Este trabajo analiza los conceptos de justicia social y felicidad en la filosofía de Julián Marías con el fin de alcanzar tres metas: comprender su sentido; mostrar cómo pudo llegar a visiones originales de ellos gracias a que su teoría está fundamentada en una metafísica, y alumbrar cómo esta es un método para que podamos seguir pensando. Para ello, se revisan las tres grandes perspectivas filosóficas de Marías –la estructura analítica, la empírica y la de la persona– para indagar qué (...) se entiende por justicia social y felicidad. Asimismo, desde cada uno de estos puntos de vista se buscan las conexiones entre ambos temas. Finalmente se analiza si es verosímil esperar que haya una vida tras la muerte biológica, puesto que, según el filósofo, la perduración es una condición necesaria para que sea posible tanto la verdadera felicidad como la justicia social derivada de ella. (shrink)

This study aimed to investigate the student-athletes' capability to face the academic, sport, and social challenges during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown and to disclose novel aspects of dual careers. A 32-item online survey encompassing demographic characteristics, sport and university engagement, support and dual-career benefits, physical activity, sitting time, and the time deemed necessary to recover the previous level of performance was developed. Four hundred sixty-seven student-athletes (males: 57%, females: 43%) from 11 countries, competing in 49 different sports (individual: (...) 63.4%, team: 36.6%) at regional (17.5%), national (43.3%), and international (39.2%) levels, and enrolled at high school (21.9%) and university (78.1%) levels completed the survey. During the lockdown, the respondents decreased the time dedicated to sport and academics, although they maintained an active lifestyle. Student-athletes from countries under severe contagion were more likely to train at home, dedicate to academics, and receive support from the coach but less likely receive support from their teachers. With respect to their team sport counterparts, athletes competing in individual sports trained more and were more likely to receive support from their coaches. International athletes showed the highest training time and support from their coaches and as student-athletes. High school students received more support from their coaches and teachers, whereas university students were more likely considering dual careers useful to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. This study substantiates the relevant role of competitive sports participation in the maintenance of active lifestyles, with student-athletes considering home training and e-learning valuable resources during the lockdown. Furthermore, their sport and academic commitments helped student-athletes cope with the emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic. (shrink)

The aim of the present research was to assess elite student-athletes’ perception of the dual career during the lockdown caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, compared with a group of elite student-athletes who could develop their dual career under normal conditions. A total of 150 elite athletes who were also undergraduate or postgraduate students self-completed the “Perceptions of dual career student-athletes ” questionnaire. From them, 78 did it during the mandatory lockdown period due to the state of emergency caused (...) by COVID-19 and 72 completed it in the previous year to Rio 2016 Olympic Games. The COVID-19 group was found to spend a significantly higher number of hours per week studying, while no significant differences were observed between groups in any training time variable. Student-athletes of the COVID-19 group showed better perception of whether their sport career could help them cope with their academic career and better general perception of remote learning and the use of tasks and videoconferencing as learning support tools. A lower percentage of athletes of the COVID-19 group than of the control group wished to continue with their sport career once they finished their studies. To conclude, student-athletes of the COVID-19 group show adaptations with regard to the organization of their studies and the importance they give to them and to the services provided by dual-career programs, compared with student-athletes from an ordinary pre-Olympic year. In general, student-athletes’ perception of the dual career is very positive. (shrink)

The dual career allows elite athletes to attain their maximum competitive and academic performance, but the COVID-19 pandemic hindered their development and changed their perception of the importance given to the sporting and educational environment. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to determine the differences in the motivations and perceived barriers, the importance given to academic qualifications, and the perception of the dual career from a multifactorial perspective, of elite athletes according to sex, type of sport (...) practiced, job performance, time of sports career, type of athlete, and type of scholarship received. A total of 100 student-athletes participated in the research study by completing the “Perceptions of dual career student-athletes” questionnaire. The results showed that athletes from individual modalities and those who did not receive any scholarships described more barriers. In addition, women studied more because they enjoyed it ; athletes from individual modalities studied to work later ; athletes who do not work perceived a greater influence between study and sports performance ; at the beginning and at the best stage of their sports career, a greater influence of academics on performance was perceived ; and athletes who considered themselves professionals, and athletes who did not receive any scholarships, reported that the conciliation between sports and academic life was difficult. The results obtained point to the importance of dual career scholarships for student-athletes, as well as the need for the programs implemented for these athletes to consider sex, sport modality or type of scholarship granted. (shrink)

