Pelo menos desde o século XIX, a relação entre o pessimismo e a política tem suscitado o debate entre diversos filósofos, cujas leituras têm apontado para compreensões bastante opostas. Por um lado, há a leitura tradicional, que aproxima Schopenhauer, o fundador do pessimismo moderno, de uma concepção política conservadora, como é o caso das críticas feitas por Lukács. Por outro lado, há uma apropriação crítica, por parte de uma assim chamada “esquerda schopenhaueriana”, de aspectos desse pessimismo, como fazem Mainländer, Lütkehaus, (...) Horkheimer e a escola de Teoria Crítica. Neste artigo, buscamos analisar algumas categorias de pensamento político, social e econômico de Schopenhauer e as distintas leituras de sua filosofia. (shrink)

This study explores the relevance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) as an element of the corporate identity of Spanish financial institutions. Specifically, it aims to analyze the CSR actions developed by financial entities through the analysis of all the available information disclosed in their websites. A content analysis applied to 82 banking institutions, followed by different quantitative analyses, reveals the multidimensionality of CSR. Findings show that, while the number of entities institutionalizing CSR values as core elements of their identities is (...) still reduced, most organizations disclose CSR information to construct communicated identities and legitimate behaviours. Besides, these dimensions are classified depending on the stakeholder the action is aimed to, and that entities favour the generation of distinctive identities through the implementation and communication of more visible CSR actions like those involving their customers or the community. In any case, results indicate that organizations with certain characteristics are more likely to construct distinctive identities through CSR activities and to establish ethical and social values within their corporate statements and cultures. (shrink)

Consideration of reference systems for semivalues leads us to a global representation of the action of a semivalue on a game. Using this representation, we show how to modify semivalues to take account of coalition structures on the player set. The players' allocations according to a semivalue, including a modified semivalue, can be computed by means of products of matrices obtained from the multilinear extension of the game.

Unas cuantas –aunque quizá no suficientes- líneas dedicadas a la Erinnerung del Maestro de siempre, acompañadas de la exégesis de un texto de su autoría: El concepto de “Saber aparente” en Hegel o la ilusión del método. Se trata de un ensayo de Giulio F. Pagallo que, hasta el presente, no ha sido publicado, aun cuando sí presentado como papel de trabajo en el marco de un Seminario organizado por el Instituto de Filosofía de la UCV a finales de los (...) años ’70. Quizá sea éste uno de los ensayos más importantes de su interpretación de la filosofía hegeliana, particularmente de la Fenomenología del Espíritu, y de sus estrechas relaciones de fondo con el Tractatus de Intellectus emendationis de Spinoza. Todo ello, animado por la firme convicción de contribuir al debate contemporáneo con el estructuralismo marxista y con el neopositivismo, como respuesta frente a las malversaciones propias de un uso maniqueo del concepto de ideología. Amicus IuliusSome –but maybe not enough- lines devoted to de Erinnerung of the Master forever, together with the exegesis of a text of his authorship: The concept of “Apparent Knowledge” in Hegel or the illusion of the method . This is a Giulio F. Pagallo’s essay which has not been published until today, even though it was presented as paperwork in a seminar organized by the Institute of Philosophy of the UCV in the last years of the 70`s decade. Perhaps, this is one of the most important essays of his Hegelian philosophy interpretation, particularly of the Phenomenology of the Spirit , and its tight and deep relationship with the Spinoza’s Tractatus de Intellectus emendationis . All of this is animated by the firm conviction to contribute with the contemporary debate with Marxist structuralism and new positivism, as a response upon the manichaean use of the concept of ideology. (shrink)

Background: The Marathon runners must have the proper technical preparation to reach excellence and to achieve adequate psychological preparation for the race. Against this background, the current study aims to describe the implementation results of a cognitive-behavioral intervention based on psychological skills training for marathon runners.Methods: Fourteen amateur male marathoners with an average age of 30 were trained with various emotional and cognitive control techniques to enhance their performance in competition. Various psychological variables, related to the subjects level of perceived (...) stress, and to qualitative characteristics of their thoughts were measured before and after the target marathon race. Results were analyzed through non-parametric tests for two related samples. The Cohen's d effect size for single-group pretest-posttest repeated measures were also performed.Results: Statistical analysis reveals that, controlling for age and running experience, the intervention decreased significantly the level of perceived stress and the occurrence of negative thoughts before the race, during, and after the race.Conclusion: Training in cognitive control and relaxation techniques, as part of the psychological skills training could determine the quality of performance of marathon runners. (shrink)

