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Summary This category addresses the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679). The most famous aspect of Hobbes's work is his political philosophy, which is explained in Leviathan and elsewhere. But Hobbes, like many philosophers of his day, also worked on a wide variety of other issues. Thus this section includes works that address Hobbes's views on many topics outside political philosophy, including mind, language, and religion.
Key works Hobbes's most famous book, Leviathan, is available in a variety of editions, including MacPherson's Penguin edition, Curley's Hackett edition, which includes translations of variants in the Latin edition, and a new edition of both the English and Latin texts, edited by Malcolm as part of the Clarendon Edition of the works of Hobbes. Other works include (in recent editions and translations) Hobbes 1994, Hobbes 1998, Hobbes 1994, Hobbes 1994, and Hobbes 1981
Introductions Lloyd & Sreedhar 2008 is an introduction to Hobbes's moral and political philosophy.  Duncan 2009 is an introduction to other aspects of Hobbes's philosophy.
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  1. Materialism from Hobbes to Locke, written by Duncan, Stewart.Charles Wolfe - forthcoming - Hobbes Studies:1-6.
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  2. Hobbes’ Philosophy of Education: Finding Model for Civic Education.김용환 ) - 2019 - Modern Philosophy 14:27-58.
  3. Human Rights and Rights of War – Hobbes’ De Cive and De Homine.이준호 ) - 2018 - Modern Philosophy 12:5-33.
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  4. El Indómito cuerpo del Leviatán. Notas sobre la democracia en Thomas Hobbes.Julián A. Ramírez Beltrán - 2022 - Perseitas 11:185-223.
    Las distinciones conceptuales propuestas por Thomas Hobbes reflejan el problema político de considerar lo múltiple en la unidad o la convergencia de innumerables cuerpos, deseos y pasiones en la consolidación de una voluntad soberana unitaria. Ejemplo de ello son las nociones de potentiae (potencias) y potestas (poder), junto a otras como multitud y pueblo o súbditos y soberano. Todas ellas reflejan el problema de la estabilidad del Estado y su legitimidad institucional: la necesidad de generar, de manera continua, un poder (...)
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  5. Leviathan.Thomas Hobbes - 1966 - In John Martin Rich (ed.), Readings in the philosophy of education. Wadsworth Pub. Co..
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  6. Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679).Norbert Campagna - 2024 - In Norbert Campagna, Oliver Hidalgo & Skadi Siiri Krause (eds.), Tocqueville-Handbuch: Leben – Werk – Wirkung. J.B. Metzler. pp. 161-164.
    Auch wenn man davon ausgehen kann, dass Tocqueville von Hobbes gehört hatte und dass er auch zumindest die vom englischen Philosophen vertretenen Hauptthesen kannte – etwa über Arthur de Gobineau –, so ist nicht ganz klar, ob er ein Werk von Hobbes gelesen hatte. In der ersten Démocratie erwähnt er zwar ausdrücklich den homo puer robustus, der im De Cive von Hobbes auftaucht, aber es scheint eher so zu sein, dass Tocqueville diese Hobbessche Charakterisierung des Menschen nur indirekt über Rousseaus (...)
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  7. "Free Will".Paul Russell - 1997 - In Don Garrett & Edward Barbanell (eds.), Encyclopedia of Empiricism. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 107-111.
    FREE WILL. The problem of "free will" has generally been interpreted in modern times in terms of the question of whether or not moral freedom and responsibility are compatible with causality and determinism. Philosophers in the empiricist tradition have defended, with remarkable consistency, a compatibilist position on this issue. Moreover, most of the major figures of the empiricist tradition (i.e. Hobbes, Locke, Hume, Mill, Schlick, and Ayer) are understood to have endorsed and contributed to a single, unified strategy on this (...)
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  8. Hobbes and the Problem of International Trade.Mikko Jakonen - 2024 - In Benjamin Bourcier & Mikko Jakonen (eds.), British Modern International Thought in the Making: Politics and Economy from Hobbes to Bentham. Springer Verlag. pp. 45-70.
    In this chapter Mikko Jakonen emphasises the importance of economy in Hobbes’ theory of international relations. Economy was a crucial issue for Hobbes’ political theory. Yet, economic activity is not situated solely in the domestic sphere. For Hobbes, the different phenomena involved in international economics, such as free trade, trade corporations, monopolies, and colonies, all raised the question of how the sovereign could regulate international economic activity.
