In his commentary of Dionysius the Areopagite’s Mystical Theology Albert the Great outlines the allegorical exegesis of Moses’ ascent of the mount as a way to the unknown God. Step by step Moses has to purify himself, to leave behind his natural knowledge. Separated from all human beings he alone proceeds to the cloud of unknown. At last the infusion of divine light lets him know God through negations. The normal, human way of knowing God is limited, so the mind (...) should attain the paradox of knowing in unknowing. Albert claims that all we cannot properly predicate by names obtained from things known to us, is best indicated by negations. The peak described by Dionysius as union, Albert shows to be intellectual perfection. Guided by divine illumination man contemplates the Trinitarian God. Thus contemplation supports any theological investigation. Descending the mountain, as Albert says in his Summa, Moses spoke to the people. Likewise after contemplation the theologian has to illumine others about what he... (shrink)

Given its non-invasive nature, there is increasing interest in the use of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation across basic, translational and clinical research. Contemporaneously, tVNS can be achieved by stimulating either the auricular branch or the cervical bundle of the vagus nerve, referred to as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation and transcutaneous cervical VNS, respectively. In order to advance the field in a systematic manner, studies using these technologies need to adequately report sufficient methodological detail to enable comparison of results between (...) studies, replication of studies, as well as enhancing study participant safety. We systematically reviewed the existing tVNS literature to evaluate current reporting practices. Based on this review, and consensus among participating authors, we propose a set of minimal reporting items to guide future tVNS studies. The suggested items address specific technical aspects of the device and stimulation parameters. We also cover general recommendations including inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants, outcome parameters and the detailed reporting of side effects. Furthermore, we review strategies used to identify the optimal stimulation parameters for a given research setting and summarize ongoing developments in animal research with potential implications for the application of tVNS in humans. Finally, we discuss the potential of tVNS in future research as well as the associated challenges across several disciplines in research and clinical practice. (shrink)

Given its non-invasive nature, there is increasing interest in the use of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation across basic, translational and clinical research. Contemporaneously, tVNS can be achieved by stimulating either the auricular branch or the cervical bundle of the vagus nerve, referred to as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation and transcutaneous cervical VNS, respectively. In order to advance the field in a systematic manner, studies using these technologies need to adequately report sufficient methodological detail to enable comparison of results between (...) studies, replication of studies, as well as enhancing study participant safety. We systematically reviewed the existing tVNS literature to evaluate current reporting practices. Based on this review, and consensus among participating authors, we propose a set of minimal reporting items to guide future tVNS studies. The suggested items address specific technical aspects of the device and stimulation parameters. We also cover general recommendations including inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants, outcome parameters and the detailed reporting of side effects. Furthermore, we review strategies used to identify the optimal stimulation parameters for a given research setting and summarize ongoing developments in animal research with potential implications for the application of tVNS in humans. Finally, we discuss the potential of tVNS in future research as well as the associated challenges across several disciplines in research and clinical practice. (shrink)

Die Arbeit verfolgt Entwicklungslinien eines auf praktische Vernunft gestützten Republikmodells an Hand der exemplarischen Bedeutung der aristotelischen Politik und ihrer Rezeption durch Thomas von Aquin. Diesen werden auch entscheidende Weichenstellungen für die Ausbildung des modernen Staatsbegriffs und seines begrifflichen Instrumentariums politischer Vernünftigkeit zugerechnet. Teil 1 stellt das aristotelische Modell der auf den Begriff des Menschen als Menschen gegründeten "bürgerlichen Gesellschaft" vor, in der sich ein gegenüber der Beliebigkeit tatsächlicher Herrschaftsan-massungen kritischer ursprünglicher Zusammenhang zwischen dem Verständnis "politischer Herr-schaft" und der wechselseitigen (...) "Anerkennung" konkret freier und gleicher Bürger präsent hält. Dieser ruht jedoch auf einschränkenden Voraussetzungen politischer Subjektivität und deren unmittelbarer Bindung an institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen auf, wie sie aus einem spezifisch antiken Verständnishorizont, näherhin aus dem aristotelischen Konzept entelechialer Teleologie, erläutert werden. Der Versuch einer Einordnung in Grundlinien des umfassenden systematischen Kontexts in Metaphysik, Physik und praktischer Philosophie soll gerade durch den gegenüber der unbestrittenen aktuellen Relevanz neuzeitlichen Freiheitsethos differenzierenden und nicht ungeschichtlich-planen Zugang zu diesem Politikmodell auch aktualisierende Perspektiven eröffnen. So soll etwa durch die Erläuterung der aristotelischen Teleologiekonzeption, die anhand des Paradigmas der Naturbewegung eingeführt wird, sowie des dazu korrespondierenden Ethos "vernünftigen Strebens" das etwaige Verständnis einer vorgängigen materialen Zweckbindung der Politik, im Sinne etwa einer herkömmlichen "Werteethik", distanziert werden. Das Verhältnis Naturteleologie - Praxis wird nicht deduktiv, sondern als ein solches der Strukturanalogie bei gleichzeitiger methodischer Abgrenzung verstanden. Teil 2 widmet sich der Herausarbeitung systematischer Akzentverschiebungen und Umformungen im Spannungsfeld der Konfrontation von aristotelischer Teleologie bzw. praktischer Vernunft mit einer von der Perspektive der Geschichtlichkeit geprägten Offenbarungsreligion bei Thomas von Aquin. Im Zeichen eines vorläufig theologisch gewonnenen universalen Freiheitsverständnisses vollzieht sich auch ein Strukturwandel politischer Öffentlichkeit, der zunächst eine institutionelle Verdünnung des republikanischen Ideals herbeiführt. Durch die Rücknahme des Ziels der Politik vom konkreten Bürger-ethos in die Universalität und den nunmehr transzendentalen Anspruch des Begriffs des "bonum commune" wird gleichzeitig aber auch ein Prozess der Pluralisierung und Dynamisierung gesellschaft-licher und individueller Zielsetzungen und Praxisformen freigesetzt. Entscheidende Bedeutung kommt dabei dem Stellenwert des thomasischen "Gesetzes" zu, in dem - jenseits einer material-deduktiven oder imperialistischen Konzeption - ein dezidiert praktisch-handlungsleitendes Gesetzesverständnis zum Vorschein kommt. Dieses führt die sittlich-politische Anerkennung stiftende Funktion der "koinonia politike" weiter und leitet in seinem Anspruch gesteigerter "Allgemeinheit"--Dies sowohl im Rückgang auf ein transzendentales Prinzip seiner Begründung wie auch in der Ausweitung seines Adressaten-kreises - zur Neuzeit über. (shrink)

