Palabras claves. Métodos estadísticos, pruebas de hipótesisResumen. Se presentan de forma simple, breve y por medios de los ejemplos prácticos, los métodos estadísticos que sirven para demostrar la representatividad de una, dos o varias muestras basada en los parámetros poblacionales . Se indican la manera de reducir el tamaño del error experimental para aclarar el efecto significativo de los grupos o muestras bajo el interés . Además, se demuestran la forma de eliminar el efecto de las variables auxiliares o colaterales (...) causante del ruido o error en la estadística . También se nota el uso del modelo ANOVA Anidada para indicar la forma de segmentar la ANOVA en varias partes y de esta manera poder contestar preguntas más complejas. Finalmente, se describen e explican la forma de optimizar los recursos en la conducción de los experimentos y descubrir el efecto de la interacción entre las variables .Keywords. Hypothesis testing, statistical methods. Statistical methods that serve to represent, based upon population parameters of mean and variance, for one, tow or various samples taken from study populations are discussed. Ways to reduce the amount of experimental error in order to clarify the real effect of the treatments are demonstrated . The use of Covariance Analysis to show the pure effect of treatment free from the effect of collateral variables is also indicated. Nested ANOVA that allows division of ANOVA in several parts in order to answer complex questions is described and explained. Finally, the utility of Factorial Analysis for optimization of resource use as well as the illustration of interaction effects are noted and analyzed. (shrink)

Reumen. Se describen las bases del muestreo conglomerado y muestreo sistemático. Se presentan lasecuaciones pertinentes y aquellas para la estimación del tamaño óptimo de muestreo para cada tipo demuestreo. Se demuestra la aplicación práctica de éstos clases de muestreo por medio de ejemplosreales.Palabras claves. Muestreo conglomerado, muestreo sistemático, tamaño óptimo de la muestra.. Cluster sampling and systematic sampling are described and their equations are provided.Real examples are given in order to show the applications of these types of samplings. Equations toestimate (...) optimal sample sizes are also noted.Keywords. Cluster sampling, optimal sample size, systematic sampling. (shrink)

A partir de una encuesta por correo electrónico a estudiantes de Ingeniería en el SAI de la UAMA en un contexto de enseñanza remota forzado por la pandemia, se caracteriza la gestión de la docencia, desde la visión de los estudiantes, se realiza un diagnóstico de los aspectos relacionados. Es un estudio transversal con un análisis cualitativo y descriptivo de las respuestas. La gestión docente se ve afectada por factores inherentes al proceso, así como también por factores externos. Los resultados (...) obtenidos muestran que fue impactada fuertemente al realizarse el proceso totalmente vía remota especialmente, la comunicación e interacción alumno-profesor. (shrink)

This paper provides an exploratory comparative assessment of the institutional pressures influencing corporate social responsibility in a developed country, UK, vs. a developing country, Brazil, based on a survey of different actors. Information on sustainability concerns, organizational strategies and mechanisms of pressure was collected through interviews with environmental regulatory agencies, financial institutions, media and non-governmental organizations. Our results confirm that the more advanced awareness and CSR responsiveness in the UK is a consequence of a predominance of coercive and normative forces (...) on the organizational field. The institutional forces tend to build a Brazilian organizational field that is relational based and risk intensive. The findings lend support to the view that CSR responses are unlikely to be easily transformed into uniform standardized practices across the globe. This paper contributes to a collective understanding of the organizational field and a common template for CSR in the context of developed and developing countries. (shrink)

According to standard assumptions in semantics, ordinary users of a language have implicit beliefs about the truth-conditions of sentences in that language, and they often agree on those beliefs. For example, it is assumed that if Anna and John are both competent users of English and the former utters ‘grass is green’ in conversation with the latter, they will both believe that that sentence is true if and only if grass is green. These assumptions play an important role in an (...) intuitively compelling picture of communication, according to which successful communication through literal assertoric utterances is normally effected thanks to our shared beliefs about the truth-conditions of the sentences uttered in the course of the conversation. Against these standard assumptions, this paper argues that the participants in a conversation rarely have the same beliefs about the truth-conditions of the sentences involved in a linguistic interaction. More precisely, it argues for Variance, the thesis that nearly every utterance is such that there is no proposition which more than one language user believes to be that utterance’s truth-conditional content. If Variance is true, we must reject the standard picture of communication. Towards the end of the paper I identify three ways in which ordinary conversations can be communication-like despite the truth of Variance and argue that the most natural amendments to the standard picture fail to explain them. (shrink)