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  9. British Modern International Thought in the Making: Politics and Economy from Hobbes to Bentham.Benjamin Bourcier & Mikko Jakonen (eds.) - 2024 - Springer Verlag.
  10. Hobbesian pessimism or Schopenhauerian mechanism: the construction of the individual in Thomas Hobbes and Arthur Schopenhauer.Patricia Costa da Silva Baehr - 2024 - Griot 24 (1):62-70.
    It is rare that we have Arthur Schopenhauer and Thomas Hobbes in the same publication, and when this occurs, it is usually aimed at exploring their dissenting political views. However, this study is based on the belief that both philosophers have significant similarities in their theories about the creation of the individual as a human being. Schopenhauer and Hobbes have, in their constructions, the pessimistic view of human nature and, furthermore, there are prominent similarities in the construction of the human (...)
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  11. Stewart Duncan, "Materialism from Hobbes to Locke.".Geoffrey Gorham - 2024 - Philosophy in Review 44 (1):18-21.
  12. Between Hobbes and Locke: John Humfrey and Restoration Theories of Political Obligation.Jacob Donald Chatterjee - 2019 - Locke Studies 19:1-34.
    This article presents a new understanding of how the context of Restoration debates around toleration, magisterial authority and political obligation impinged upon Locke’s mature thought. It proposes that prominent Anglican clergymen, by utilising Hobbist ideas in their arguments for religious conformity, transformed the debate around toleration. In particular, Samuel Parker’s Discourse of Ecclesiastical Politie’s potent mix of Hobbism, theological moralism and Scholastic natural law led to important nonconformists, such as Owen and Ferguson, reshaping their arguments in response. They were forced (...)
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  13. Practical necessity, freedom, and history: From Hobbes to Marx.Umur Başdaş - 2024 - Contemporary Political Theory 23 (1):156-159.
  14. Hobbes’s Medeas.Arthur Bradley - 2024 - Philosophy Today 68 (1):9-25.
    This article explores Thomas Hobbes’s political translations of Euripides’s Medea and, particularly, his representation of the Dionysian ritual of killing and dismembering a sacrificial victim (sparagmos). To answer the question of what forms political theology may take in modernity, I contend that Hobbes seeks to reverse the political theological meaning of ancient Greek sparagmos—which was originally depicted in Euripides as a legitimate religious sacrifice whose objective was to reunify the polis—by turning it into a senseless act of political violence that (...)
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  15. The moderating ideology of the Brazilian FFAA and the opinion of Hobbes and Constant.Francisco Luciano Teixeira Filho - 2024 - ARGUMENTOS - Revista de Filosofia 31:145-159.
    In 2022, the Brazilian Armed Forces reaffirmed an old interventionist ideology that marked the history of the Republic of Brazil. The text seeks to show that such military ideology does not find a pretext in the history of modern political ideas. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), at first, and then Benjamin Constant (1767-1830), two ideologists who shaped today's understanding of the State, understand representative institutions in disagreement with any non-submission of the FFAA to Political Power. In this way, the ideology of military (...)
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  16. Cautos, bribones y tontos.José Reinel Sánchez - 2010 - Revista Disertaciones 1 (1):2-21.
    El trabajo llama la atención sobre un problema poco atendido por los filósofos contractualistas el cual puede presentarse a manera de pregunta: ¿Cuál es la posición original de los individuos que pactan un acuerdo de fundación de la sociedad civilizada? Para efectos del presente trabajo recurriré a la propuesta de contrato social en De Cive (1642) y Leviathan de Thomas Hobbes (1651). El trabajo defenderá la tesis de que el camino sugerido por Hobbes apela a un recurso que, a pesar (...)
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  17. La recepción del cristianismo de Thomas Hobbes. La Cristología hobbesiana como causa de su descrédito.Jorge Alfonso Vargas - 2024 - Pensamiento 79 (304):581-601.
    El artículo analiza la cristología de Thomas Hobbes con el propósito de entender una de las principales causas de su descrito como un pensador cristiano o, incluso, ateo, lo que afecta eventualmente la validez de su teología política. El autor sostiene que si bien Hobbes hace uso de la Biblia como fundamento de su filosofía política, su recepción del cristianismo en general no es enteramente correcta, debido a que está fuertemente influenciada por su decisión política en favor del absolutismo. Esta (...)