This paper develops a novel theory of the meaning of moral equality. This theory has two original and significant implications: first, it shows—contra what is commonly held in the literature—that adults and children are not always each other’s equals; rather, the former are sometimes inferior and sometimes superior to the latter, depending on the interest at stake. Second, it reveals that human beings’ comparative moral status changes across time, and what matters is that they are each other’s equals at simultaneous (...) segments of their lives. (shrink)

The “phenomenology of existence” is one of the contemporary currents of philosophy which have developed taking existence as its central concern. The purpose of this article is to present my conception of this fundamental field of phenomenological research. In order to do this, I will analyze phenomenology of existence in the double sense of the genitive or better as a bidirectional phenomenological- existential movement; that is to say, on the one hand, I will explore the sense and scope of phenomenology (...) for existence and, on the other hand, the meaning of existence for the phenomenological existential movement. With the aim of describing this twofold dynamics, I will begin by clarifying certain concepts of the Husserlian method that have frequently either been ignored or misinterpreted and, therefore, have impeded us from understanding the meaning of what the founder of phenomenology called “personal existence.” After this elucidation that takes place at the static level of phenomenology, I will apply some key concepts of genetic phenomenology to existence in order to develop my own account of the existential phenomenology. Given that Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908–1961) was a pioneer in the study of the most representative Husserlian texts dealing with the major issues of genetic phenomenology–such as time, space, lived body, intersubjectivity and lifeworld—, I will draw from his philosophy to open a dialogue with María Zambrano (1904–1991), as an example of the possibilities offered by a—comparative—phenomenology for the study of existential problems, specifically for the development of a phenomenology of sensing and being sensed that goes beyond of the paradigm of representation. (shrink)

The current “exemplarist turn” within virtue ethics is increasingly shedding light on the importance of exemplars both as enabling one to identify the virtues and for the importance they bear for orienting one’s conduct, as well as for educating the novice. However, even if categorizations of exemplars have already been proposed, there seems to be a lack of discussion on the kind of imitation different exemplars are supposed to elicit. In order to offer a preliminary answer to this question, in (...) this paper I present three paths to flourishing via imitation of exemplary individuals: The Platonic, the Stoic, and the Aristotelian. Then, I sketch an attempt to reconcile these models. In conclusion, I suggest that, when it comes to education, this reconciliation becomes necessary. Along these lines, I recommend that a multi-step educational program is elaborated. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza tres cuentos de Edgar Allan Poe (El demonio de la perversidad, El gato negro y El corazón delator). Estos cuentos tienen en común el tema de la perversidad hacia cuya elucidación pretendemos avanzar desde la premisa deleuziana según la cual es preciso volver al espacio literario donde fueron nombradas las perversidades, con el fin de obtener algunas claves de comprensión sobre las causas y consecuencias de la perversidad, así como sobre la naturaleza de estos personajes literarios que, (...) en los tres cuentos citados, se autodefinen como víctimas de esta condición que se encarna en los seres humanos bajo la forma de un demonio. Nos acompañarán en este recorrido los aportes teóricos de Julia Kristeva, Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, François Delaporte y Claude-Olivier Doron. (shrink)