Indirect speech reports can be true even if they attribute to the speaker the saying of something weaker than what she in fact expressed, yet not all weakenings of what the speaker expressed yield true reports. For example, if Anna utters ‘Bob and Carla passed the exam’, we can accurately report her as having said that Carla passed the exam, but we can not accurately report her as having said that either it rains or it does not, or that either (...) Carla passed the exam or pandas are cute. This paper offers an analysis of speech reports that distinguishes weakenings of what the speaker expressed that yield true reports from weakenings that do not. According to this analysis, speech reports are not only sensitive to the informational content of what the speaker expressed, but also to the possibilities a speaker raises in making an utterance. As I argue, this analysis has significant advantages over its most promising competitors, including views based on work by Barwise and Perry : 668–691, 1981), views appealing to recent work on the notion of content parthood by Fine :199–226, 2016) and Yablo, and Richard’s : 605–616, 1998) proposal appealing to structured propositions. (shrink)

The propositional view of communication states that every literal assertoric utterance of an indicative sentence expresses a proposition, and the audience understands those utterances only if she entertains the proposition(s) the speaker expressed. According to an important objection due to Ray Buchanan, the propositional view is ill‐equipped to handle meaning underdeterminacy. Using resources from situation semantics and MacFarlane's nonindexical contextualism, this article develops a view of literal communication close to the propositional view which overcomes Buchanan's underdeterminacy considerations while accounting for (...) the kind of indifference that typically characterizes speakers' intentions. (shrink)

This paper analyses the role of foreign and local companies in shaping Brazilian positions on global sustainability. It deals with an empirical investigation of CSR practices of firms from the electronics, food, and personal care sectors in response to pressures of 'market' and 'non-market' stakeholders. The results demonstrate that CSR decisions by foreign and local firms are triggered by organisational considerations and anticipated economic gains. The degree of implementation of CSR activities by foreign firms is more advanced than that of (...) local firms. The survey also confirms the hypothesis that market stakeholders exert pressure on companies and positively influence CSR. Non-market stakeholders seem to have a minor effect on corporate social responsibility decisions. We conclude that the institutional environment is a critical determinant of the extent to which the dialogue between stakeholders and companies leads to the attainment of sustainable development. (shrink)

This paper develops a puzzle about non-merely-verbal disputes. At first sight, it would seem that a dispute over the truth of an utterance is not merely verbal only if there is a proposition that the parties to the dispute take the utterance under dispute to express, which one of the parties accepts and the other rejects. Yet, as I argue, it is extremely rare for ordinary disputes over an utterance’s truth to satisfy this condition, in which case non-merely verbal disputes (...) are extremely rare. After examining various responses to the puzzle, I outline a solution using the framework of truthmaker semantics. (shrink)

Estudos sobre a abordagem da história da filosofia por Deleuze ainda serão bem vindos: pesquisas sobre a sua maneira de remontar dos conceitos aos problemas que lhes dão sentido, de indissociar-se dos pensadores que estuda de modo a produzir um campo de intensidades, uma região de indiscernibilidades, lá onde ele próprio, Deleuze, pode criar com eles, retomando, prologando e renovando o pensamento. O objetivo desse texto define-se como a incursão por essa zona de indiscernibilidades e tem em vista um problema (...) e um conceito: o problema da seleção ética como melhor problema do que o julgamento como uma solução moral, e o conceito de "eterno retorno", tal como circunscrito pela interpretação que Deleuze faz da filosofia de Nietzsche. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una reconstrucción de la teoría de los grupos dereferencia. La teoría, desarrollada por Robert K. Merton, ha sido largamente utilizada enlos más variados campos de las ciencias sociales, aunque con escasa o nula consideraciónmetateórica hasta ahora. La reconstrucción atenderá a la presentación que de la misma serecoge en sendos artículos de su libro Social Theory and Social Structure, de 1968, a saber:“Contributions to the theory of reference group behavior” y “Continuities in the theory (...) ofreference groups and social structure”. Para presentar esta reconstrucción me apoyaré en elinstrumental de la Metateoría Estructuralista. Después de una consideración informal de lateoría, serán presentados sus modelos potenciales, modelos, modelos potenciales parciales,sus aplicaciones intencionales y algunos comentarios acerca de la noción de “grupo de referencia”en lo que respeta su carácter relacional y disposicional. (shrink)