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  18. An apologist for English colonialism? The use of America in Hobbes’s writings.Jiangmei Liu - 2024 - History of European Ideas 50 (1):17-33.
    This paper challenges the colonial reading of Thomas Hobbes’s use of America. Firstly, by analysing all the references and allusions to America in Hobbes’s writings, I claim that Hobbes simply uses America to support his central theory of the state of nature, showing the fundamental significance of a large and lasting society to our being and well-being. Secondly, I argue that Hobbes’s use of America does not serve a second purpose that is similar to Locke’s justification of English land appropriation. (...)
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  19. The scholastic’s dilemma: Hobbes critique of scholastic politics and papal power on the Leviathan frontispiece.Allan Gabriel Cardoso dos Santos - 2024 - History of European Ideas 50 (1):1-16.
    The idea that the Leviathan frontispiece offers a visual summary of the contents of the work is widespread. However, the analysis of the frontispiece often under-explores Leviathan's text or leaves certain iconographic elements aside. In discussions of the Scholastics ‘Dilemma’ emblem, for instance, the image is commonly reduced to a representation of ‘logic’ or ‘scholasticism’, leaving aside the intricate interrelationship between the objects present in the image and their connection with the content of the book. This paper argues that this (...)
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  20. Life, Death, and the Political: Existential Foundations of Thomas Hobbes’s and Carl Schmitt’s Teachings.Vladimir Brodskiy - 2022 - Sociology of Power 34 (3-4):72-101.
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  21. Death Stranding, Hobbes and the Problem of Social Order: Where (and How) Should we Haul the Sovereign?S. V. Kozlov - 2020 - Sociology of Power 32 (3):142-164.
    In this article I describe the implicit conceptualization of social order which exists in Death Stranding — localized in both the setting and the mechanics of the game — and compare it with the conceptualization of Thomas Hobbes’s “Leviathan”. First, the theoretical tension between Death Stranding and “Leviathan” is traced: the speculative conceptualization of the Leviathan and the procedural conceptualization of Death Stranding are compared by clarifying the role that the concepts of action, authorization, right and sovereignty play in Hobbesian (...)
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  22. Populus: the Birth, Death and Resurrection of the Political Subject (from Cicero to Hobbes).A. V. Marey - 2019 - Sociology of Power 31 (4):95-111.
  23. “Children, fools, and madmen”: Thomas Hobbes and the Problems of the Sociology of Childhood.S. M. Bardina - 2019 - Sociology of Power 31 (1):14-29.
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  24. Political theory and ontology of the revolution: Lenin, Hobbes and Spinoza.M. S. Fetisov - 2017 - Sociology of Power 29 (4):8-35.
  25. Human and Society in the Nature State and Civilized State from Hobbes Point of View.Karimi S. - 2024 - Philosophy International Journal 7 (1):1-7.
    The Enlightenment philosophy, particularly the ideas of Thomas Hobbes and his concepts surrounding the State and Society, serves as a philosophical foundation for numerous subsequent discussions in the fields of social and political sciences. Hobbes’ perspective on human nature and his portrayal of the natural state versus civilization are undeniably among the central tenets of modern thought. He characterizes humanity as the ‘wolf-man’ and underscores the necessity of a social contract-based civilized state to ensure security and safeguard collective interests. Hobbes (...)
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  26. Republicanizing Leviathan: Kant's Cosmopolitan Synthesis of Hobbes and Rousseau.Susan Meld Shell - 2023 - Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society 35 (3):219-232.
    Kant’s thought from the 1750s onward can usefully be understood as a series of efforts to overcome the challenge posed in Machiavelli’s Prince: namely, to reconcile our idea of justice with what is actually possible given human nature as it is, rather than as reason tells us that it “should” be. Especially following his reading of Rousseau, this effort took the form of successive translations of the metaphysical concept of a world into the juridical language of world-citizenship, which transformed a (...)
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  27. The puzzle of the sovereign’s smile and the inner complexity of Hobbes’s theory of authorisation.Eva Helene Odzuck - forthcoming - History of European Ideas.