En este trabajo se analizan las cláusulas de liquidez constitucional (CLC), tal como han sido caracterizadas por José María Sauca. Sobre los rasgos estructurales, se sostiene, primero, que es difícil reconducir los ejemplos de CLC a un solo modelo, por cuanto, una vez introducida la distinción entre reglas prescriptivas y constitutivas, caben seis posibles reconstrucciones; segundo, que el principio de prevalencia, lejos de suponer que no hay contradicciones entre las normas que puedan emanar de las CLC y la normativa constitucional, (...) las presuponen; tercero, que mantener que las CLC implican una transferencia de soberanía solo puede obedecer a un uso ambiguo del término “soberanía”. Por lo que hace a las funciones, y en contra de lo sostenido por Sauca, se muestra que las CLC pueden conducir a mutaciones constitucionales y es factible considerarlas mecanismos de última palabra. (shrink)

Scholars have long been intrigued by the Buddha's defining action (karma) as intention. This book explores systematically how intention, agency, and moral psychology were interpreted in all branches of early Theravada thought, paying special attention to the thought of the 5th-century commentator Buddhaghosa.

Conceptions of evil have changed dramatically over time, and though humans continue to commit acts of cruelty against one another, today we possess a clearer, more moral way of analyzing them. In _Narrating Evil_, María Pía Lara explores what has changed in our understanding of evil, why the transformation matters, and how we can learn from this specific historical development. Drawing on Immanuel Kant's and Hannah Arendt's ideas about reflective judgment, Lara argues that narrative plays a key role in helping (...) societies acknowledge their pasts. Particular stories haunt our consciousness and lead to a kind of examination and dialogue that shape notions of morality. A powerful description of a crime can act as a filter, helping us to draw conclusions about what constitutes a moral wrong, and public debates over these narratives allow us to construct a more accurate picture of historical truth, leading to a better understanding of why such actions are possible. In building her argument, Lara considers Greek tragedies, Shakespeare's depictions of evil, Joseph Conrad's literary metaphors, and movies that portray human cruelty. Turning to such philosophers and writers as Jürgen Habermas, Walter Benjamin, Primo Levi, Giorgio Agamben, and Ariel Dorfman, Lara defines a reflexive relationship between an event, the narrative of the event, and the public reception of the narrative, and she proves that the stories of perpetrators and sufferers are always intertwined. The process of disclosure, debate, and the public fashioning of collective judgment are vital methods through which we make sense not only of new forms of cruelty but of past crimes as well. _Narrating Evil_ describes the steps of this process and why they are a crucial part of our attempt to build a different, more just world. (shrink)

The article considers the issue of chnging the main anthropic characteristics of a human under the influence of the rapid development of the latest technologies. Such changes cause the need to revise the usual interpretation of the concept of ‘human’, which is gradually being substituted by the currently popular concepts of ‘trans-’ and ‘post-human’. These concepts are favourably perceived by the techno-optimists, who believe that the latest technologies will allow us to create people who will be physically, intellectually and spiritually (...) superior to the people of today, although they admit that this may lead to greater social inequality. The article states that the post-human potential is too ambiguous to clearly outline it. On the one hand, it opens up unprecedented possibilities, which can be considered the highest manifestation of human freedom, i.e. the ability to model a person according to one’s vision. On the other – there is a real threat to human existence itself, namely, the danger of technological capture of the potential for human improvement. Therefore, the task of the article is to outline the possible prospects for the formation and improvement of modern human identity under the conditions of its combination with the other, non-human species and the latest technologies. This is possible under the condition of acceptance of new possibilities for the post-human as the liberating force that overcomes the negativity and limitations of human nature. The comparative method and the method of analysis were used in the article. (shrink)

The Stoics’ theory of kataleptic impressions looks different once we attend to their analysis of the Sorites paradox. In defending this view, I reject the long-standing assumption that the Stoics develop their theory by focusing on sensory impressions. The Stoic approach to vagueness shows, for example, that non-sensory impressions can be seemingly indistinguishable by belonging to a series. It also draws attention to an understudied dimension of Stoic theory: in aiming to assent only to kataleptic impressions, one aims to avoid (...) not only assent to false impressions but also assent to those that are neither true nor false. (shrink)

In this paper, it is argued the Stoics develop an account of corporeals that allows their theory of bodies to be, at the same time, a theory of causation, agency, and reason. The paper aims to shed new light on the Stoics' engagement with Plato's Sophist . It is argued that the Stoics are Sons of the Earth insofar as, for them, the study of corporeals - rather than the study of being - is the most fundamental study of reality. (...) However, they are sophisticated Sons of the Earth by developing a complex notion of corporeals. A crucial component of this account is that ordinary bodies are individuated by the way in which the corporeal god pervades them. The corporeal god is the one cause of all movements and actions in the universe. (shrink)

Silence is reserved for what cannot be verbally expressed. The well-known Wittgensteinian quote summarizes an established understanding of the relationship between language and silence: because language is not enough to account for reality and thinking, it must be transcended by other means of expression, like music or silence. But what if the opposite is the case and silence is not the extension but the precondition of language, the ultimate source of meaning? This paper explores how this is the phenomenological and (...) Derridean philosophical framework of Coetzee’s novels, a literary universe created from the will to signify and build singular meanings. (shrink)

