Multimedia technologies and ICT in organising e-portfolio for students An electronic portfolio, also known as an e-portfolio or digital portfolio, is a collection of electronic evidence assembled and managed by a user, usually on the Web. Such electronic evidence may include inputted text, electronic files such as Microsoft Word and Adobe PDF files, images, multimedia, Blog entries, and hyperlinks.One of the approaches, which can be used for improving the attractiveness of the e-portfolio is presented, and it is an implementation of (...) the multimedia technologies in it. In this case we are speaking about multimedia electronic portfolio. What makes them very different from the traditional portfolios is that they can include scanned or digital photos, video and sound clips, animations, recordings of the students, text, traditional writings and drawings.Two main groups of tools for creating multimedia e-portfolio are presented. (shrink)

Many in the international development community have embraced the randomized controlled field experiment, akin to a biomedical clinical trial for social interventions, as the new “gold evidential standard” in program impact evaluation. In response, critics have called upon the method’s advocates to consider the moral dimensions of randomization, leading to a debate about the method’s ethics. My research intervenes in this debate by empirically investigating how researchers manage the perception of randomization in the field. Without the possibility of a placebo, (...) researchers rhetorically and materially frame the experiment differently for the control and treatment groups. Three technologies allow for this differential framing: geographic separation, temporal delay, and public randomization ceremonies. Geographic separation is a “technology of opacity” designed to obscure unequal resource distribution by disentangling the intervention and research components of the experiment for the control group. The latter two are technologies of transparency designed to expose the element of randomization but downplay conditions that may affect participant buy in. All three technologies work to preclude collective definitions of fair resource allocation, yet they are not fully successful in preventing modes of confrontation and resistance that lie outside of the experiment’s framing. (shrink)

In this paper, we explore digitally fabricated aesthetic enhancements and modifications of the body as well as digitally fabricated fauna habitats. We will address how we utilize speculative works through our bio inspired digitally fabricated designs via two of our most recent projects: {skin} D.E.E.P. and in silico et in situ. Through these two projects we explore cultural implications of the intersection of technology and biologically inspired art/design. Technology has provided an ever increasing amount of data which has facilitated the (...) way data can be used in aesthetic explorations. Technology can redefine the human experience by enhancing our senses, experiences, and forms of expression. In our work {skin} D.E.E.P., we explore these ideas via augmentation through wearables and biomimetic expressions on the skin through digitally fabricated prosthetics. {skin} D.E.E.P. employs temporary biomimetic skin patterns via wearable 3D printed exoskeletons. The first series of this work mimics the patterns and textures of animal skin via ephemeral impressions onto human skin. Taking inspiration from shedding snakeskin, we shed the outer layer by removing the 3D printed prosthesis. The epidermis retains the negative imprint of the prosthetic mimicking the look of serpent skin. The dermis reestablishes the smooth form of the human skin as it heals itself within the hour, erasing the ephemeral imprint, symbolically representing rebirth and renewal. Investigating the ephemeral aesthetic of textured patterns on human skin will not by any means provide a solution to an engineering problem, yet acts as a larger philosophical basis to conduct a discussion about the possibilities of blending bio inspired designs. The manifestation of data into physical form occurs via digital fabrication in our most recent series in silico et in situ: fauna habitats in the age of voxels, where we aim to create a new ecosystem for animals and to potentially augment their habitat. The habitats include pollinator waterers, spider habitats and turtle basking platforms. This project pushes forward with a new piece—the development of a 20-foot avian sculpture that will solely exist to support the habitat of the Chimney Swift species. The Chimney Swift is a near-threatened bird species in the US. in silico et in situ investigates the interplay of art, nature and technology by contextualizing sculptural works and placing these sculptures into nature. The project serves as a breeding ground for a larger dialogue about nature, culture, human intervention, design art and technology. Providing the artwork in the public sphere, barrier free in nature, fosters this discourse. (shrink)