El hábito cartesiano constituye el elemento clave que posibilita la implantación de determinadas regularidades en mente y cuerpo, facilitando la intervención del sujeto en ambas dimensiones. Así, se observa cómo el hábito juega un importante papel en propuestas cartesianas centrales ― la asunción del método, los prejuicios de la infancia o la educación de las pasiones―, de forma que toda comprensión que se dirija a examinar éstas, deberá referirse previamente al concepto cartesiano de hábito. El presente artículo tratará, en consecuencia, (...) de elucidar el sentido de hábito. Para ello se efectuará una distinción entre los tipos de movimientos encargados de generar distintos hábitos y las diversas formas de memoria que permiten preservar las conexiones sobre las que éste se genera. Una vez ofrecida esta explicación sobre cómo se producen los hábitos, se propondrá una categorización apelando a la distinción establecida por Descartes entre alma y cuerpo. (shrink)

Social network sites are a new communication channel to convey CSR information. They are interactive channels that let users participate, spread content and generate positive and negative electronic word-of-mouth about companies that can dramatically affect their reputation and future business. To identify the factors behind this behaviour, we designed a causal model to explain the intention to both comment on and share a negative corporate social responsibility news posted on Facebook. We included the following as explanatory variables: social consciousness, environmental (...) consciousness, information usefulness, corporate image and attitude towards sharing and commenting on CSR news. We surveyed 208 Facebook users who evaluated a fictitious news item about an environmental issue. We observed that social and environmental consciousness influences the usefulness of information and the attitude towards behaviour, which may explain the eWOM intention of the specific news. However, corporate image can cause people to refrain from generating eWOM and spreading the news on their friend social network. (shrink)

The introduction of a new analytical method, due fundamentally to François Viète and René Descartes and the later dissemination of their works, resulted in a profound change in the way of thinking and doing mathematics. This change, known as process of algebrization, occurred during the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries and led to a great transformation in mathematics. Among many other consequences, this process gave rise to the treatment of the results in the classic treatises with the new analytical method, (...) which allowed new visions of such treatises and the obtaining of new results. Among those treatises is the Arithmetic of Diophantus of Alexandria which was written, using the new algebraic language, by the French mathematician Jacques Ozanam, who in addition to profusely increasing the original problems of Diophantus, solved them in a general way, thus obtaining many geometric consequences. The work is handwritten, it has never been published, it has been lost for almost 300 years, and the known references show its importance. We will show that Ozanam’s manuscript was quoted as an important work on several occasions by others mathematicians of the time, among whom G. W. Leibniz stands out. Once the manuscript has been located, our aim in this article is to show and analyze this work of Ozanam, its content, its notation and its structure and how, through the new algebraic method, he not only solved and expanded the questions proposed by Diophantus, but also introduced a connection between the algebraic solutions and what he called geometric determinations by obtaining loci from the solutions. (shrink)

RESUMENEn este artículo vamos a tratar la complejidad de la noción de cultura. La cultura ha sido tratada por muchos movimientos y por muchos pensadores. Nos centraremos en algunos de ellos y sobre todo en García Morente. La cultura es el ámbito en que se mueve todo y de modo especial el lenguaje; el marco ineludible y el mayor reto de la traducción.PALABRAS CLAVECULTURA – CIVILIZACION – TRADUCCION ABSTRACTThe complex notion of culture is the main subject of this article. (...) It has been studied by many movements and scholars, notably by García Morente, whose thesis on culture will be discussed. Everything, as well as language, in its own special way, comes under the scope of culture. Thus culture bound lexical items and concepts being the greatest challenge for the translator.KEYWORDSCULTURE – CIVILIZATION - TRANSLATION. (shrink)