This volume is a tribute to the thought of Seth Benardete by contributors who had the rare good fortune of studying with him or those who discovered the treasure of his writings. Benardete was fully immersed in the world of the ancients, starting with Homer, but their works opened up for him a way to the fundamental questions-about justice and love, nature and law, human and divine. Finding "the problem of the human good grounded in the city, and the problem (...) of being in god," he was led to the conclusion that "Political philosophy is the eccentric core of philosophy." While Benardete wrote this statement reflecting on the theological-political issue in the work of his teacher, Leo Strauss, the paradoxical notion of an "eccentric core," in giving this volume its title, is meant to capture a characteristic of his own way of thinking. The essays in this collection-on the Bible and Homer, the pre-Socratics, Plato, Aristotle, and the Roman writers-indicate the range of Benardete's studies and teaching. The centrality of Plato is evident at the same time in those pieces as well as in the reviews of Benardete's books included here, along with three of his own previously unpublished essays. Book jacket. (shrink)

This paper aims to enhance security in IoT device networks through a visual tool that utilizes three projection techniques, including Beta Hebbian Learning (BHL), t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) and ISOMAP, in order to facilitate the identification of network attacks by human experts. This work research begins with the creation of a testing environment with IoT devices and web clients, simulating attacks over Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) for recording all relevant traffic information. The unsupervised algorithms chosen provide a set (...) of projections that enable human experts to visually identify most attacks in real-time, making it a powerful tool that can be implemented in IoT environments easily. (shrink)

La estabilidad es una de las características centrales de una constitución, aunque su consecución trascienda los planteamientos puramente constitucionales. Los métodos institucionales que se han utilizado para, en cierta medida, intentar alcanzarla son diversos —y a veces contradictorios— según se adapten más o menos fácilmente a la demanda de cambio constitucional. Entre estos fenómenos, este trabajo formula un nuevo concepto denominado liquidez constitucional cuya utilidad radica en propiciar dimensiones de flexibilidad en constituciones rígidas. La liquidez constitucional se canaliza a través (...) de las denominadas cláusulas de liquidez constitucional que se formulan inductivamente a la luz de la Constitución española de 1978 y que son analizadas estructural y funcionalmente. Finalmente, se comparan con otros conceptos tradicionales relativos al tratamiento de la estabilidad y el cambio constitucional. (shrink)

El análisis detenido del pensamiento teológico-musical de Isidoro de Sevilla ha sido repetidamente ignorado por la crítica, hecho que ha provocado que el estado de la cuestión sobre la materia sea prácticamente inexistente. Debido a ello, este trabajo tiene un cuádruple objetivo. En primer lugar, fijar con precisión el citado estado de la cuestión. En segundo lugar, sistematizar el estudio del pensamiento teológico-musical isidoriano dentro de la totalidad de su pensamiento musical para que el primero pueda ser estudiado exhaustivamente y (...) de manera generalizada en el futuro. En tercer lugar, localizar, clasificar e introducir por primera vez todos los textos litúrgico-musicales de Isidoro de Sevilla de cara a su posterior estudio en futuras publicaciones. En cuarto lugar, exponer, también por primera vez, algunas de las ideas más relevantes del pensamiento teológico-musical isidoriano como ejemplo de la sistematización propuesta y como punto de partida para el establecimiento de futuras líneas de investigación. (shrink)

La crisis pandémica sufrida por el Covid-19 no tiene parangón, con un importante impacto económico y financiero, además de sanitario. Sin embargo, este propio marco nos permite y, a su vez, nos obliga a auditar los daños y repensar un nuevo marco jurídico y político que incluya a toda la ciudadanía mundial, sin penalización. La mirada para contabilizar el daño ciudadano no puede ignorar el enfoque de los derechos humanos desde la perspectiva feminista, sino que se requiere inexorablemente de una (...) obligatoria y urgente metodología de género. Sin perder de vista los objetivos de la Agenda Mundial de 2030, y el compromiso con la erradicación de la pobreza, la incorporación de esta metodología obliga a repensar la Sociedad del Trabajo y la Sociedad de cuidados para reivindicar la importancia que para el bienestar humano tiene el trabajo realizado dentro del hogar, y la urgencia de computarlo normativa y globalmente como generador de bienes y servicios. (shrink)

Social Education implies a constant exposition to human experiences of vulnerability and suffering. In this paper, Levinas’s philosophy of alterity and, specifically, the notion of hospitality constitutes our ethical lens to explore educational encounters in non-formal contexts within the Spanish Social Sector. The study is developed from a hermeneutic phenomenological approach into the depth of lived experiences of eight social educators who currently work with different populations groups. The testimonies, explored through semi-structured interviews, are presented in a conversational, dialogic, poetic (...) format. First, Levinas’ philosophy is presented as our ethical position, focusing on subjectivity as hospitality. Secondly, methodological aspects regarding hermeneutics are addressed. Finally, the testimonies of social educators are presented in an evocative way, exploring uncertainty and three different tensions regarding human relations in their practices: physical spaces, affection, and embodiment. (shrink)

