In recent years, the field of virtual reality (VR) has shown tremendous advancements and is utilized in fields ranging from entertainment, scientific research, social networks, artistic creation as well as numerous approaches to employ VR for psychotherapy. While the use of VR in psychotherapy has been widely discussed, little attention has been given to the potential of this new medium for art therapy. Artistic expression in virtual reality is a novel medium which offers unique possibilities, extending beyond classical expressive art (...) mediums. Creation in virtual reality includes options such as three-dimensional painting, an immersive creative experience, dynamic scaling and embodied expression. In this perspective paper, we present the potentials and challenges of virtual reality for art therapy and outline basic principles for its implementation. We focus on the novel qualities offered by this creative medium (the virtual environment, virtual materials and unreal characteristics) and on the core aspects of virtual reality (such as presence, Immersivity, point of view and perspective) for the practice of art therapy. (shrink)

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Inquisitive modal logic, InqML, is a generalisation of standard Kripke-style modal logic. In its epistemic incarnation, it extends standard epistemic logic to capture not just the information that agents have, but also the questions that they are interested in. Technically, InqML fits within the family of logics based on team semantics. From a model-theoretic perspective, it takes us a step in the direction of monadic second-order logic, as inquisitive modal operators involve quantification over sets of worlds. We introduce and investigate (...) the natural notion of bisimulation equivalence in the setting of InqML. We compare the expressiveness of InqML and first-order logic in the context of relational structures with two sorts, one for worlds and one for information states, and characterise inquisitive modal logic as the bisimulation invariant fragment of first-order logic over various natural classes of two-sorted structures. (shrink)

Early modern medicine was much more dependent on the senses than its contemporary counterpart. Although a comprehensive medical theory existed that assigned great value to taste and odor of medicaments, historical descriptions of taste and odor appears imprecise and inconsistent to modern eyes. How did historical actors move from subjective experience of taste and odor to culturally stable agreements that facilitated communication about the sensory properties of medicaments? This paper addresses this question, not by investigating texts, but by going straight (...) to the sensory impression, which certain substances convey. The aim is not to overwrite or rectify historical descriptions but to investigate whether modern methodologies for sensory assessment can be enlisted to understand the past. We draw on history of science for framing and research questions, pharmaceutical science for knowledge of pharmaceuticals and preparations, and food and meal science for assaying procedures and protocols. We show that sensory evaluation can yield precise descriptions that would not have been alien to early modern medicine makers. However, there are problems with translating descriptions of taste between different historical contexts. By comparing contemporary descriptions of sensations with eighteenth‐century ones, the article discusses how sensory descriptions are highly dependent on context, and subject to historical change. (shrink)

Shadow pictures radically changed the modern understanding of pictorial concepts. Tim Otto Roth’s broadly based cultural history traces the consequences of this revolution of methods of vision and image production in the sciences and the arts. By means of abundant image and text sources he develops a picture theory based on physics and projective geometry. This definitive book comprising 500 pages provides a generally understandable and vivid insight in the history of shadowgraphs from the 19th century until the present (...) age. A crucial role play scientific processes as the X-ray technique, but also the artistic examination of space and body. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: Disbelief/Dissent/Unbelief/Atheism After Positivism Against False Simplifications Transforming Metaphysical Questions from Urgent Problems into Interesting Puzzles Rejecting Any Answers From Presumed “Higher Instances” Scientific Solutions to Problems and Philosophical Answers to Questions Struggling Toward Humanism Notes.

1. Bd. Moralia Horatiana; das ist, Die horazische Sittenlehre, von P. von Zesen.--2. Bd. La doctrine des moeurs, tiree de la philosophie des stoiques, par M. Le R. de Gomberville.

Enthält: Die Herkunft der platonischen Kardinaltugenden / Otto Kunsemüller. And, Kalos kai agathos / Hermann Wankel.