Drawing on Brown and Fraser’s (in: Giles, Scherer (eds) Social markers in speech, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 33–62, 1979) framework for the analysis of communicative situations and Fuentes Rodríguez’s (Lingüística pragmática y Análisis del discurso, Arco Libros, Madrid, 2000; in Estudios de Lingüística: Investigaciones lingüísticas en el siglo XXI, 2009. https://doi.org/10.14198/ELUA2009.Anexo3.04 ) model of pragmatic analysis, this paper examines three home-made recordings featuring some of the members of the terrorist cell responsible for the 2017 vehicle-ramming attacks in Barcelona and (...) Cambrils weighted as evidence during the trial held between November 2020 and May 2021 in the Spanish National High Court. The aim of this qualitative analysis is to test whether the linguistic evidence available supports the allegation that the participation in these recordings by one of the accused, Mohamed Houli Chemlal, had been planned by his interlocutors. Results show, first, that the exchanges analyzed present features indicative of both spontaneity and (limited) planification. Second, that Houli makes key contributions to the unfolding of the interactions shown in the recordings and that he does so in a cooperative and apparently relaxed manner, which could at best provide only partial support to his allegations. It is claimed that forensic linguistic analysis can generate valuable insights within terrorism-related legal proceedings. (shrink)

Using a prototype approach, we assessed people’s lay conceptions of intuition and analysis. Open-ended descriptions of intuition and analysis were generated by participants (Study 1) and resulting exemplars were sorted into features subsequently rated in centrality by independent participants (Study 2). Feature centrality was validated by showing that participants were quicker and more accurate in classifying central (as compared to peripheral) features (Study 3). Centrality ratings suggested a single-factor structure describing analysis but revealed that participants held lay conceptions of intuition (...) as involving two different types of processes: (1) as an automatic, affective, and non-logical processing, and (2) as a holistic processing that can assist in problem-solving. Additional analyses showed that the centrality ratings of intuition’s facets were predicted by participants’ self-reported intuitive style, suggesting intuition is differently perceived by intuitive and non-intuitive people. We discuss the implications of these results for the study of intuition and analysis. (shrink)

This essay concerns the causation involved in divine sustenance—the “pressure of the will of God” that continually upholds things in existence and supplies them with their properties and powers. My aim is to consolidate the theological doctrine of sustenance and a metaphysical theory of properties. Towards that end, I develop and motivate two consolidatory proposals, which together secure a more parsimonious theistic ontology and integrate the doctrine of sustenance and a theory of properties in a mutually enhancing way. The bulk (...) of the essay concerns the first proposal, which I explain and motivate in the first three sections. In the last two sections I explain and motivate the second proposal. (shrink)

My aim in this paper is to show that and how animal organisms are appropriate subjects of normative evaluation, on Hegel's view. I contrast my reading with the interpretive positions of Sebastian Rand and Mark Alznauer. I disagree with Rand and agree with Alznauer that animal organisms are normatively evaluable for Hegel. I substantiate my disagreement with Rand, and supplement Alznauer's interpretation, by spelling out the role that the ‘generic process’ or ‘genus process [Gattungsprozess]’ plays within Hegel's account of animal (...) organisms and their normative evaluability. In the course of my discussion, I highlight the main differences that Hegel purports to identify between animal and vegetable organisms and suggest that the upshot of those differences is that some but not all plants are normatively evaluable, by his lights. I also situate Hegel's discussion of theGattungsprozesswithin the debate on biological functions in the philosophy of biology over the last few decades. (shrink)