Este artigo pretende mostrar a gênese e a conquista do conceito de filosofia cosmopolita de Kant ao longo do seu período pré-crítico. Esse conceito foi erigido por meio das pesquisas de Kant tanto sobre o que significava filosofar na Antiguidade quanto sobre a pretensão de encontrar um método que resolvesse o problema da cientificidade da metafísica. Defende-se que tal conceito é o principal elemento que dota sua filosofia de organicidade, de maneira a conceder coerência lógica ao longo de toda a (...) reflexão crítica: da Crítica da razão pura até o Opus Postumum, Kant conserva os conteúdos e a forma de tal conceito, na medida em que este interessa a todos os humanos, pois visa à consecução de fins racionais aplicados à resolução dos problemas humanos. A investigação, portanto, divide-se em três tópicos: (I) a reflexão das décadas de 1740 e 1750; (II) o problema do método em fi losofi a próprio à década de 1760; e, finalmente, (III) a formulação do conceito de filosofia cosmopolita ao longo da década de 1770, formulação que subjaz à costura dos fundamentos do projeto crítico. (shrink)

En este trabajo se hace un análisis hermenéutico de la obra Constitución Social de Honduras de Ramón Rosa con el fin de revelar rasgos de la identidad hondureña que subyacen en pensadores del siglo XIX en el contexto de la Reforma Liberal. Luego de introducir datos básicos del autor, de la obra y la época histórica de su redacción, se presenta y justifica el uso de un instrumento hermenéutico para analizar dicho texto. Este instrumento divide el análisis en tres ejes (...) temáticos: antropológicos, morales y políticos; posteriormente, aplicando categorías de análisis adecuadas al fenómeno de la nacionalidad en clave de modernidad, se interpretan los contenidos del texto desde los tres ejes temáticos mencionados, para extraer rasgos identitarios desde una postura filosófica. Es así como este artículo se presenta como un primer acercamiento a la conformación de la identidad hondureña a partir de un análisis hermenéutico. (shrink)

La lógica modal epistémica estándar se ha constituido en una herramienta realmente útil para los estudiosos interesados en la descripción formal de diferentes nociones epistémicas, tales como las de conocimiento y creencia, que desempeñan un importante papel en muchos estudios ? losó? cos. En este trabajo se muestra cómo el mayor poder expresivo de las modalidades graduadas puede ser utilizado en la lógica epistémica para poder hacer referencia a un tipo de conocimiento que no es siempre absolutamente verdadero, sino que (...) puede admitir excepciones e incertidumbre. (shrink)

Pensamos que apesar de Kant inaugurar sua filosofia crítica tratando das condições de possibilidade formais para resolução de problemas (filosofia crítica), ele avança na década de 1790 em direção a estabelecer a antropologia como finalidade da sua filosofia. Considerando isso, o objetivo deste escrito é mostrar que a recepção da filosofia kantiana nos séculos XIX e XX foi logicista e formalista, ressaltando bem mais sua base transcendental que pragmática (em sentido kantiano). Desse modo, o retorno a Kant, promovido pelo Neokantismo, (...) contribuiu para o esquecimento e não tematização da centralidade da sua antropologia, pois se voltou às condições de possibilidade para a consolidação das ciências na segunda metade do século XIX e legou ao kantismo do século XX modelos interpretativos de viés logicista a analítico, deixando de lado qualquer reflexão profunda sobre a parte empírica de sua filosofia, posto considerá-la impura. Também pontuaremos que a própria ciência etnográfica desconsidera qualquer herança de Kant em sua constituição. No final, provaremos estatisticamente, por meio da análise do centenário histórico da revista Kant Studien que houve um baixíssimo volume de textos sobre temas pragmáticos. A antropologia de Kant foi esquecida pela fortuna crítica, quando deveria ter sido posta como central. (shrink)