The present paper argues that substantialist metaphysics are in tension with the physicalist idea that the universe is causally closed. The argument is a rather specific one and proceeds through three steps. The first step consists in arguing that monistic substance metaphysics allow for the existence of entities that cannot belong to the intended first order domain. This result sensitively depends on the nature of substances as invariant entities. The second step concludes that, if further domains are to be admitted, (...) then they are inhabited by “higher” or (systematically) “nonstandard” entities and that, in both cases if not made somehow innocuous, such entities may take part on the metaphysical construction of the world through their own distinctive properties and causal powers. However, this latter claim is in contradiction with causal closure. But closure is the principle that mainly characterizes physicalist approaches in metaphysics and as such physicalist metaphysics cannot get rid of it. Who attempted making exotic properties and causal powers innocuous usually appealed to the Supervenience Argument. Unfortunately, as the third step proves, this argument is invalid. Finally, the paper looks forward and toward alternative models for physicalist metaphysics, like processbased models. Keywords: Metaphysics of Quantities, Abstraction Principles, Locationism. (shrink)

Postmodern political critiques speak of the death of ideology, the end of history, and the postsecular return of religious attitudes, yet radical conservative theorists such as Mark Lilla argue religion and politics are inextricably intertwined. Returning much-needed uncertainty to debates over the political while revitalizing the very terms in which they are defined, María Pía Lara explores the ambiguity of secularization and the theoretical potential of a structural break between politics and religion. For Lara, secularization means three things: the translation (...) of religious semantics into politics; a transformation of religious notions into political ideas; and the reoccupation of a space left void by changing political actors that gives rise to new conceptions of political interaction. Conceptual innovation redefines politics as a horizontal relationship between governments and the governed and better enables societies (and individual political actors) to articulate meaning through action--that is, through the emergence of new concepts. These actions, Lara proves, radically transform our understanding of politics and the role of political agents and are further enhanced by challenging the structural dependence of politics on religious phenomena. (shrink)

This study delves into the unexplored intersection of Socinianism, a religious movement challenging Christian orthodoxy in the Early Modern period, and Tacitism, a political discourse inspired by Tacitus. Both fostered critical thinking, intertwining in nuanced ways. Socinianism’s theological skepticism questioned established beliefs, while Tacitism scrutinized historical and political accounts. Their controversial nature resulted in covert existence among elite intellectuals, shaping socio-political discourse. Socinianism’s theological nonconformity, akin to Tacitism’s critique of traditional political narratives, often sparked conflicts with authorities, revealing the intricate (...) relationship between religion and politics in the Early Modern Era and influencing the development of secular thought. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo destacar o impacto da metodologia da pesquisa arqueológica nas obras de Angela Davis (2016) e bell hooks (2023), respectivamente, “Mulher, Raça e Classe”, e “E eu não sou uma Mulher? Mulheres negras e feminismo”, que buscam reexaminar, de modo imersivo, a experiência e luta contra a violência da escravidão na história de mulheres negras. As intelectuais feministas negras estadunidenses abrem as portas para um pensamento científico menos tolerante à misoginia, ao racismo, e outras formas de (...) violências relacionais e institucionais, de modo a romper com a tradição da historiografia positivista. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, que contempla a análise crítica das referidas obras, com base no método filosófico pautado na investigação histórica de Michel Foucault (2008). Ressalta-se, então, a importância do reconhecimento dessas literaturas enquanto estimadas representantes e invasoras da arqueologia do saber, e a relevância de novas produções que possibilitem uma representação social coerente com a realidade dos discursos sobre a mulher negra, contribuindo para uma narrativa histórica contada pela pessoa oprimida, no intuito de abrir frestas para o efetivo rompimento com as epistemologias que legitimam e favorecem sistemas de opressão. Por meio de uma arqueologia da escravidão, para além das formações discursivas coloniais das práticas econômicas, políticas e sociais, as filósofas exploram as interconexões entre diferentes narrativas, revelando a complexa teia que sustenta as relações de poder, e como a marginalização é perpetuada. A conclusão direciona para a importância de reconhecer e valorizar as experiências das mulheres negras, destacando a necessidade de dar voz a essas narrativas historicamente silenciadas. (shrink)

El conocimiento histórico –entendido como un proceso metacognitivo de asimilación constructiva sobre el pasado para explicar fenómenos– comporta un análisis del impacto y la transcendencia de determinados acontecimientos y procesos históricos, en cuya comprensión y valoración influye el concepto de relevancia histórica. Desde esta perspectiva es necesario implementar propuestas de evaluación sólidas, vinculadas al desarrollo competencial. El objetivo de este estudio es diseñar una guía de caracterización de los instrumentos evaluativos –actividades y ejercicios– más utilizados por el profesorado de Historia, (...) con el fin de optimizar los procesos de evaluación de esta competencia mediante una serie de descriptores estructurales, competenciales y transferenciales. Estos indicadores de pertinencia pueden marcar el camino de aquellos docentes que deseen perfeccionar su manera de evaluar lo históricamente determinante. En conclusión, este innovador planteamiento supone un proceso de formación continua del profesorado que contribuye a la mejora de la calidad educativa. (shrink)