Certain palaeontological observations, of which some examples are described do not fit in either a Lamarckian or Darwinian view of evolution. Both of these mechanistic theories assume small character-changes in the end stages of ontogeny, which gradually accumulate and are supposed thus to have given rise to all evolutionary progress. Palaeontology, on the other hand, teaches that the fundamental qualitative changes in the morphological plan have taken place in a saltatory manner in more or less young ontogenetic stages . Only (...) after the morphological plan has been built in a phylogenetic phase of explosive, early ontogenetic changing of type follows a phase of stable, continous evolution. It is shown that, theoretically, no other kind of fundamental change in the organisation is possible and that many, otherwise inexplicable, phenomena, the lack of transition forms, the question of ancestral stocks, the ideas of the biology of organisms as a “whole” etc., find their explanation by this means.Il y a certaines observations paléontologiques, dont l'auteur donne plusieurs exemples, et qu'on ne pourrait mettre d'accord avec un aspect larmarckienne ou darwinienne. Ce sont là des essais mécaniques d'explication, qui comptent avec de petites modifications de caractères dans les derniers stades de l'ontogénèse qui se totalisent peu à peu et devraient ainsi avoir occasionné tout progrès phylogénétique. Par contre, la paléontologie enseigne que les transformations qualitatives profondes des plans de constructions ont évolué par bonds dans les stades ontogénétiques plus ou moins juvéniles . C'est seulement après que les types ont été formés dans une phase phylogénétique de transformation explosive et juvénile, qu'une phase d'une évolution stable et continue vient s'y ajouter. On démontre que théoriquement un autre procédé d'un changement profond d'organisation est absolument impossible et que de cette manière un grand nombre de phénomènes par ailleurs incompréhensibles trouvent de la sorte leurs explications: par exemple l'absence des formes transitoires, la question des formes de racines, les conceptions de la biologie du „tout” de l'organisme etc. (shrink)

In den „Fundamenta praedemonstrabilia“ der Theoria motus abstracti entwickelt Leibniz den Versuch, das Kontinuum als aus grundsätzlich unteilbaren Einheiten in einer Weise aufgebaut zu denken, die seine Kontinuität bewahrt - durch die systematische Unterscheidung der Verhältnisse von ,unum ad infinitum‘ und von ,nullius ad unum‘ versucht er hier Balance zu halten. Zwar komme ich zu dem Ergebnis, daß Leibniz' Auffassung vom Kontinuum in der Theoria motus abstracti letztlich inkohärent bleibt, gleichwohl bildet er Begriffe, die sein weiteres Bemühen, den Zugang zum (...) Unendlich-Kleinen neu zu legen, zum Mittel seiner Lösung des ,labyrinthus de compositione continui‘ gestalten. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit konfrontiere ich die hier vorgelegte Interpretation der Position von Leibniz einer Deutung, die unlängst Philip Beeley gab. (shrink)

O presente artigo visa analisar os Manuscritos econômico-filosóficos de 1844 em vista da dimensão ética presente na crítica da economia política. Em linhas gerais, trata-se de compreender em que medida certa concepção da essência humana baliza a crítica. Para tanto, a investigação é dividida em quatro momentos, nas críticas ao “cinismo da economia política”, ao “trabalho alienado”, ao dinheiro e à “moral da economia política”.

Normally, if A knows B, B knows A, and ‘Lake Garda knows me’ is a poetic way of saying ‘I know Lake Garda’. The exchange of subject and object elevates diction and sentiment, but it can also help with the metre, especially where nouns such as gloria. and femina are concerned. Thus in 1.8. 46 the poet says ista meam norit gloria canitiem when in strict logic he should have said istam mea norit gloriam canities. Similarly here what he really (...) wants to says is qua dum iter faciam feminam nullam norim. He must have been aware that the relationship is reciprocal, and something like oblitusque mearum, obliuiscendus et illis may well have been in his mind. But his main desire was to forget and not to know anything of women any more. (shrink)

SummaryThis article approaches eighteenth-century views on scientific academies by examining Haller's utterances, public and private, especially those occasioned by the founding of the Göttingen Society. It deals in turn with his understanding of the distinctive purpose of academies, with his explanation of the chief ways in which they realized this end, with his thoughts on their broader usefulness, and finally with his various reasons for considering close ties with the state to be essential to their productive and harmonious operations.