A origem da Antropologia de Kantiana aponta para a coerência do projeto de filosofia deste autor: a proposição de padrões para a resolução de problemas humanos segundo uma finalidade prática da experiência social. Assim, este artigo tem como pano de fundo a ideia que apesar de Kant iniciar a sua filosofia crítica buscando as condições de possibilidade de cientificidade da metafísica, ele flexionou seu projeto, após 1793, em vista do principal objeto de qualquer teoria filosófica moderna, o homem, sendo a (...) antropologia sua ciência. Com isso, exporei que a antropologia não surgiu da psicologia empírica, apesar de ter dela se servido em seu início por falta de um melhor manual de teoria empírica; isso significa que apesar da noção de sujeito ser essencial na filosofia crítica, ela não satisfaz as finalidades humanas, que se vinculam à espécie, em geral. Finalmente, mostrarei que a geografia física é o marco inicial da antropologia kantiana, devido o fato de ser um conhecimento do mundo físico e humano, cuja importância deste último tornou inevitável sua independência, em vista da fundação da ciência do homem. Este artigo também ajuda lateralmente a compreender certo esquecimento da antropologia kantiana por parte da antropologia social e cultural, que se consolidou no século XIX. (shrink)

Desde seu início, em 2020, a pandemia da Covid-19 acarretou diversos desafios no cotidiano. No campo da educação não foi diferente, pois os educadores precisaram repensar concepções mais amplas da formação continuada. Nesse contexto, o estudo procura analisar os desafios e as possibilidades para a formação continuada de profissionais da educação na perspectiva da autorreflexão colaborativo-crítica. Para isso, fundamenta-se na teoria de Jürgen Habermas por meio de duas concepções: a racionalidade comunicativa e a mediação teoria e práxis. Nesse processo, tomamos (...) os argumentos dos profissionais participantes de grupo de estudo-reflexão a partir de suas demandas, dos processos de aprendizagem e das ações de mudanças. Ações e análises dialogam e sustentam-se entre os referenciais teórico-metodológicos embasando os processos, contemplando a aplicação da espiral autorreflexiva de observação, planejamento, ação e reflexão e o delineamento e teorização das funções mediadoras na relação teoria e prática, quais sejam: elaboração/formação dos teoremas críticos; organização dos processos de conscientização e aprendizagem; e a condução da luta política, seleção das estratégias apropriadas e solução de questões táticas, sendo essas categorias o modo como se organizaram os dados. Como resultados observamos novas possibilidades para formação continuada abarcando mais formandos e ampliando a colaboração entre pesquisadores, além da intenção dos formandos/cursistas de mudar ou transformar suas práticas em ações efetivas em seus lócus de atuação. (shrink)

El artículo presenta y discute, desde un armazón filosófico materialista y pluralista, nuevos conceptos de: moral, derecho, justicia, equidad, libertades, derechos jurídicos, derechos morales, deberes jurídicos y deberes morales. Se establecen una serie de relaciones relevantes entre dichas ideas a través de nociones filosóficas informadas científicamente. Luego, se construye una propuesta de justicia normativa como equidad con prescripciones morales simétricas basadas en las definiciones de las propiedades de dependencias y libertades sociales. Finalmente, en aplicación de los conceptos desarrollados, se analizan (...) los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos desde una visión descriptiva y prescriptiva. (shrink)

The purpose of the present study is to examine the attitudes of Portuguese chartered accountants with respect to questions of ethical nature that can arise in their professional activity. Respondents were asked to respond to the Ethics Position Questionnaire developed by Forsyth (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39(1), 175–184, 1980), in order to determine their idealism and relativism levels. Subsequently, they answered questions about five scenarios related to accounting practices, with the objective of measuring their ethical judgments. Based on (...) the idealism and relativism levels of our respondents, they were classified into one of four groups, representing different ethical ideologies (absolutism, exceptionism, subjectivism, and situationism). The results indicated that age was the major determinant of relativism. Contrary to previous research, older respondents revealed themselves significantly more relativistic than younger ones. Gender seems to be the most important determinant of ethical judgments; against expectations, men evidenced significantly stricter judgments than women in two of the five scenarios. Findings also indicated that respondents’ ethical judgments did not differ significantly based on their ethical ideology, supporting the idea that ethical ideology is not an important determinant of ethical judgments. (shrink)