Este es artículo es una reflexión en torno a la sociedad VUCA y BANI en la que nos hallamos inmersos. Tras caracterizar a una y otra, se describe las dos crisis que han marcado a esta sociedad: la primera, es la crisis económico-financiera del 2008 y, la segunda, es la crisis que generó la COVID-19 (2019). A estas dos, se le unía otra subyacente, en la sociedad, que es la llamada “crisis de valores” que alcanzó a distintas partes de la (...) sociedad. También, se describe cómo en las últimas dos décadas se ha agravado una crisis medio ambiental que se está produciendo a escala mundial. Además, a estas dos crisis, se añade una crisis geopolítica de alcance imprevisibles, para el conjunto, de la población mundial que se refleja en la invasión por parte de Rusia de Ucrania y el agravado conflicto palestino-israelí con las consecuencias que tienen tanto una como la otra en la población mundial. El impacto de esta situación que se refleja en la sociedad lleva al autor a plantearse su impacto en las personas, en las distintas partes implicadas en la tarea de educar y el reflejo/la necesidad de unas voces éticas en la Educación. (shrink)

El dualismo de propiedades y los qualia han sido problemas heredados de la teoría cartesiana. ‘Problemas viejos con nuevas vestiduras’ que se han traslapado en el discurso de las ciencias cognitivas, en especial en el de la filosofía de la mente. Para algunos pensadores contemporáneos dichos «problemas» están en el marco de las cuestiones metafísicas. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo develar la génesis del problema ocasionada por el uso inadecuado del lenguaje, con el fin de mostrar que tales cuestiones a (...) la larga no son más que pseudoproblemas. Problemas de orden lingüístico y lógico disfrazados con ropaje metafísico. El método usado en este estudio fue el método analítico. Por lo cual, en la primera parte del escrito se analiza el discurso que da origen al problema ; posteriormente, se revisa el discurso cartesiano —por ser la doctrina oficial que hereda el problema a la filosofía de la mente—. Como conclusiones, se presentan las razones por las que se afirma que dichos problemas no son más que errores heredados por el uso del lenguaje. Por último, se presentan de manera breve cómo las posturas eliminativista y emergentista de Dennett y Searle no son realmente la superación del dualismo como ellos lo sustentan. (shrink)

En el artículo se aborda la exégesis bíblica agustiniana presente en los libros XV a XVII del De ciuitate Dei. Con relación al libro XV se analiza la autoridad que el Hiponense les confiere a las Escrituras. Posteriormente se destaca el tema de la inspiración de la Sagrada Escritura, como obra del Espíritu Santo. En vista de que en el libro XV del De ciuitate Dei san Agustín da una gran importancia a las diferentes versiones bíblicas, el artículo hace una (...) breve presentación de las versiones bíblicas mencionadas por san Agustín, para exponer la autoridad y validez que les confería a las mismas. Se expone la interpretación exegética de los nombres de los personajes del Antiguo Testamento. Se hace asimismo referencia a las consideraciones intratextuales que san Agustín hace dentro del libro XV, particularmente las relativas al Contra Faustum y sus implicaciones exegéticas. Con relación a los libros XVI y XVII se hace la presentación de los principales elementos exegéticos que el obispo de Hipona desarrolla dentro de los libros XVI y XVII del De ciuitate Dei- Se destacan, en primer lugar, los principios generales exegéticos que san Agustín ofrece en los dos libros anteriormente mencionados. Posteriormente el artículo presenta el vocabulario utilizado por el Obispo de Hipona para designar la labor exegética hecha por él, así como las diversas implicaciones y aplicaciones de la hermenéutica bíblica. En tercer lugar se ponen de manifiesto las diversas interpretaciones e implicaciones espirituales que tienen para san Agustín los nombres de personajes y lugares del Antiguo Testamento mencionados en estos dos libros. (shrink)

Quizá uno de los problemas más importantes y complejos del siglo XXI, después del muy urgente problema de evitar una guerra atómica, es la tarea de encontrar los caminos para organizar una sociedad que concilie la libertad cultural e individual con el desarrollo de una organización eficiente del estado y la economía. Por medio de un currículum común, la educación puede empezar a ayudarnos a resolver este problema urgente. El desarrollo curricular se erige sobre relaciones tensas, por ejemplo la tensión (...) entre la lengua estándar y las variedades regionales o sociales, o la tensión entre las demandas laborales y la vocación. Sin embargo, esas relaciones tensas no son inconciliables. Por el contrario, involucran una tensión virtuosa entre igualdad y libertad, los dos grandes valores que deben preservarse y fortalecerse para alcanzar la felicidad. (shrink)

The controversy between Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry arose new philosophical and scientific insights which were relevant to the later development of natural science. Here we want to consider Poincaré and Helmholtz’s positions as two of the most important and original ones who contributed to the subsequent development of the epistemology of natural sciences. Based in these conceptions, we will show that the role of philosophy is still important for some aspects of science.