This book seeks to arrive at a better understanding of the relationships between the objective and subjective aspects of time. It discusses the existence of fluent time, a controversial concept in many areas, from philosophy to physics. Fluent time is understood as directional time with a past, a present and a future. We experience fluent time in our lives and we adopt a temporal perspective in our ways of knowing and acting. Nevertheless, the existence of fluent time has been debated (...) for both philosophical and scientific reasons, thus creating a rift between the subjective and objective aspects of time. Starting from the basic notion of points of view, or perspectives, this book explores the relationships between objective or external time, as it has been conceptualized by science, and subjective or internal time, which is involved in our lived experiences. It establishes a general framework encompassing the nature, structure and mode of existence of points of view, in which the objective and subjective aspects of time can be integrated. The book mainly addresses researchers and postgraduates in philosophy and logic. Additionally, it offers inspiration for physicists and computer scientists involved in the modeling and simulation of complex behaviors for which the representation of internal time should be considered together with the notion of objective, external time. (shrink)

The purpose of the research is to clarify the current problems of education in terms of education management and to work out the ways of solving them within the framework of the humanistic paradigm, that is, “management for human education”, presenting these solutions as implementing the required model of teachers’ training. Methodology. The author implements the approaches of education anthropology, the basis for which was provided by monitoring in action, textual records and research letters, as well as general philosophical methods. (...) Scientific novelty of the research lies in the anthropological view of the education problems, including the sphere of management. The perspective of the modern situation under study, that is, the neoliberal and managerial context add to the degree of scientific novelty. Results. Different conceptions of education management are revealed and the corresponding management models are considered, the difference of which is explained by opposing the humanistic and managerial paradigms. In a number of problems of education management, beyond the usual ones that appear for the collectives of educational organizations, it became obvious that new problems have emerged due to introducing “new management”, which has a noticeable impact on the goals and values themselves, distorting “human education”. As a response required from management to the needs of education in line with the humanistic paradigm, a “synergetic model of management” and “democratic management of education” are proposed. Conclusions. On the basis of analyzing the problems and education management models required for education, the author draws conclusions for teachers’ training: highlights the ideas that make up its guidelines, and outlines possible approaches to the content and methods of teaching education managers and teachers in line with the model “Creative, autonomous, reflective teacher” corresponding to the humanistic paradigm. (shrink)

In diesem Aufsatz erörtere ich Leibniz' Begriff des Blickpunktes von Monaden. Ich weise nach, daß die üblicherweise zur Verdeutlichung herangezogene Analogie, nämlich die der räumlichen Perspektive irreführend und ungenau ist. Ich stelle eine von C. D. Broad vorgeschlagene Verbesserung zur Diskussion und wandle Broads Analyse ihrerseits ab. Die Abwandlung vereinfacht Leibniz' Auffassung und zeigt gleichzeitig auf, was im Hinblick auf Monaden grundlegend falsch ist: die Unaussagbarkeit, die dem Sich-selbst-Repräsentieren der Monaden zukommt.

The number of women occupying male-dominated blue-collar jobs continues to be very low. This study examines segregation in the blue-collar trades, taking into consideration both structural and individual factors. Using nationally representative data for 25 countries, the study shows that segregation in the blue-collar sector does not vary with the strength of vocational education and training programs. At the individual level, findings reveal higher degrees of social reproduction among working-class families, but parental background alone does not fully account for the (...) gender composition of the sector in which children end up working. Overall, the findings point to the existence of a socializing mechanism that entrenches horizontal segregation in the blue-collar sector. The study indicates that to reduce segregation in the blue-collar fields, policies must address this prior mechanism, both at the structural and individual level. (shrink)

New nursing researchers are faced with a smorgasbord of competing methodologies. Sometimes, they are encouraged to adopt the research paradigms beloved of their senior colleagues. This is a problem if those paradigms are no longer of contemporary methodological relevance. The aim of this paper was to provide clarity about current research paradigms. It seeks to interrogate the continuing viability of positivism as a guiding paradigm for nursing research. It does this by critically analysing the methodological literature. Five major paradigms are (...) addressed: the positivist; the interpretivist/constructivist; the transformative; the realist; and the postpositivist. Acceptance of interpretivist, transformative or realist approaches necessarily entails wholesale rejection of positivism, while acceptance of postpositivism involves its partial rejection. Postpositivism has superseded positivism as the guiding paradigm of the scientific method. The incorporation in randomized controlled trials of postpositivist assumptions indicates that even on the methodological territory that it once claimed as its own, positivism has been rendered redundant as an appropriate paradigm for contemporary nursing research. (shrink)