    Hobbes’s theory of authorisation poses numerous puzzles to scholars. The weightiest of these conundrums is a supposed contradiction between chapter 17 of Leviathan, that calls for unconditional submission to the sovereign, and chapter 21, that defends the liberties of the subject. This article offers a fresh perspective on the theory’s consistency, function and addressees. While existing research doubts the theory’s consistency, focuses on its immunisation function and on the subjects as the theory’s main addresses, the paper argues that Hobbes’s theory (...)
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  28. Theories of Perception I: Berkeley and His Recent Predecessors.Lorne Falkenstein - 2014 - In Aaron Garrett (ed.), The Routledge Companion to Eighteenth Century Philosophy. London: Routledge. pp. 338-59.
    A survey of work on the philosophy of perception, mind, and mental representation by Berkeley and his early modern predecessors, notably Descartes, Hobbes, Malebranche, and Locke.
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  29. The state of nature and its law in Hobbes and Spinoza.Edwin Curley - 2015 - In Andre Santos Campos (ed.), Spinoza and Law. Routledge.
  30. Questões sobre a liberdade, a necessidade e o acaso, de Thomas Hobbes: resenha da tradução de Celi Hirata.Patricia Nakayama - 2023 - Cadernos Espinosanos 49:253-260.
    Trata-se de uma resenha da tradução de Celi Hirata das Questões sobre a Liberdade, a Necessidade e o Acaso de Thomas Hobbes.
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  31. The foundations of the historical-philosophical reconstruction of the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes.Natalia Spasenko - 2005 - Sententiae 12 (1):54-69.
    The article is devoted to the role of language, conceptual schemes, ontology and epistemic losses in the works of Thomas Hobbes. The author highlights two types of interpretive schemes: (1) emphasis on systematic unity and integrity in Hobbes's work, (2) consideration of Hobbes' works as a set of individual parts. Two ways of justifying the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes are also investigated: based on prudence and definitive (scientific). The author justifies that philosophia prima is Hobbes's theory of experience and (...)
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  32. Hobbes against hate speech.Teresa M. Bejan - 2022 - British Journal for the History of Philosophy:1-18.
    This article argues that Thomas Hobbes' analysis of insult or ‘contumely’ prefigures recent developments in moral and political philosophy in striking ways. Specifically, Hobbes's concerns about the dignitary harms in hate speech went well beyond ‘fighting words’ to the essential role played by expressions of hatred and contempt in making and unmaking social hierarchies. Hobbes’s sensitivity to contumely’s subtle power to constitute social in/equalities recalls recent work in feminist and critical race theory. Yet his expansive solutions – both negative and (...)
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  33. On Question of Concept of Power in T. Hobbes Political Philosophy.Rostyslav Dymerets - 2001 - Sententiae 3 (1):68-87.
    The author affirms, that the essence of Thomas Gobbes philosophy lies in transformation law of nature into political power. Due to human equal rights, every particular human is weaker then the others. Hence for self-preservation of particular humans natural law has to be transformed into two distinct forms of power: into an absolute power of sovereign and into freedom of subjects, that from now on considers as an ability to obey to sovereign. If humans give to the sovereign power that (...)
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  34. Thomas Hobbes.por José Andrés Bonetti - 2019 - In Norberto Ferré & José Zambrano Gómez (eds.), De Maquiavelo a Rousseau: cinco estudios para aprender filosofía política moderna. UNSAM Edita.
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  35. Traducción de "Stagioni del panico. Prime linee di ricerca" de Mario Piccinini.Carlota Gómez Herrera & Mario Piccinini - 2021 - la Torre Del Virrey, Revista de Estudios Culturales 30:118-134.
    El intento de estas páginas es el de seleccionar dentro de la semántica del miedo que contribuye a organizar la imagen moderna del orden político y jurídico el elemento específico del pánico, en la hipótesis de que este último constituya una diferencia que es asimismo un recurso epistémico. Dicho de un modo directo: si el miedo se presenta como una referencia constitutiva del orden, de su constitución como de su mantenimiento, el pánico parece, en cambio, cargado de un signo contrario; (...)
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  36. Thucydides, Hobbes, and the Melian dialogue.Benjamin Straumann - 2022 - In Mark Somos & Anne Peters (eds.), The state of nature: histories of an idea. Brill Nijhoff.