Theatre has been used in psychological intervention and as a metaphor for social life, tendencies that affect the self, highlighting how influential theatrical performance can be for individuals. Their limitations – in terms of the empowerment of the self and its authenticity, respectively - can be overcome by treating theatrical performance as a leisure experience, which considers that freedom and satisfaction play a central role in a more comprehensive understanding and development of the self. With this in mind, we present (...) the conceptual and empirical bases of the leisure experience as an alternative conception of theatrical performance. To do so, we organised a 20-hour theatre exercise workshop with 16 university students (15 women, one man), aged between 18 and 21 years old (M = 19.06 years; SD = 1.06). Qualitative instruments used were: the Time Budget Technique (questionnaire about the activities carried out in the workshop, valued in relation to two items: perceptions of freedom and satisfaction); the Twenty-Statement Test (where people list characteristics of themselves – self-descriptions – related in this case to the theatrical exercises); and, as a third instrument, a combination of the other two – specifying which exercises were more closely related to the self-descriptions. The results showed that group discussion was the activity with the highest perception of freedom, followed by obstacle exercises; as regards the perception of satisfaction, the highest value was observed in the relaxations. In the case of the self-descriptions, the acquisition of practical and intellectual skills was significant, as well as emotional outlook and the expression of self-esteem. In sum, this empirical support - using qualitative instruments that invite an exploration of the self - revealed, on the one hand, which specific characteristics of the self are manifested by doing theatrical exercises and, on the other hand, which exercises – when experienced as leisure – have a more decisive impact on the self. Thus, this paper shows what aspects must be taken into account when deciding which activities to include in a psychosocial intervention addressed to the development of the self from the standpoint of theatrical performance as a leisure activity. (shrink)

The society is in a constant transformation caused by changes in people´s mentality that, as time goes by, feel the necessity and will learn how to question, from the most simple things of life to the most complex ones, which were formerly imposed and accepted by all. With time, something that became an object of investigation is faith. Through reason, several questions are asked with the intention to solve the mysteries of faith. It is certainly true that such questions produce (...) evolution and maturing in the construction of the thinking process, however, to which point is this faith beneficial or has a tendency to lead to a skepticism? The subject of this work is faith and reason, aiming to explore where it is reconcilable that the two may walk together, without reason interfering negatively. As an objective, explore the benefits that reason brings to faith, and which are the negative impacts that it can produce, besides defining what is faith and reason, demonstrating how through time reason started to make part of the society. As a conclusion, we try to show that reason and faith are two realities that are not opposed to each other, but both must walk together in the search of the truth. The absolutization of the reason can lead to a skepticism that ignores basic elements of the faith. In counterpart, the speech of faith without the consideration of reason can produce fundamentalist religious practices. (shrink)

O trabalho, a partir do método hipotético-dedutivo, pretende analisar como as políticas governamentais podem comprometer o desenvolvimento democrático por meio de políticas públicas de incentivo à participação popular. Inicialmente são analisadas as características das sociedades democráticas atuais e a importância da não exclusão dos indivíduos. Após, verifica-se as características de programa de orçamento municipal participativo desenvolvido por gestores públicos e se realiza uma reflexão sobre a importância da participação popular para a concretização de um modelo de desenvolvimento que viabilize a (...) democracia. Ao final, conclui-se pela importância de uma democracia participativa e do desenvolvimento de políticas públicas de inclusão social. (shrink)

Physical activity is an important habit for overall health and quality of life, but it tends to recede as young adults transition from high school into university. The present study sought to understand, in the case of university students that still practice PA, their motives for PA and their relationships with psychological need satisfaction and characteristics of practice regularity. Participants were 423 university students who reported to practice PA, with ages ranging from 18 to 30 years old. Measures assessing motives (...) for PA, PNS, and PA characteristics were completed. Hierarchical, followed by iterative, cluster analysis was used and four naturally occurring groupings of university students were identified based on their motives for PA: one extrinsic-motives cluster, one all-motives cluster, one intrinsic-motives cluster, and one low-motives cluster. Groupings were compared in terms of the characteristics of their practice regularity and their levels of PNS. Significant between-group differences were observed in the duration of single principal PA sessions, minutes per week practicing main PA, total PA minutes per week, and type of day of the week used for PA. The number of days per week devoted to the principal PA and the number of total PAs practiced were similar across all four clusters. With regard to between-group differences in psychological need satisfaction in PA by cluster, these analyses showed the existence of four clearly distinguishable naturally occurring groupings based on motives for PA, which gives researchers and practitioners the possibility to analyze and implement tailored interventions aimed at promoting PA among university students. (shrink)