Este texto é a síntese de alguns anos de estudos e de pesquisas onde as proposições da Biologia-cultural, da Biologia do Amor e da Biologia do Conhecimento, do pensador chileno Humberto Maturana Romesín (1928-2021) serão tomadas como a principal referência epistemológica. Nosso objetivo principal é fazer uma reflexão sobre o entendimento do processo de aprendizagem como um devir Biológico-cultural e que se realiza num contexto ecológico de aprendizagem. A ênfase de nossa reflexão neste momento será no sentido de contribuir para (...) a construção de um processo de _aprendizagem humana_, que tenha como ponto de partida alguns fundamentos, tais como: a cooperação, o respeito mútuo, a colaboração, a aceitação mútua, reconhecimento da legitimidade e dignidade do outro(a), o deixar aparecer, enfim, uma educação na qual a aprendizagem tenha como orientação o amar. (MATURANA, DÁVILA, 1997, 2009, 2005, 2016, 2019, 2021). Neste texto refletiremos a proposição de Maturana do amor como o princípio epistemológico para a construção de uma aprendizagem que privilegie a cooperação entre os seres humanos e não a competição. Nosso argumento principal provém da proposição de que a competição pressupõe, via de regra, a negação, o aniquilamento, a anulação do outro. Nossa proposta está ancorada na proposição apresentada por Maturana de que nos construímos humanos não pela competição, mas, sim, pela cooperação. Para concluir, e como forma de viabilizar essa aprendizagem, apresentamos o que denominamos dos três momentos da aprendizagem, a saber: o conhecer, o entender e o compreender, onde_ Conhecer_ é conseguir descrever o fenômeno (problema/conflito) que se apresenta no contexto do cotidiano vivido; (2) _Entender __-_ é perceber, as relações sistêmicas/ecológicas relacionais no contexto local onde os fenômenos acontecem e (3) _Compreender -_ é perceber a trama sistêmica relacional onde o fenômeno ocorre para dar-se conta das suas possíveis consequências. Compreender é dar-se conta de onde, como e quando deveremos atuar no sentido de evitar e/ou resolver um determinado problema que surja no local e com a particularidade com a qual acontece. (shrink)

Introduction. The article is focused on analyzing the utopian direction of Russian cosmism and its influence on the Soviet cosmonautics and the development of society in the USSR. This philosophical theory was created in the period that made it possible to incorporate the applied aspects of utopia into scientific and technological progress and thereby embody a number of steps towards the outer space exploration. The authors have developed criteria and parameters for assessing the utopian component of the Russian cosmism theories, (...) which made it possible to bring this construct to a higher level of abstraction and thereby create a working model for conducting such studies in the context of other utopias of models. The purpose of the article is to show the influence of the Russian cosmism utopia on the cosmonautics development in the USSR, develop empirical criteria for evaluating the phenomenon. Achieving the goal required solving the following tasks: 1) considering and analyzing the subject matter of the cosmism utopia; 2) developing parameters for assessing the impact of utopia on the development of the social system; 3) applying the developed parameters to assess the impact of utopian ideas on the development of the Soviet cosmonautics system. Methods. Developing the theoretical model for assessing social utopias, as well as considering and analyzing the cosmism utopia, required the use of structural-functional and systems analysis. The research was conducted within the framework of a synergistic paradigm. Scientific novelty of the research. The article conceptualizes the concept of utopia. It is shown that most of the definitions of utopia as a socio-political ideal focus on the limitations of its existence: utopia cannot be embodied, often has an unscientific character, does not correlate with the real state of the system, i.e. definitions of utopia are often reduced to the negative format. The authors believe that the influence of utopia on society, as a rule, is positive. It is noted that, along with limitations, utopianism has certain unique essential features that qualitatively affect the social projects implementation. Utopia in the systemic understanding acts as a complex of ideas influencing the development of the system, being both internal (since it is created artificially and consciously by the very elements of the system) and an external factor of influence. Unlike Plato’s eidos, the projection of which is reality, utopia is created inductively, but after its creation it again “descends” to the level of reality, since it begins to influence the social model in which it was created. Results. The article discusses the prognostic and modeling functions of the social utopias of Russian cosmists. It has been proved that one of the essential functions of the Russian cosmism utopias is the formation of an ideal type, towards which, in a historical perspective, the real social system begins to strive. It is convincingly demonstrated that utopia acts as a cognitive support and inevitably forms the canvas along which society begins to move, defining the utopian model as an attractor, although such a goal is not always formulated when creating a utopia. This relationship makes it possible to assess the degree of influence of utopian ideas on the formation of reality in each specific case, which, in turn, provides an opportunity to answer the question of how and to what extent the utopian ideal type participates in determining the characteristics and parameters of a real social system. Conclusions. It was found that the social utopia of cosmists as a cognitive concept is an important effective factor influencing the development of the space industry in the USSR. The parameters adopted in the study allow us to describe the measure of its influence as both an internal and an external factor on the development of the society in which it is implemented. The validity of perceiving the utopia of cosmists as a construct with a certain life cycle, the main part of which is the period of functioning, is stated. During this time period, utopian theory can have a significant impact on the actual development of society from various angles. (shrink)