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  37. Christian politics and civil philosophy: an interpretation of Hobbes's Leviathan.Sanford Wood - 2022 - Quincy, Ilinois: Indies United Publishing House, LLC.
    Hobbes takes the low view of human nature. He depicts most men as mean, petty, and fearful. He also rejects the traditional view that morality is the pursuit of certain gods that are objective. By contrast, Hobbes says that all goods are relative, and thus that all obligations must be self-imposed. He also claims that no man can have a duty to do anything for which he does not have a sufficient motive. On this basis he constructs a political doctrine (...)
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  38. Sovereignty as a Vocation in Hobbes's Leviathan: New foundations, Statecraft, and Virtue.Matthew Hoye - 2023 - Amsterdam University Press.
    This book is about virtue and statecraft in Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan. Its overarching argument is that the fundamental foundation of Hobbes's political philosophy in Leviathan is wise, generous, loving, sincere, just, and valiant-in sum, magnanimous-statecraft, whereby sovereigns aim to realize natural justice, manifest as eminent and other-regarding virtue. I propose that concerns over the virtues of the natural person bearing the office of the sovereign suffuse Hobbes's political philosophy, defining both his theory of new foundations and his critiques of law (...)
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  39. The philosophy of Hobbes in extracts and notes collected from his writings.Thomas Hobbes - 1903 - Minneapolis,: The H. W. Wilson company. Edited by Frederick James Eugene Woodbridge.
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  40. The metaphysical system of Hobbes as contained in twelve chapters from his "Elements of philosophy concerning body," and in briefer extracts from his "Human nature" and "Leviathan".Thomas Hobbes - 1905 - Chicago,: The Open Court Publishing Company; London agents, K. Paul, Trench, Trübner Co.. Edited by Mary Whiton Calkins.
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  41. Tres contratos, tres incertidumbres: la conformación de soluciones institucionales en Hobbes, Locke y Rousseau.Diego Solis Delgadilo & Josafat Cortez Salinas - 2019 - Problema. Anuario de Filosofía y Teoria Del Derecho:321-344.
    Este trabajo analiza cómo la interpretación de incertidumbre afecta las propuestas de diseño institucional. Para ello, revisamos los contratos sociales en las obras de Hobbes, Locke y Rousseau a la luz del neoinstitucionalismo de la elección racional. Nuestro argumento es que los contratos sociales propuestos por cada uno de estos autores tienen como objetivo superar problemas de incertidumbre. Sin embargo, cada uno de ellos, dadas sus circunstancias históricas, los concibió de manera distinta. Esto último tiene consecuencias sobre cómo las instituciones (...)
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  42. Potentia eximia_ & _Excellentia facultatum_: the relation between liberty and power from the _Leviathan_ to _De Homine.Roger Castellanos Corbera & Josep Monserrat-Molas - 2023 - British Journal for the History of Philosophy 32 (1):65-78.
    Hobbes redefines his conception of liberty in the Leviathan as the absence of external impediments to motion. Power, on the other hand, refers to the body’s intrinsic dimension, that is, to the faculties possessed by each individual. There thus appears to be a clear distinction between liberty and power in Hobbes’ political philosophy. Taking into consideration Hobbes’ Latin works, however, in which he uses two different terms to refer to power: at times potestas and others potentia, such a distinction may (...)
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  43. Schmitt Reading Hobbes - A Symptomatic Reading from the Perspective of Radical Democracy -. 한상원 - 2023 - Cheolhak-Korean Journal of Philosophy 157:159-183.
    홉스의 독자로서 칼 슈미트는 홉스를 근대적 ‘개인적 자유’와 그 이후의 자유주의라는 판도라의 상자를 열어버린 인물로 저주한다. 물론 이러한 슈미트의 홉스 해석은 과장이다. 그러나 문제는 단순하지 않다. 이러한 슈미트의 ‘과장된’ 홉스 독해는 슈미트가 봉착한 난관에 대한 어떤 ‘징후’를 보여주는 것은 아닌가? 이 징후를 분석하는 가운데 우리는 슈미트의 이론을 넘어서, 혹은 슈미트를 거꾸로 독해함으로써 현대정치에 대한 정반대의 귀결을 도출하고자 한다. 그것은 자유주의의 역사적 의의를 ‘갈등의 제도화’에서 찾는 것이며, 따라서 자유주의가 낳은 제도화된 갈등의 영역 속에서 헤게모니적인 방식으로 이뤄지는 ‘정치적인 것’의 구성을 이론화하는 급진민주주의의 (...)