Identity in our multicultural world is one of the major problems of contemporary man. There are not cultures totally isolated from the others. Social groups and individuals are directly and indirectly confronted with many problems. And the modern global society needs more than ever to take adequate decisions on different problems. The concept of value is the central category of philosophical axiology. Is the general course of civilizational changes able to influence the axiological systems of autonomous cultures, involving them in (...) the process of an inevitable inner change and to testify, in this manner, to its own cultural but not transcendental nature? This is one of the main questions of the present research. My article also will stress why is significant the role of philosophers in the dialogue dedicated to the contemporary role of values within our society. The philosopher’s role, besides all is to analyze a future and criticize worldview systems in order to achieve a future value synthesis. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to propose a research agenda for future studies of local forms of caregiving. It does this by exploring practices of care giving and receipt through the prism of childcare. Focusing on Nairobi, it investigates one critical form of care work in the city: the labour of women who work as ‘nannies’ in private homes, a form of labour that has received little systematic study or scholarly attention. Every day, women in Nairobi construct complex and (...) far-ranging care chains that ensure that the socially necessary labour of childcare takes place. The phenomenon of ‘diverted mothering’ that has been associated with the globalisation of care can also be understood as a local phenomenon. Whereas global care chains involving migrant domestic workers have been the focus of detailed investigation, hitherto the workings of more widespread and highly fragile local care chains in the cities of the third world have been neglected. We argue that it is critical to understand practices of intimate and emotional labour in the context not just of global migration but in situations of severe intersecting inequalities within the global south. (shrink)

En este trabajo propongo analizar la polémica de Manuel Ugarte con el periódico socialista La Vanguardia, en 1913, situándola en el marco más amplio de los conflictos en torno a definiciones doctrinarias marcadas por una tensión entre el internacionalismo proletario propio del socialismo decimonónico y las preocupaciones por los asuntos nacionales, durante el proceso de consolidación del Partido Socialista de Argentina. Estas últimas se vieron atravesadas por la necesidad de construir definiciones respecto de la inmigración, del imperialismo norteamericano en el (...) subcontinente y de la reciente inserción de Argentina en la división internacional del trabajo. Un examen detenido de algunas intervenciones de Ugarte, Justo y otros colaboradores de La Vanguardia revela una heterogeneidad de posicionamientos mucho mayor de la que ha sido señalada hasta hoy. Así, esto dio lugar a debates doctrinarios descentrados respecto de los debates europeos, que implicaron respuestas creativas en el interior de la Segunda Internacional Socialista durante los años previos a la Primera Guerra Mundial. A su vez, en el caso de Ugarte, la polémica es reveladora de un modo de intervención intelectual que puede caracterizarse en términos de un diletantismo militante propio de la tradición dreyfusiana, acaso en desfasaje respecto de las condiciones de un partido en pleno proceso de institucionalización. I aim to analyze Manuel Ugarte’s polemics with the socialist Journal La Vanguardia, in 1913, in the larger frame of the conflicts around doctrinarian definitions, which were characterized by a tension between proletarian internationalism typical from 19th Century Socialism, and a concern about national questions during the consolidation process of Socialist Party in Argentina. This concern was related to the necessity of making definitions on immigration, American imperialism along the Latin American area and the recent Argentinean insertion in international work division. A close approach of some of Ugarte’s, Justo’s and other articles in La Vanguardia reveals an heterogeneity of positions much bigger than the one that has been observed up to the present. In this way, the doctrinarian debates were a bit off-center in regard to European ones, and they implied some creative responses into the Second Socialist International previous to First World War. Besides, in Ugarte’s case, this polemics exposes a particular way of intellectual intervention which can be described as a dilettante engagement specific to Dreyfusian tradition, in phase shift with the conditions of a Party involved in a whole process of institutionalization. (shrink)

Com base num trabalho teórico de compilação de fontes bibliográficas e descrição dos exemplos mais significativos, apresenta-se uma análise do conceito de literacia crítica no contexto mais amplo da literacia e da aprendizagem ao longo da vida. A literacia crítica é analisada especificamente como um elemento importante da literacia no ambiente digital em que a sociedade actual opera e como uma responsabilidade das bibliotecas. O conceito de literacia e do seu significado tem vindo a mudar nos últimos anos, verificando-se que (...) a diversidade de termos utilizados para designar uma mesma actividade tem variado ao longo do tempo, em função da evolução das novas tecnologias. Os conceitos de pensamento crítico e leitura crítica são apresentados como componentes fundamentais da literacia crítica num ambiente digital, nos quais todos os tipos de organizações e instituições devem concentrar os seus esforços, conforme os exemplos que aparecem neste texto. (shrink)