Guy Rohrbaugh and Allan Hazlett have provided two arguments against the thesis that musical works are types. In short, they assume that, according to our modal talk and intuitions, musical works are modally flexible entities; since types are modally inflexible entities, musical works are not types. I argue that Rohrbaugh’s and Hazlett’s arguments fail and that the type/token theorist can preserve the truth of our modal claims and intuitions even if types are modally inflexible entities. First, I consider two alternatives (...) for the type/token theorist proposed in recent literature about the topic: the created types’ solution and the created abstract objects’ solution. I argue that none of them is attractive for the type/token theorist because they do not preserve the theoretical advantages of type/token theories to explain musical works’ repeatable nature. Then, I focus on the arguments’ common premise that musical works are modally flexible entities. A deeper analysis of musical practice will show that this premise is not true: our modal claims do not imply that musical works could have had different intrinsic but, instead, extrinsic properties. Finally, I show how the nested types theory may offer a satisfactory explanation of this fact and how it captures the truth of our modal talk about musical works. (shrink)

ObjectiveThis study aimed to analyze the influence and measurement of the relationship and interaction between the elderly lifestyles after the appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 variant and the factors analyzed comprised life satisfaction levels, social relationships, and daily-life activities.MethodsThe study population was ≥ 65 in Castile-La Mancha. The research design was quantitative and arose from primary data collected via an ad hoc survey carried out through the Computer Assisted Telephone Interview system by randomly stratified sampling. The sample size was made up (...) of 1,065 cases, and the participants were selected through a random sampling stratified by gender quotas, age, province, and habitat size.ResultsThe results obtained revealed two main lifestyles, from which a notable behavioral change in personal relationships led to infer toward alternative lifestyles.ConclusionNotwithstanding the variation in lifestyles of the elderly after the pandemic, certain relationships remained unaltered. Thus, from the analyzed variables, relatives and friends relationships were scarcely influenced by the supervened incident. (shrink)

En filosofía de la percepción el relacionamiento con el entorno es el terreno donde el Realismo Ingenuo y el Intencionalismo se posicionan como dos posturas contrarias. La primera de ellas presenta una explicación que satisface al que busca un esclarecimiento del relacionamiento íntimo en la presentación del entorno durante la percepción, mientras que la otra teoría podría satisfacer a aquellos que buscan un esclarecimiento de la manera en la cual el entorno se presente de tal o cual modo a diferentes (...) percipientes, dando espacio para la formación de juicios y creencias particulares. Pero ¿podrá existir un planteamiento intermedio que asegure la intimidad de la presentación perceptual y la representación del entorno? El siguiente articulo expondrá los elementos del debate abordando una definición de cada teoría, luego avanzando hacia una alternativa intermedia y, finalmente, concluyendo de la posibilidad de tal postura intermedia, pero con un enfoque representacional dinámico. (shrink)

El presente artículo sostiene la siguiente hipótesis: la inmensa mayoría de las conceptualizaciones teóricas con las que, a inicios del siglo XXI, se intenta dar cuenta de la subjetividad contemporánea son explícita o subrepticiamente reelaboraciones del concepto de superhombre. De ciborgs a posthumanos, pasando por una amplia y variada gama de sujetos contemporáneos, se puede apreciar que el concepto de Übermensch aporta las claves fundamentales con las cuales deconstruir el concepto de identidad fija que pone en juego el universalismo abstracto. (...) Siguiendo la teorización de Nietzsche, estas nuevas posiciones teóricas proponen una forma particular y concreta de vida como alternativa a las dicotomías y trasmundos con que la metafísica construyó a los sujetos del pasado. Sin embargo, estas propuestas han pasado por alto algo fundamental. Para demostrarlo, proponemos una relectura de Nietzsche y de dichos conceptos con el objetivo de plantear una nueva manera de pensar sobre la vida. (shrink)