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  44. La hermenéutica bíblica hobbesiana del Leviatán.Marta García-Alonso - 2023 - Estudios Eclesiásticos 98:305-337.
    In this article, we will analyze the redefinition that Hobbes applies to the essential elements of Protestant biblical hermeneutics in the Leviathan. Establishing who is the authorized interpreter, defining the rules for conducting a proper exegesis, and determining the content that results from both tasks, is of utmost importance. The answers to these three questions lay the foundation for a new relationship between civil and ecclesiastical power and fully immerse Hobbes in the theological-political discussion of the 17th century.
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  45. Returning to Hobbes: Reflections on Political Philosophy.Jonathan Wolff - forthcoming - International Journal of Philosophical Studies:1-7.
    My paper ‘Hobbes and the Motivations of Social Contract Theory’ was published in this journal in 1994. In this contribution I explain the background that led me to write that paper at an early stage of my career, relating the explanation to my education as a student at UCL, and, briefly, at Harvard and contrasting the methodological approaches I experienced in the two departments. The Hobbes paper itself offers a type of ‘rational reconstruction’ of Hobbes, drawing on the logic of (...)
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  46. Identidade pessoal e mortalidade humana: Hobbes, Locke, Leibniz.Luc Foisneau - 2023 - Dois Pontos 20 (3).
    Ao refletir sobre o problema da identidade pessoal, Leibniz dialoga diretamente com Locke, a quem procura demonstrar que a consciência, concebida à maneira cartesiana, não é o único critério de identidade da pessoa humana. Nesse diálogo, Hobbes desempenha um papel essencial, que é triplo: primeiramente, na medida em que contribui, graças à sua teoria da pessoa natural, para distinguir o problema metafísico da individuação da substância e o problema moral da identidade da pessoa; depois, na medida em que coloca em (...)
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  47. Soberania e concepção do público no advento do Estado moderno: uma comparação entre os modelos de Jean Bodin e Thomas Hobbes.Wladimir Barreto Lisboa & Paulo Baptista Caruso MacDonald - 2023 - Dois Pontos 20 (3).
    O direito público contemporâneo é pensado a partir do tratamento impessoal dos cidadãos por autoridades e funcionários que agem dentro da moldura jurídica que delimita sua competência e orienta a sua ação ao interesse público. Se a soberania for compreendida a partir do instituto da propriedade (dominium), a relação entre o Estado e o cidadão acaba por espelhar a forma da relação entre senhor e escravo, em que os súditos se encontram submetidos à vontade privada do soberano. Uma tal modalidade (...)
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  48. “Hoy en muchos lugares hay mujeres que tienen el poder supremo” – Thomas Hobbes y las amazonas.Julian Alberto Ramirez Beltran - 2023 - Dois Pontos 20 (3).
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  49. Inveja em Hobbes: Leviatã como rei dos soberbos.Delamar José Volpato Dutra - 2023 - Dois Pontos 20 (3).
    O texto defende que afetos tais como orgulho, vaidade, inveja, busca de honra e glória, são estruturantes para a argumentação hobbesiana. Sustenta-se que sem tais afetos o estado de natureza não seria um estado de guerra, mas um estado de paz e concórdia, como defendido por Locke. Ademais, sem a consideração de tais afetos, o design do Leviatã seria fundamentalmente diferente, visto que as leis naturais que devem configurá-lo, só são compreensíveis em seu conteúdo se se pressupuser a autoconservação de (...)
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  50. Filosofia Natural e Filosofia Política em Hobbes.Clóvis Brondani - 2023 - Dois Pontos 20 (3).
    O objetivo deste texto é analisar o problema da tese da dependência da filosofia política em relação à filosofia natural no pensamento de Hobbes, apresentando alguns argumentos que evidenciam a dificuldade de conceber as teses políticas como sendo derivadas unicamente das premissas fundamentais do movimento. O texto inicia abordando o problema da relação entre filosofia natural e filosofia civil com o intuito de indicar elementos para sustentar o questionamento da tese da unidade entre as partes da filosofia. Na sequência, analisamos (...)
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