La ética ambiental se enfoca en la responsabilidad humana hacia el entorno, especialmente debido al abuso de los recursos naturales en la actualidad. Esta relación ha causado impactos graves en el medio ambiente y en la vida humana, señalando la necesidad de un cambio genuino y práctico para que la humanidad asuma su responsabilidad en la preservación del entorno. Al considerar los puntos de vista teológicofilosóficos presentados por el papa Francisco y la propuesta ética de Hans Jonas para la era (...) tecnológica, se busca en este estudio fusionar ambas ideas para lograr que fomenten la biodiversidad. Esto implica reconocer el papel del ser humano como administrador responsable, promoviendo una ética que oriente hacia el futuro, manteniendo el respeto por la posición del ser humano como guardián del ecosistema y su diversidad biológica. (shrink)

Margarita Palacios reviews Howard Caygill's On Resistance: A Philosophy of Defiance, 2013. Howard Caygill reviews Margarita Palacios's Radical Sociality: On Disobedience, Violence and Belonging, 2013.

Ce livre présente cinq entretiens avec des philosophes pionniers dans le champ de la bioéthique francophone, Anne Fagot-Largeault et Jean-Yves Goff i (France), Gilbert Hottois et Jean-Noël Missa (Belgique) et Marie-Hélène Parizeau (Québec), cinq personnalités de renom, connues pour leur trajectoire exceptionnelle. Les entretiens menés avec ces auteurs au sujet de leurs oeuvres, de leurs expériences dans des comités de bioéthique et des différents débats soulevés ces dernières années nous permettent de connaître leur travail, mais aussi de faire une incursion (...) dans le développement fulgurant de la bio-médecine et des biotechnologies des cinquante dernières années. Les conséquences de ces applications, les problèmes éthiques générés, les jugements favorables et défavorables à l'égard des changements sociaux qui se sont produits et le bouleversement d'idées qui s'en est suivi, sont autant d'aspects abordés dans ces entretiens. L'utilisation du langage courant exige un effort de synthèse important; aussi ces entretiens sous la forme d'une conversation, offrent-ils au lecteur une large vision panoramique, rigoureuse et concise de l'évolution de la bioéthique francophone. (shrink)

This article is contextualized within the recent evolution of household employment in Spain. In the context of the strong demand for personal care services – due to rapid population ageing, mass incorporation of women into the labour market and insufficient collective provision of care services – the growth of domestic work is closely related to the overall social organization of care and specific migration policies that have eased, both implicitly and explicitly, the labour supply of foreign women into Spanish households. (...) In line with ongoing debates in the academic literature as well as in the political sphere, this article seeks to explain the extent to which domestic work can or should be considered as any other job in terms of social and employment rights and obligations. To that end, it evaluates changes in the regulation of household employment in Spain since the creation of the Special Regime for Household Employees in 1969 until the most recent 2011 reform. Following the recommendations of the ILO Convention for Domestic Workers, this latest reform puts domestic workers on equal footing with other dependent employees. It thus implies a sea change in relation to the discriminatory treatment embedded in previous legal frameworks. The main hindrance to the effective transposition of the norm however remains the strong presence of the informal economy and a dubious political commitment to ensure its application. (shrink)

El concepto de autonomía moral ilustrado, que persiste en nuestros días, ha considerado a la obediencia como una conducta ciega e irracional, olvidando el carácter virtuoso que tuvo en el pensamiento de Tomás de Aquino, que asume el de Aristóteles. En este artículo se discute esa concepción ilustrada, demostrando el carácter racional de dicha virtud, que ha sido a rmado por destacados autores contemporáneos, tales como Gadamer, Weil y Bochenski, como también por aquellos que en nuestra época reconocen la necesidad (...) del binomio autoridad– obediencia para el desarrollo del autogobierno de la persona, tales como MacIntyre, o por Murdoch quien se re ere a las virtudes que lo facilitan. (shrink)