This paper raises a new form of speaker error objection to the analysis of disputes as metalinguistic negotiations in cases in which disputants reject that analysis. It focuses on an obvious but underexplored form of speaker error: speakers’ misattribution of contents both to others and to themselves. It argues that the analyses of disputes that posit this type of speaker error are uncharitable in three different ways: first, by portraying speakers as mistaken interpreters of their interlocutors; second, by portraying speakers (...) as uncharitable interpreters of their interlocutors; third, by portraying speakers who retract their claims as mistaken interpreters of their own prior utterances. Taken together, these unfavorable consequences weigh significantly against the plausibility of this type of analysis for the cases in question. (shrink)

The article Disagreement lost, written by Martín Abreu Zavaleta, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 16 September 2020 without open access. The copyright of the article changed on 18 September 2020 to © The Author 2020 and the article is forthwith distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution.

Este artigo tem como objetivo pensar as figurações feministas e o devir-mulher a partir da arte para refletir sobre subjetividades inventivas. Em seu conteúdo, aborda-se o contexto do lugar da mulher na arte, desde o apagamento das mulheres até a reapropriação desse espaço pelos movimentos feministas. Para refletir sobre a arte, são apresentados os conceitos de devir e de figuração, bem como artistas que dialogam com esses conceitos. Sob o aporte teórico feminista, o trabalho aponta a arte como um meio (...) de resistência na produção de novas narrativas pelas figurações, além de um estado de devir como resistência, desconstrução e reconstrução, e um modo de viver mais libertário por parte das mulheres.Palavras-chave: Estética feminista. Arte. Devir-mulher. Subjetivação. AbstractThis article aims to think over the feminist figurations and the becoming-woman through art, in order to reflect on inventive subjectivities. In its content, women's place in art's context is addressed, from their erasure until their reappropriation by feminist movements. The concepts of becoming and figurations are presented to think over art, as well as artists that dialogue with those concepts. Under the feminist theoretical contribution, the present work features art as a way of resistance in the production of new narratives through figurations, while also recognizing the state of becoming as a means of resistance, a deconstruction and reconstruction process, and ultimately a more liberating way of life by women.Keywords: Feminist Aesthetics. Art. Becoming-woman. Subjectification. (shrink)

Este relato apresenta brevemente a experiência de uma atividade realizada com alunos de ensino médio, no Subprojeto de Filosofia do PIBID UFFS Campus Chapecó, na qual foram abordados os conceitos de Eros e Philia em Platão e Aristóteles. A atividade foi pensada juntamente com o coordenador e o supervisor do subprojeto e aplicada aos alunos do 2º ano do Ensino Médio noturno da Escola Coronel Lara Ribas, onde são desenvolvidas as atividades do Subprojeto de Filosofia da UFFS, sendo realizada durante (...) o segundo semestre de 2012. A atividade envolveu todas as etapas fundamentais de uma atividade de docência, a saber: escolha do tema, planejamento, pesquisa dos conteúdos, definição da metodologia, aplicação na sala de aula e avaliação. A temática utilizada nas aulas, envolvendo os conceitos de Eros e Philia, foi fundamentada nas obras de Platão e Aristóteles, que foram lidos e debatidos pelos alunos em sala de aula. O objetivo central da atividade foi possibilitar compreensão desses dois conceitos, Eros e Philia, no pensamento de Platão e Aristóteles, por parte dos alunos do ensino médio. Metodologicamente, foram desenvolvidas várias atividades, como a leitura dos textos clássicos, apresentação de material audiovisual, análise de letras de música e debates. Esta prática contribuiu para a formação docente do bolsista, exigindo uma compreensão maior dos textos clássicos, domínio dos conteúdos, planejamento e reflexão sobre metodologias para o desenvolvimento dos temas. Esta experiência contribuiu ainda para que o acadêmico percebesse a sala de aula como um espaço de atuação/formação inicial e permanente, no qual é necessário sempre refletir sobre a qualidade do ensino, bem como a promoção da articulação entre a teoria e a prática dos saberes acadêmicos que promovem uma formação integral do aluno de licenciatura. (shrink)

If Amelia utters ‘Brad ate a salad in 2005’ assertorically, and she is speaking literally and sincerely, then I can infer that Amelia believes that Brad ate a salad in 2005. This paper discusses what makes this kind of inference truth-preserving. According to the baseline picture, my inference is truth-preserving because, if Amelia is a competent speaker, she believes that the sentence she uttered means that Brad ate a salad in 2005; thus, if Amelia believes that that sentence is true, (...) then she must believe that Brad ate a salad in 2005. I argue that this view is not correct; on pain of irrationality, normal speakers can’t have specific beliefs about the meaning of the sentences they utter. I propose a new account, relying on the view that epistemically responsible speakers utter sentences assertorically only if they believe all the propositions which they think those sentences might mean. (shrink)

