Cet ouvrage rassemble les communications présentées lors d'une Journée d'études organisée, le 30 avril 1998, par l'Ecole nationale des Chartes et l'Ecole normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud-Fontenay. Le rapport des femmes au livre y est envisagé sous plusieurs angles. Une partie de l'ouvrage envisage la femme comme lectrice, en Espagne et en Nouvelle Espagne, à la fin du Moyen Age et au début des Temps modernes. Les sources sont des inventaires. Les uns sont dressés après décès, tels ce...

Reflection Principles are commonly thought to produce only strong axioms of infinity consistent with V = L. It would be desirable to have some notion of strong reflection to remedy this, and we have proposed Global Reflection Principles based on a somewhat Cantorian view of the universe. Such principles justify the kind of cardinals needed for, inter alia , Woodin’s Ω-Logic.

Was man Fruhe Neuzeit nennt, ist durch ausserordentliche Ereignisse gepragt, die die uberlieferten Welterklarungen in Frage stellen. Nicht nur die Erfahrungswelt andert sich, auch die Welt der Wissenschaft. Wunderbar ist etwas, das bestehende Diskurse nicht bestatigt, sondern herausfordert. Es widerspricht dem Gewohnten und ist erklarungsbedurftig. Die Kernfrage ist nun, bis wohin es im Kontext der Fruhen Neuzeit gelang, das Wunderbare zu erfassen und zu erklaren, und von welchem Punkt an die traditionellen Diskurse vom Wunderbaren widerlegt und falsifiziert wurden, so dass (...) neue Ordnungen gesucht werden mussten. Wie weit konnen traditionelle Ordnungen im Interesse von Erklarungen erweitert und verandert werden? Gelingt es den neuen Ordnungen, das Wunderbare aufzulosen und als 'Explanandum' logisch aus anderen Tatsachen und ubergeordneten Naturgesetzen abzuleiten? Wie wird die Konkurrenz zwischen den Diskursen in den zeitgenossischen Texten erortert? Der vorliegende Band umfasst Beitrage renommierter Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler aus dem In- und Ausland, die sich dem Wunderbaren im Zugriff der Vernunft in der fruhen Neuzeit aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln widmen. (shrink)

The order of discovery can have a profound effect upon the way in which we think about the function of a gene. In E. coli, recA is nearly essential for cell survival in the presence of DNA damage. However, recA was originally identified, as a gene required to obtain recombinant DNA molecules in conjugating bacteria. As a result, it has been frequently assumed that recA promotes the survival of bacteria containing DNA damage by recombination in which DNA strand exchanges occur. (...) We now know that several of the processes that interact with or are controlled by recA, such as excision repair and translesion synthesis, operate to ensure that DNA replication occurs processively without strand exchanges. Yet the view persists in the literature that recA functions primarily to promote recombination during DNA repair. With the benefit of hindsight and more than three decades of additional research, we reexamine some of the classical experiments that established the concept of DNA repair by recombination, and we consider the possibilities that recombination is not an efficient mechanism for rescuing damaged cells, and that recA may be important for maintaining processive replication in a manner that does not generally promote recombination. BioEssays 23:463–470, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (shrink)

entre judaïsme, christianisme et islam Dominique de Courcelles. PRÉFACE Le fou de Dieu - celui qui, déployant la logique du discours de Paul sur la folie de la Croix, échange la folie aux yeux du monde contre la sagesse aux yeux de Dieu,  ...

Inleidend overzicht van de wijsgerige ethiek.

Scientific realists have suggested that changes in our scientific communities over the course of their history have rendered those communities progressively less vulnerable to the problem of unconcieved alternatives over time. I argue in response not only that the most fundamental historical transformations of the scientific enterprise have generated steadily mounting obstacles to revolutionary, transformative, or unorthodox scientific theorizing, but also that we have substantial independent evidence that the institutional apparatus of contemporary scientific inquiry fosters an exceedingly and increasingly theoretically (...) conservative form of that inquiry. I conclude that contemporary scientific communities are actually more vulnerable to the problem of unconceived alternatives than their historical predecessors, and I briefly suggest how we might seek to pursue scientific inquiry in a less theoretically conservative way. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage étudie la langue du vrai dans la première modernité. La vérité dépend-elle d'une belle énonciation? Y a-t-il des règles institutionnelles spécifiques d'énonciation de la vérité? Pourquoi la doctrina constitue-t-elle l'horizon de tout savoir et de tout enseignement prétendant à la vérité?