En los debates recientes sobre la fórmula de la humanidad del imperativo categórico se intenta comprender los insumos conceptuales de dicha fórmula a partir de obras kantianas que no son propiamente la Fundamentación de la metafísica de las costumbres. Este proceder se ampara en la falsa suposición de que en la GMS no hay un significado claro o concreto de lo que encarnarían términos como humanidad (Mensch) o fin en sí mismo (Zweck an sich selbst). En virtud de lo anterior, (...) en este artículo buscaré analizar acuciosa y detalladamente qué es lo que tiene que decir Kant concretamente en GMS AA IV 42719-42833, puesto que ahí sí hay una argumentación que se construye progresivamente desde la noción de fin hasta la equivalencia de la naturaleza racional como fin en sí mismo, lo cual considero que es central para una comprensión adecuada de la fórmula de la humanidad presentada posteriormente. (shrink)

This study focuses on influence that older adults, living in nursing homes, have over everyday activities. Everyday activities are key to sustain a sense of stability, predictability, and enjoyment in the local world of people's everyday and therefore a critical dimension of the person‐centeredness framework applied within gerontology. This narrative ethnographic study aimed to shed light on how influence can be situated contextually, and how it can emerge through activities as well as how it is negotiated in everyday by frail (...) older adults living in a nursing home. Residents, staff members, and significant others from one nursing home in an urban area of Sweden participated in this study. Data were gathered through fieldwork, including participant observation and formal and informal conversations during a period of 6 months. Data were analyzed through a narrative interpretative approach. The findings are presented in narrative form as exemplars. The exemplars—Craquelures as justification, Seeking a place for other life worlds and An almost perfect trip—reveal a gap between the client‐centeredness framework and lived experiences regarding older adults’ influence in everyday activities. The role of everyday activities in the context of frailty is discussed in terms of ethical and responsive engagement, and implications for health‐care practices are considered. (shrink)

How might critical realism provide a better metatheoretical framework to understand the complex causality behind experiences of mental illness? How do we understand the agency of people suffering from mental illness? Prior work on critical realism and disability has argued that critical realism helps move past one or another form of reductionist explanations for illness, whether that is biological, environmental or psychological. But using a critical realist framework to study mental illness also raises issues about the agency of people whose (...) rational capacities are thought to be diminished. In this article, I present the life history of one of 26 young adults I interviewed as part of a project on resilience. Because interviews reveal the complex causal forces in any person's life, they remind us that scientific explanations should not be reductionistic. Human agency can be diminished by biological illness, power structures in psychiatry, and cultural categories of mental illness diagnoses. But a critical realist framework allows me to explore how people who experience mental illness still exercise their capacity to reflect on the moral ends to which to direct their actions. (shrink)

Conciliar las figuras del intelectual y del maestro no siempre es posible. La alquimia entre quien produce saber y quien apasionadamente lo transmite es, a veces, conflictiva por las demandas que tiene una y otra actividad. Sin embargo el Prof. Pedro Goergen reúne ambas condiciones, quienes fuimos sus alumnos podemos dar fe de ello. El presente artículo analiza las relaciones entre crítica, emancipación y educación que aparecen en la obra de Goergen, resaltando el permanente llamado de atención contra la deshumanización (...) creciente de nuestra civilización manifiesta en una “técnica” autonomizada y la esperanza en una educación crítica capaz de interrumpir ese camino hacia la autodestrucción. (shrink)

Frente a la esclavitud natural defendida por Aristóteles, algunos intentan salvaguardar la coherencia interna del discurso, mientras que otros la niegan. Sin pretender un juicio valorativo, se busca esclarecer la naturaleza del esclavo, de la mujer y de las relaciones entre señor, mujer y esclavo en el oikos.

Hasta hace poco tiempo en México el balompié profesional era un terreno exclusivo para los hombres, y apenas hace cinco años se convirtió en un campo de oportunidad para las mujeres. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo conocer la perspectiva feminista que construyen las fútbolistas mexicanas que participan en la Liga Profesional MX y que cursaron estudios universitarios, esta revisión parte de una mirada antropológica, cualitativa y constructivista. El análisis corrobora el supuesto de influencia de la formación universitaria en la (...) participación de las fútbolistas en una liga profesional que ha crecido y alcanzado derechos deportivos de una forma acelerada, tras poco tiempo de su conformación. (shrink)

En el devenir de las artes visuales en Colombia, la preocupación por los efectos de los fenómenos de la violencia ha sido recurrente. La mirada de los artistas se ha valido de diferentes lenguajes expresivos y formas de traducción, con el interés de construir una estrecha relación entre la naturaleza de las obras y el acontecer de los propios fenómenos sociales.