La educación cívica se encuentra en la misma base de la democracia . T odo sistema democrático que prescinda de esta necesidad acabará haciendo de s v anecerse la racionalidad democrática de sus instituciones. La democracia liberal es un buen ejemplo de este debilitamiento pr o g res i v o de las estructuras democráticas. Benjamin R. Barber no tarda en referirse a ella como "democracia débil". La democracia carece de plenitud sin ciudadanos fo r mados cívicamente. Educación y democracia (...) están indisol u b lemente unidas. P or eso, para este autor la r e generación de la democracia, con sus contenidos reales de pa r ticipación política, pasa necesariamente por la educación. Enseñar democracia es se r vir a la comuni dad. (shrink)

Consideration of reference systems for semivalues leads us to a global representation of the action of a semivalue on a game. Using this representation, we show how to modify semivalues to take account of coalition structures on the player set. The players' allocations according to a semivalue, including a modified semivalue, can be computed by means of products of matrices obtained from the multilinear extension of the game.

Automatic control of physiological variables is one of the most active areas in biomedical engineering. This paper is centered in the prediction of the analgesic variables evolution in patients undergoing surgery. The proposal is based on the use of hybrid intelligent modelling methods. The study considers the Analgesia Nociception Index to assess the pain in the patient and remifentanil as intravenous analgesic. The model proposed is able to make a one-step-ahead prediction of the remifentanil dose corresponding to the current state (...) of the patient. The input information is the previous remifentanil dose, the ANI variable and the electromyogram signal. Modelling techniques used are Artificial Neural Networks and Support Vector machines for Regression combined with clustering methods. Both training and validation were done with a real dataset from different patients. Results obtained show the potential of this methodology to calculate the drug dose corresponding to a given analgesic state of the patient. (shrink)

Jacques Derrida delivered the basis of The Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, & the New International as a plenary address at the conference ‘Whither Marxism?’ hosted by the University of California, Riverside, in 1993. The longer book version was published in French the same year and appeared in English and Portuguese the following year. In the decade after the publication of Specters, Derrida’s analyses provoked a large critical literature and invited both consternation and (...) celebration by figures such as Antonio Negri, Wendy Brown and Frederic Jameson. This forum seeks to stimulate new reflections on Derrida, deconstruction and Specters of Marx by considering how the futures past announced by the book have fared after an eventful quarter century. In this fifth group of contributions, three philosophers explore the specters of colonialidade, the specifically Brazilian legacies of Portuguese and European coloniality. Carla Rodrigues opens the dialogue by exploring the haunting and melancholy provoked by colonial forms of violence and shows how confronting Brazilian necropolitics sustains the Derridean legacy; Rafael Haddock-Lobo offers a meditation on the difficulties of being before the law and standing before specters as a means of being justly haunted by the others of European philosophy in Brazil; finally, Marcelo Moraes continues the theme of Europe as a specter-producing machine and invokes specifically the presences of indigenous and Afro-Brazilian political resistances with the aim of deconstructing coloniality. (shrink)

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a much-discussed subject in the business world. The Internet has become one of the main tools for CSR information disclosure, allowing companies to publicise more information less expensively and faster than ever before. As a result, corporations are increasingly concerned with communicating ethically and responsibly to the diversity of stakeholders through the web. This paper addresses the main question as whether CSR information disclosure on corporate websites is influenced by country of origin and/or industry (...) sector. Analysing the websites of 127 corporations from emerging countries, such as Brazil, Chile, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Thailand and South Africa, it becomes evident that both country of origin and industry sector have a significant influence over CSR information disclosure on the web (CSRIDOW). Based on the data studied, country of origin has a stronger influence over CSRIDOW than industry sector. (shrink)

Previous research has shown positive relationships between fitness level and different cognitive abilities and academic performance. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between logical–mathematical intelligence and mathematical competence with physical fitness in a group of pre-adolescents. Sixty-three children from Castro del Río, aged between 11 and 12 years, participated in this research. The Superior Logical Intelligence Test and the EVAMAT 1.0–5 battery were used. Physical fitness was evaluated by the horizontal jump test, the 4×10 meter speed–agility (...) test, and the Course Navette test. The analyses showed positive relationships between physical fitness with logical–mathematical intelligence and mathematical competence. Specifically, linear regression analyzes indicated that the 4×10 speed–agility test significantly predicted mathematical competence and the horizontal jump test significantly predicted logical–mathematical intelligence. These results are in agreement with previous research, highlighting the importance of improving physical fitness from an early age due to its benefits for intellectual and academic development. (shrink)