"Dans l'Espagne du XVe au XVIIe siècle, avec les grands voyages et les explorations de mondes inconnus, l'art de bâtir des palais ou des jardins, d'écrire un voyage expérimental ou une quête mystique, de peindre des paysages et des gloires célestes témoigne d'un renouvellement du regard - philosophique, alchimique, théologique, politique. Habiter le monde s'inscrit dans une perspective géométrique et mystique de l'infini et de l'éternité. Il y aurait peut-être là la marque d'une spécificité hispanique. L'ouvrage s'articule autour de quatre (...) parties consacrées aux palais, jardins et demeures spirituelles, aux merveilles de l'univers de Séville à Mexico, à la mystique des paysages et à la magie naturelle, à la représentation de l'infini" --. (shrink)

La passion de l'unité : tel semble avoir été l'un des principaux moteurs de l'activité diplomatique et intellectuelle du cardinal Nicolas de Cues (1401-1464).

We prove that every monadic second-order property of the unfolding of a transition system is a monadic second-order property of the system itself. An unfolding is an instance of the general notion of graph covering. We consider two more instances of this notion. A similar result is possible for one of them but not for the other.

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In every undirected graph or, more generally, in every undirected hypergraph of bounded rank, one can specify an orientation of the edges or hyperedges by monadic second-order formulas using quantifications on sets of edges or hyperedges. The proof uses an extension to hypergraphs of the classical notion of a depth-first spanning tree. Applications are given to the characterization of the classes of graphs and hypergraphs having decidable monadic theories.

Summer 2010 was marked by one of the worst environmental disasters ever experienced on a global scale. Following the explosion of the oil rig Deepwater Horizon on April 20—the drilling platform for British Petroleum—thousands of tons of crude oil spilled into the Gulf of Mexico. As a result, water and energy came together in ways that had the potential to do tremendous damage to the land and the air, which were invaded by an oil slick and toxic gases. This was (...) clearly a man-made crisis, which the world watched with shock and dismay. In the aftermath of this event and the chaos caused by greed and incompetence, it is important to remind humanity of what it might have forgotten. Ancient philosophy .. (shrink)

On June 13, 323 BCE, Alexander the Great, king of the Greeks, died at Babylon at the age of thirty-three. He had conquered a large part of the known world—the oikoumenē of the Greeks—and he had pushed back the eastern limits of the universe by advancing into India as far as the basin of the Ganges. He had also done everything in his power to give birth to a myth around his person, a myth that endures to this day. Alexander (...) came to power in 336 BCE, at the age of twenty, after his father, Philip II, king of Macedon, had been assassinated. He was the cherished pupil of Aristotle, who followed him in his ventures and dedicated a treatise to him entitled Rhetoric to Alexander. He went to war in Asia against the .. (shrink)

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The study of graph structure has advanced in recent years with great strides: finite graphs can be described algebraically, enabling them to be constructed out of more basic elements. Separately the properties of graphs can be studied in a logical language called monadic second-order logic. In this book, these two features of graph structure are brought together for the first time in a presentation that unifies and synthesizes research over the last 25 years. The author not only provides a thorough (...) description of the theory, but also details its applications, on the one hand to the construction of graph algorithms, and, on the other to the extension of formal language theory to finite graphs. Consequently the book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in graph theory, finite model theory, formal language theory, and complexity theory. (shrink)

인간의 이성적 의식과 법의 관계를 밝히고 법의 해석 과 판단에 인간의 의식이 어떻게 작용하는가를 고찰 한 저술. 제1부에서는 법의 형이상학적인 측면에서 법의 실체, 그리스의 법, 데카르트의 법, 로크와 법, 칸트와 법, 헤겔과 법, 아담스미스의 법의 경제, 중국의 도덕과 법사상을 다루었다. 제2부에서는 심리학적 분석으로 헌법의 심리학적 해석, 법의 판결절차, 증거법, 형법과 죄, 청소년과 가족법, 조세법, 플라톤의 법, 칸트의 도덕론의 경험적 확인, 헤겔의 자아와 노동법, 법의 4차원에 대해 다뤘다.