ResumenEl artículo presenta una de las versiones de la teoría sociológica del riesgo, en la tradición de estudios sobre la diosa Fortuna. En concreto, la desarrollada por Ulrich Beck. Desde esta posición, analiza la interpretación que beck hace de la modernidad en los términos de «modernidad reflexiva» y extrae las consecuencias que se derivan para una concepción moderna y reflexiva de lo políticoPALABRAS CLAVEMODERNIDAD-POLITICA-RIESGO-BECK-FORTUNAABSTRACTThe paper deals with one of the versions of the sociological theory of risk, within the tradition of (...) studies on the goddess Fortune. Namely, the one developed by Ulrich Beck. From this position, it examines Beck's interpretation of modernity in terms of «reflexive modernity» and draw its consequences for a modern, reflexive conception of the political KEYWORDSMODERNITY- POLITICS-RISK-BECK-FORTUNE. (shrink)

Dating manuscripts is a difficult task – particularly when these are not expressly datemarked, but even when they are. Factors such as the existence of successive copies that continue and repeat established models and production methods make dating a challenging task. The present work forms part of a much broader, comprehensive, investigation on the material composition of dated and bound manuscripts from the School of arabic Studies– CSIC of Granada. By means of a study protocol, errors in the dating of (...) manuscripts ms6, ms10, ms26 and ms29 are successfully detected and corrected, and alternative dating proposed. (shrink)

The goal of this paper is to examine whether business performance is affected by the adoption of practices included under the term Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). To achieve this goal, we analyse the relation between CSR and certain accounting indicators and examine whether there exist significant differences in performance indicators between European firms that have adopted CSR and others that have not. The effects of compliance with the requirements of CSR were determined on the basis of firms included in the (...) Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI), and specific accounting indicators were applied to measure performance. For the purposes of this study, we selected one group of firms belonging to the DJSI and another comprised of firms quoted on the Dow Jones Global Index (DJGI) but not on the DJSI. The sample was made up of two groups of 55 firms, studied for the period 1998–2004. Empirical analysis supports the conclusion that differences in performance exist between firms that belong to the DJSI and to the DJGI and that these differences are related to CSR practices. We find that a short-term negative impact on performance is produced. (shrink)

Diego de Pantoja (1571-1618), jesuita español, contribuyó decisivamente al desarrollo del _pinyin_, un método clave para el aprendizaje del chino. Su original contribución reside en el uso que hizo de partituras musicales para facilitar el correcto aprendizaje de los tonos chinos. A pesar de la importancia de su invención, este aspecto de la obra de Pantoja no ha podido ser claramente dilucidado hasta la fecha, tal vez debido a la escasez de fuentes históricas y a su deficiente interpretación. Nuestro estudio (...) analiza meticulosamente fuentes primarias de los periodos Ming y Qing para explorar e interpretar los perfiles básicos del método del _pinyin_ musical creado por Pantoja, y de su relevancia en la historia del diálogo intercultural Oriente-Occidente. (shrink)

The emergence of AI is posing serious challenges to standard conceptions of moral status. New non-biological entities are able to act and make decisions rationally. The question arises, in this regard, as to whether AI systems possess or can possess the necessary properties to be morally considerable. In this chapter, we have undertaken a systematic analysis of the various debates that are taking place about the moral status of AI. First, we have discussed the possibility that AI systems, by virtue (...) of its new agential capabilities, can be understood as a moral agent. Discussions between those defending mentalist and anti-mentalist positions have revealed many nuances and particularly relevant theoretical aspects. Second, given that an AI system can hardly be an entity qualified to be responsible, we have delved into the responsibility gap and the different ways of understanding and addressing it. Third, we have provided an overview of the current and potential patientist capabilities that AI systems possess. This has led us to analyze the possibilities of AI possessing moral patiency. In addition, we have addressed the question of the moral and legal rights of AI. Finally, we have introduced the two most relevant authors of the relational turn on the moral status of AI, Mark Coeckelbergh and David Gunkel, who have been led to defend a relational approach to moral life as a result of the problems associated with the ontological understanding of moral status. (shrink)