The persistent educational challenges that fractions pose call for developing novel instructional methods to better prepare students for fraction learning. Here, we examined the effects of a 24-session, Cuisenaire rod intervention on a building block for symbolic fraction knowledge, continuous and discrete non-symbolic proportional reasoning, in children who have yet to receive fraction instruction. Participants were 34 second-graders who attended the intervention (intervention group) and 15 children who did not participate in any sessions (control group). As attendance at the intervention (...) sessions was irregular (median = 15.6 sessions, range = 1–24), we specifically examined the effect of the number of sessions completed on their non-symbolic proportional reasoning. Our results showed that children who attended a larger number of sessions increased their ability to compare non-symbolic continuous proportions. However, contrary to our expectations, they also decreased their ability to compare misleading discretized proportions. In contrast, children in the Control group did not show any change in their performance. These results provide further evidence on the malleability of non-symbolic continuous proportional reasoning and highlight the rigidity of counting knowledge interference on discrete proportional reasoning. (shrink)

Say that an audience understands a given utterance perfectly only if she correctly identifies which proposition (or propositions) that utterance expresses. In ideal circumstances, the participants in a conversation will understand each other’s utterances perfectly; however, even if they do not, they may still understand each other’s utterances at least in part. Although it is plausible to think that the phenomenon of partial understanding is very common, there is currently no philosophical account of it. This paper offers such an account. (...) Along the way, I argue against two seemingly plausible accounts which use Stalnaker’s notion of common ground and Lewisian subject matters, respectively. (shrink)

Se presenta una investigación cualitativa cuyo objetivo es realizar una aproximación a las percepciones que el profesorado en formación inicial (PFI) del Grado en Educación Infantil (EI) tiene con respecto al conocimiento de diferentes cuestiones relacionadas con la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de las ciencias, Se diseñó y aplicó un formulario Knwoledge and Prior Study Inventory (KPSI) y se realizó una revisión de la Memoria para la solicitud de verificación de títulos oficiales del Grado en EI. Los resultados muestran evidencias (...) de la necesidad de formación que el PFI presenta en lo relativo a la enseñanza de las ciencias. (shrink)

This article aims to read feminist new materialisms (Barad), together with ‘postulated’ linguistic or cultural primacy of Queer Theory (Butler), to show how both are engaged in similar critical-ethical endeavours. The central argument is that the criticism of Barad and new materialisms misses Butler’s materialistic insights due to a narrow interpretation of Butler's alleged social-constructivist position. There is, therefore, a specific focus on where they both make similar ethical appeals. Moreover, the article relies on Adorno's negative dialectic to highlight an (...) interpretation of Barad and Butler as being part of the same dialectical movement, in which materialism and idealism fluctuate in their mutual criticisms, thus continuing the procession towards 'new knowledge' and emancipation, or freedom, through their motions back and forth. (shrink)

To maximize brain plasticity after stroke, several rehabilitation strategies have been explored, including the use of intensive motor training, motor imagery, and action observation. Growing evidence of the positive impact of virtual reality (VR) techniques on recovery following stroke has been shown. However, most VR tools are designed to exploit active movement, and hence patients with low level of motor control cannot fully benefit from them. Consequently, the idea of directly training the central nervous system has been promoted by utilizing (...) motor-imagery (MI) based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). To date, detailed information on which VR strategies lead to successful functional recovery is still largely missing, and very little is known about how to optimally integrate BCI and VR paradigms for stroke rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a BCI-VR system using a MI paradigm for post-stroke upper limb rehabilitation on functional assessments, and related changes in MI ability and brain imaging. To achieve this, a 60 years old male chronic stroke patient was recruited. The patient underwent a 3-week intervention in a clinical environment, resulting in 10 BCI-VR training sessions. The patient was assessed before and after intervention, as well as on a one-month follow-up, in terms of clinical scales and brain imaging using functional MRI (fMRI). Consistent with prior research, we found important improvements in upper extremity scores (Fugl-Meyer) and identified increases in brain activation measured by fMRI that suggest neuroplastic changes in brain motor networks. This study expands on the current body of evidence as more data are needed on the effect of this type of interventions not only on functional improvement but also through brain imaging to study the effect of the intervention on plasticity. (shrink)