Na doença falciforme, o genótipo HbSS da anemia falciforme, considerado a forma mais grave, prevalente no continente africano, tem alta morbidade e mortalidade. Objetivo: identificar se a estrutura instalada na atenção às pessoas com anemia falciforme e seus familiares, contribui para a redução da mortalidade precoce em Angola. Material e Método: pesquisa exploratória descritiva, realizada em Luanda-Angola, no período entre agosto e dezembro de 2022. Foram aplicados questionários estruturados para 20 pessoas com doença falciforme e 15 familiares, todos com mais (...) de 21 anos. A metodologia utilizada foi bola de neve. Para análise e discussão dos dados, foi utilizado o referencial teórico de Donabedian, com ênfase no eixo estrutura. Resultados: diagnóstico feito por sinais e sintomas, idade do diagnóstico entre 1 e 5 anos. A crise de dor predominou entre eventos agudos. Conclusão: inexistência de estrutura instalada de saúde em Luanda que garantam no serviço público gratuito o acesso à medicamentos, transfusão de sangue, vacinas especiais e exames complementares. A transferência de tecnologias sociais da organização de sociedade civil brasileira para a de Luanda mostra ser adequada. (shrink)

Este artículo hace una reflexión inspirada en las singularidades y aportes de las praxis feministas latinoamericanas para una filosofía situada a partir de las ruralidades en el marco de las discusiones presentes en el VIII Congreso Sobre Pensamiento Filosófico Contemporáneo: Filosofía y Ruralidades. Buscará poner luz en las potencias político-epistémicas de feminismos que germinan en las ruralidades (de forma plural y en su diversidad) en base a la reelaboración de aspectos no abordados en trabajos de investigación anteriores realizados por la (...) autora y parte de los resultados obtenidos en la investigación colectiva «Emergencias ecofeministas: un estudio desde las praxis de colectivos de mujeres latino-americanas y caribeñas», realizada en 2021 en el ámbito de la convocatoria de becas de investigación «Feminismo y Ambiente: Un campo emergente en los estudios feministas de América Latina y el Caribe» (CLACSO-ONU). (shrink)

Corruption within the private sector has often not been dealt with in Brazil. Organizations may find corrupt acts in its operations or practices, but specific concepts and programs to avoid them are neither concrete nor clear. Some Brazilian stockholders have become aware of the risks involved in unethical procedures and are adopting the Best Practices of Corporate Governance initiative. International agencies have intensively supported organizations and governments in an effort to define policies that inhibit illegal or corrupt cultural habits throughout (...) the world, but Brazilian practitioners show insufficient response. Skepticism may indicate a lack of understanding about how an ethical leadership can guide employees, setting high standards for the organizational culture and climate, clearly defining limits of correct behavior, and creating appropriate codes of ethics. Transparency still has to be discovered as a significant tool to encourage professionalism in performance and reporting of data in Brazilian companies. In this article, we analyze the ethical behavior of the purchasing department of a multinational company in its host country, Brazil. It focuses specifically on the supplier–buyer relationship. The results indicate that despite the negative reputation Brazilians have in business ethics, a company can still develop a positive and ethical relationship with its stakeholders. Communication, transparency, compliance with the company’s code of conduct as well as the supplier’s awareness of the buyer’s code of conduct are the factors which influence the supplier–buyer relationship. Transparency can be used as a tool to reduce corruption, thereby increasing ethical behavior and company image. Good ethical behavior can help to build up a company’s image. (shrink)

Este artigo visa analisar a narrativa (auto)biográfica de estudantes de Pedagogia em uma universidade pública da região do Vale do São Francisco, localizada no território de Petrolina-PE em contexto de pandemia da COVID-19. Para refletir sobre a formação a partir da escrita de si, pautamo-nos, teórica e metodologicamente, em Heidegger, Josso, Freire, Ribeiro, Passeggi, Sousa e Lima. Neste artigo, comtempla-se respostas referentes à como os estudantes se sentiram no processo de formação docente em meio a pandemia e o que esperavam (...) do futuro. A turma do curso de Pedagogia era composta por 19 estudantes, deste total, 17 participaram da atividade da escrita da carta a si. Como estratégia de análise, utilizou-se o método do círculo hermenêutico “heideggeriano”. Assim, as informações foram organizadas em três temas de sentido, sendo: saúde mental na pandemia; ensino remoto versus ensino presencial; e planejamento de carreira. Percebeu-se, por meio das cartas, a preocupação quanto ao ensino remoto, assim como os planos de futuro, com intenção contribuir socialmente para uma educação humana e facilitadora de aprendizagens. Notou-se, ainda, que os estudantes refletiram sobre o bem-estar na profissão, buscando o sentido de suas ações, além de demarcarem o suporte financeiro, emocional, familiar e formativo. (shrink)