The worldwide problem of corruption is one that requires greater knowledge about responsible leadership. Based on the literature on responsible leadership, developmental psychology, and moral development, the purpose of our study is to understand the constructions of the motivational drivers behind the behaviors of a responsible leader. Using biographical and narrative methodologies, we analyzed the individual motivational drivers of Carlos Cavelier, a recognized responsible leaders who grew up and works in Colombia, a social/economic context characterized by institutional fragility and corruption. (...) Our findings suggest that the coherence between the immediate environments of development of the future leader, configured optimal environments in which the leader developed the moral conscience that guides his behavior as a responsible leader. Our study points out the need not to take the development of responsible leaders for granted, and presents propositions that allow for a deeper understanding of the micro‐foundations of responsible leadership, highlighting the importance of the contexts in which leaders are raised and in which they develop. Thus, our study has the potential to be heuristic and generative of future studies. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es sacar a luz las semejanzas entre un dramaturgo y un filósofo político, respecto de su uso del lenguaje y del fundamento antropológico de sus ideas políticas. Las metáforas se consideran inevitables en un poeta como Shakespeare, pero ellas son condenadas por Hobbes como un abuso retórico que el discurso político debe evitar. Se comparan sus enfoques pesimistas de la naturaleza humana y finalmente se pone acento en el contexto histórico, que marca el comienzo de (...) la época moderna.The aim of this paper is to bring out the similarities between a playwright and a political philosopher, both in their use of language and in the anthropological foundations of their political ideas. Emphasis is laid on metaphors, unavoidable in a poet like Shakespeare, but condemned by Hobbes as a rhetorical abuse that political discourse should avoid. After comparing their pessimistic approaches to human nature, stress is laid on the historical context, which marks the beginning of modern times. (shrink)

Speculations about Islam, Islamization and Fundamentalism proceed from the deficit of a serious historic study on the origin and activity of the Bulgarian Muslims (the Pomaks), which is due to both the politicization and ideologization of this theme through many centuries, and various national and chauvinistic interests. From the beginning of the 1890's and especially in the 1920’s and 1930's, the continuous campaign in the press encourages public opinion to differentiate religious affiliation from ethnic affiliation and to accept the Pomaks (...) as the part of the Bulgarian nation. In the 1960’s, there is a growing pressure to integrate the “Bulgarian Muslims” (the Pomaks) into the community of the ethnic Turks at the same time that the ethnic Turks use the privileges of communism,of which they were gradually deprived later. Twenty years after the change, the state continues to abdicate its responsibilities for this clearly Bulgarian compactmass of the population, whose mother tongue is Bulgarian. The state does not pay attention to the poor, to education, to the large unemployment rate, the lack of investments in these regions, the lack of infrastructure, the discovery of the adequate and transparent way of financing the religious education of these people, or to their need to participate actively in the processes of building civil society. (shrink)

This study addresses the issues of screen synthesis through which a certain type of message is suggested; in this case: the impact of films featuring violence, cruelty, and aggression, as well as the polysemantic nature of the screen message and the transformation in the receptions of adolescents between 13 and 18 years old. The focus is on the motives for choosing topics in the film industry that are related to the interpretations of aggression and crime, mainly among young people. The (...) emotional involvement of the viewer, especially during the period of physical and mental maturation, is a precarious process with unpredictable consequences and side effects. Playing with the audience, with their conscious perceptions and unconscious experiences, especially through attempts at manipulation, which are not missing, can prove to be a very dangerous territory. (shrink)

This article seeks to explore the relationship between populism, 21st-century socialism, and the emergence of what has been referred to as an ‘ estado delincuente’, in the case of Venezuela. That is, a state structure permeated with transnational organized crime mafias in the executive and the judiciary, in the financial system, the prosecutor’s office, the police, the armed forces, the prison system, state-owned companies, governorships, and city councils, among other state institutions. First, I review conceptual aspects of populism to understand (...) how this served as the basis for creating the postulates of 21st-century socialism, which promoted the institutional destruction of Venezuelan democracy and created the conditions for the unbridled dissemination of state corruption. Second, emblematic cases of white-collar and blood crimes, nepotism and other corrupt activities are discussed to provide an idea of the magnitude of the issues that permeate the state apparatus. To conclude, I provide a critical summary of the consequences of this way of doing politics in contemporary Venezuela. (shrink)