El artículo estudia el influjo de Basilio de Cesarea y Gregorio de Nacianzo en Agustín, haciendo una breve reseña de las diversas aproximaciones que se pueden hacer al tema, así como la exposición de los textos en los que explícitamente Agustín hace referencia a estos dos Padres griegos.

El artículo sitúa el Filioque en su contexto histórico y teológico, y reúne y analiza los principales pasajes de los escritos de Agustín en los que él propone la doctrina conocida como el Filioque, tratando desvelar su coherencia interna.

Varied in texture and nuance, the interpreters included in this commentary on Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy and edited by Joseph T. Lienhard display a treasure house of ancient wisdom that speaks with eloquence and intellectual acumen to the church today.

Pour interpréter les paroles d’institution, et notamment la phrase attribuée au Christ « ceci est mon corps », les réformateurs ont utilisé la rhétorique de leur temps. De même, les éléments de la Cène ont été compris par eux comme des signes, à la lumière d’une « sémiotique » de leur époque et en anticipant des réflexions qui se répandront dans les siècles ultérieurs. Dès lors il est tentant de relire le débat réformateur au sujet de la Cène à la (...) lumière de certains éléments de linguistique du XXe siècle, pour dégager certains enjeux théologiques d’une compréhension du langage. Le présent article fait donc état du versant linguistique du conflit sacramentel entre luthériens et réformés, en essayant de voir le lien entre le langage et la manière de se situer devant Dieu qui est en jeu. La question de la figure rhétorique utilisée par le Christ ayant d’abord été posée par les réformés, l’article propose pour commencer l’étude de la doctrine de Calvin avant de passer à Luther et son anticipation de la notion contemporaine de « parole performative », pour terminer sur différents enjeux du contexte actuel.To interpret the words of institution, and especially the phrase attributed to Christ “This is my body,” the reformers used the rhetoric of their day. The elements of the Last Supper were likewise understood by them as signs, in the light of a “semiotic” of the era and in analysing reflections that would continue to develop in later centuries. It is tempting to reread the reformer’s debate concerning the Last Supper in the light of certain elements of 20th century linguistics, to open up certain theological problems that involve the comprehension of language. The present article, then, takes into account the linguistic dimension of the sacramental debate between Lutherans and Reformists in trying to see the connection between language and the manner one positions himself before God Who is the issue. As to the question of the rhetorical figure used by Christ first proposed by the Reformists, this article begins by studying Calvin’s doctrine, then moves on to Luther and his anticipation of the contemporaneous notion of the “performative word,” and ends with the various issues in today’s context. (shrink)

Augustine often pairs the words locutio and sensus in his efforts to interpret the books of the Heptateuch. Locutiones are un-Latin expressions in the Latin text of the Bible, which point to a Greek or Hebrew idiom behind the Latin. In each case, Augustine tries to decide whether or not a sensus, an intelligible meaning, can be found that explains the locutio. In some cases, he writes confidently that the idiom does not conceal a meaning. In other cases, he suspects (...) that it does; sometimes he can discover the meaning, sometimes not. This study demonstrales Augustine’s profound respect for the Old Latin text, as well as his effort to make sense of the text, without violating the rules of grammar or reason. Within these boundaries, he took delight in the biblical text and its mysteries. (shrink)

The evolution of a female penis is an extremely rare event and is only known to have occurred in a tribe of small cave insects, Sensitibillini (Psocodea: Trogiomorpha: Prionoglarididae). The female penis, which is protrudable and inserted into the male vagina‐like cavity during copulation to receive semen, is thought to have evolved independently twice in this tribe, in the Brazilian Neotrogla and the African Afrotrogla. These findings strongly suggest that there are some factors unique to Sensitibillini that have facilitated female (...) penis evolution. Here, several hypothetical factors are presented that may have enabled the evolution of the female penis in Sensitibillini. The female–female competition for nutritious semen, the oligotrophic environment, and the twin insemination slots with switching valve are considered to be the driving factors for female penis evolution. Additionally, the following factors are considered responsible for relaxing the constraint against female penis evolution: preexistence of the female‐above mating position, the elongated duct connecting the female pre‐penis with the sperm storage organ, and the small male genital cavity accepting the female genital tubercle bearing the opening of this duct. Understanding the factors enabling female penis evolution may also shed light on the evolution of the male penis. (shrink)

Inspired by American research on the role of the family environment in the development of schizophrenia, the Scottish psychiatrist Ronald D. Laing, now known as the figurehead of British antipsychiatry, began his own research project with his colleague Aaron Esterson in the late 1950s. In the process, he became convinced that those diagnosed as “schizophrenic” were far more rational than bourgeois families alienated from themselves. Driven by this perspective, Laing pushed harder into the public arena and began to become politically (...) active. This article analyzes Laing’s development into an anti-psychiatrist and star of the counterculture in the course of the 1960s and asks about the reasons and conditions of possibility for this transformation from scientist to “scientific political activist”. (shrink)