Despite the emphasis on dialogue and argumentation in educational settings, still not much is known about how best we can support learners in their interthinking, reasoning, and metadialogic understanding. The goal of this classroom intervention study is to explore the degree of students’ dialogicity and its possible increase during a learning programme implementing dialogic and argument-based teaching goals and principles. In particular, we focus on how students from 5 to 15 years old engage with each other's ideas, and whether/how this (...) engagement is influenced by lesson and classroom setting factors. The participants were 4208 students distributed in preprimary, primary, and secondary classrooms of five countries (UK, Portugal, Germany, Spain, and Cyprus). Findings suggest that there is a consistent increase with age for some high-dialogicity moves, and students behave more dialogically in whole-class discussions rather than small-group activities. (shrink)

El perfil del ensayo donde este artículo se despliega, va a permitir que surjan conceptos dentro de la temática del desarrollo de la conciencia, no son conocidos, sucede de esta manera porque intentan aportar al debate de lo humano, el deseo de ser apropiados para su continuidad y establecerse como práctica. Se expone un esquema que permitirá explicar el modelo denominado: niveles de conciencia de lo humano, con la manera de llegar a la complementariedad entre el conocimiento y el saber. (...) Se divide en tres partes, donde se dilucida la conceptualización sobre la conciencia, también se determinan las diferencias con teorías de la psicología transpersonal y se sugieren dos usos: 1) en elementos ficcionales, para reflejar el tránsito por los niveles de conciencia y 2) en la poesía, en su pretensión de decir sobre el saber que nace de una conciencia asimilada con el trabajo desde el alma o el Espíritu. (shrink)

Morality and religion: intimately wed, violently opposed, or something else? Discussion of this issue appears in pop culture, the academy, and the media―often generating radically opposed views. At one end of the spectrum are those who think that unless God exists, ethics is unfounded and the moral life is unmotivated. At the other end are those who think that religious belief is unnecessary for―and even a threat to―ethical knowledge and the moral life. -/- This volume provides an accessible, charitable discussion (...) that represents a range of views along this spectrum. The book begins with a lively debate between Paul Kurtz and William Lane Craig on the question, Is goodness without God good enough? Kurtz defends the affirmative position and Craig the negative. Following the debate are new essays by prominent scholars. These essays comment on the debate and advance the broader discussion of religion and morality. The book closes with final responses from Kurtz and Craig. (shrink)

A mística, embora implique certa relação com o suprassensível, apresenta traços fenomenológicos comuns com a experiência sensível do belo e com a criação artística. Este artigo pretende examinar as imprecisas fronteiras entre a mística e a estética a partir de três autores do século XX, estudiosos de Plotino: Evelyn Underhill, Vladimir Jankélévitch e Juan David García Bacca. Primeiramente, será analisado o estatuto da sensibilidade, da beleza e da arte na espiritualidade de Underhill. Em seguida, será verificado de que modo (...) o campo da inefabilidade, ressaltado ao longo da obra de Jankélévitch e, em particular, em sua estética musical, garante a aproximação entre as duas áreas. Em terceiro lugar, será investigada a confluência do caminho místico e do caminho da Beleza na leitura feita por García Bacca do itinerário, prescrito por Plotino, rumo ao Transcendente. A título de conclusão, serão destacados pontos de convergência e de divergência entre os autores. Palavras-chave: Beleza. Arte. Inefabilidade. Transcendente. Neopla¬tonismo. (shrink)

This article takes as its starting-point that a viable account of concept acquisition must be ontogenetically sound, and analyses in detail two alternative accounts of concept acquisition, one conceptualist and the other non-conceptualist, concluding that the conceptualist account is to be preferred.

This paper analyzes the concept of alterity in the thought of Emmanuel Levinas and its importance to make a critic of the ethical ones of dialogical inspiration. As opposed to the conception of the intersubjective relations founded on in a previous community, the alterity concept shows the necessity to think the sense to us of the ethics from the other.