enabled the strike leaders to hold talks with the communist authorities. (...) The agreement was the key which freed the country from the Soviet occupation and eventually gave it its freedom. The second part of the article consists of a description of interhuman and international solidarity which is found in John Paul II’s works. His teaching during the 3rd pilgrimage to Poland that took place in 1987 and which was addressed mainly to the working people of Gdańsk and Gdynia had a great impact on Polish people. However after Poland regained its independence the idea of solidarity was forgotten. It could not be found in the reality described in newspapers or other mass media. It’s high time this changed. Scientists and journalists responsible for the picture of public life, should remind society of the solidarity principles. They should also show the advantages of using these rules in the national economy. Thus showing the way to a successful, peaceful development of work, economic development and well-being in our present day society. (shrink)

"Principles of So-Called 'Material' and 'Formal' Truth. A Logical, Philosophical and Juridical Analysis" Concepts of material and formal truth have a long and well-grounded tradition in the doctrine of law. It seems, however, that they need some clarification and conceptualisation in purely philosophical and logical terms. In this paper, we propose such a theoretical analysis. These considerations are followed by a review of the key aspects of the current Polish legislation, which is written from the point of view of the (...) conclusions reached through the first level of analysis. (shrink)

Mereologcal essentialism is a metaphysical doctrine formulated and defended originally by Roderick M. Chisholm. The main principle of mereological essentialism states, that for any objects x and y - if x is ever a part of y, then y is necessarily such that x is a part of y, i.e. that all parts of y are essential to it (y has them at any time that y exists). The principle may also be put by saying, that every object has the (...) parts that it has necessarily. In the paper the above mentioned doctrine is reconstructed and analysed. Some consequences of the theory in question as well as many variants of it are examined. The main purpose of the text is to provide a critical analysis of mereological essentialism in order to make this radical doctrine more acceptable. (shrink)

Artykuł zawiera szkicową analizę jednego z najważniejszych założeń teorii wojny sprawiedliwej zaprezentowanej przez Michaela Walzera w jego głównym dziele poświęconym etyce wojny. Zgodnie z postulatem autora Wojen sprawiedliwych i niesprawiedliwych, kontrowersyjny charakter zasady moralnej równości żołnierzy wyeksponowany zostaje poprzez jej konfrontację z rzeczywistym przebiegiem zdarzeń wyznaczających początek konfliktu zbrojnego, stanowiącego główny przedmiot rozważań Walzera, tj. drugiej wojny światowej. Wykluczenie indywidualnej odpowiedzialności osób biorących udział w operacji militarnej, która nie znajduje żadnego moralnego uzasadnienia, wydaje się pociągać za sobą szereg konsekwencji (...) stanowiących poważne obciążenie dla całościowego modelu Walzera. Utrzymanie niezbędnego poziomu koherencji teorii wojny sprawiedliwej łączy się z koniecznością modyfikacji walzerowskiej zasady równości – przynajmniej w odniesieniu do uczestników tzw. wojny wyniszczającej. (shrink)