In recent years, governments in a large number of countries have introduced so-called deployment policies to foster the diffusion of clean energy technologies. While there is little doubt that these demand-side measures have been very effective in raising the share of clean electricity generation, currently, much less is known about how deployment policies affect—and are affected by—technological innovation beyond the mere diffusion of existing technologies. Against this backdrop, this dissertation abstract and commentary presents the dissertation work of Dr. Joern Hoppmann. (...) Based on a discussion of deployment policies as a means for addressing pressing societal issues, the dissertation abstract describes four essays that provide a detailed account of the role that these policies play for technological learning in the solar photovoltaic industry. The theoretical background, methods, and main findings of each of the essays are briefly summarized. Building on this, this abstract discusses implications for managers and policy makers in terms of how to improve the design of deployment policies and navigate businesses in policy-induced markets. (shrink)

Introductory survey -- Atomic theory and mechanics -- The quantum postulate and the recent development of atomic theory -- The quantum of action and the description of nature -- The atomic theory and the fundamental principles underlying the description of nature.

These articles and speeches by the Nobel Prize-winning physicist date from 1934 to 1958. Rather than expositions on quantum physics, the papers are philosophical in nature, exploring the relevance of atomic physics to many areas of human endeavor. Includes an essay in which Bohr and Einstein discuss quantum and_wave equation theories. 1961 edition.

v. 1. Atomic theory and the description of nature -- v. 2. Essays 1932-1957 on atomic physics and human knowledge -- v. 3. Essays 1958-1962 on atomic physics and human knowledge -- v. 4. Causality and complementarity.

On several occasions I have pointed out that the lesson taught us by recent developments in physics regarding the necessity of a constant extension of the frame of concepts appropriate for the classification of new experiences leads us to a general epistemological attitude which might help us to avoid apparent conceptual difficulties in other fields of science as well. Since, however, the opinion has been expressed from various sides that this attitude would appear to involve a mysticism incompatible with the (...) true spirit of science, I am very glad to use the present opportunity of addressing this assembly of scientists working in quite different fields but united in their striving to find a common ground for our knowledge, to come back to this question, and above all to try to clear up the misunderstandings which have arisen. (shrink)

SummaryA short exposition is given of the foundation of the causal description in classical physics and the failure of the principle of causality in coping with atomic phenomena. It is emphasized that the individuality of the quantum processes excludes a separation between a behaviour of the atomic objects and their interaction with the measuring instruments denning the conditions under which the phenomena appear. This circumstance forces us to recognize a novel relationship, conveniently termed complementarity, between empirical evidence obtained under different (...) experimental conditions. An appropriate tool for a complementary mode of description is provided by the quantum‐mechanical formalism which allows us to account for regularities of definite or statistical character beyond the grasp of classical physical explanation. – N. B. (shrink)

Introduction -- Light and life -- Biology and atomic physics -- Natural philosophy and human cultures -- Discussion with Einstein on epistemological problems in atomic physics -- Unity of knowledge -- Atoms and human knowledge -- Physical science and the problem of life.

The paper presents a revised view of quantum mechanics centered on the notion (“genuine fortuitousness”) that the click in a counter is a totally lawless event, which comes by itself. A crucial point is the distinction between events on the spacetime scene and the content of the symbolic algorism. A revised conception of matrix variables emerges, by which such a variable, as part of a whole, does not have a value, under any circumstance. This conception is at variance with that (...) of indeterminate variables. A matrix variable not having a value does not enter spacetime and is not a measurable quantity, but manifests itself by a click in a counter with the remarkable property of having an onset, a beginning, from which the click develops. The individual click with its immense complexity is unique and lawless, even beyond probability. The notion of probability only applies to clicks in low resolution, and the completeness of a probabilistic theory is thereby seen in a new perspective. The genuinely fortuitous click is not produced by the impact of a particle, nor caused by an event in the source prior to the click in the counter. Indeed, there are no particles on the spacetime scene. The theory is thereby liberated from notions, which go with particles having indeterminate variables, and which have given to quantum mechanics the image of an unfathomable theory. With no particle as intermediary, the connection between source and detector is non-local, as is the entire theory, which deals exclusively with distributions of clicks. The locality permeating quantum mechanics is a symbolic one. The wave function enters in the sole role of encoding the probability distributions of clicks. The quest to understand the occurrence of the click in terms of the evolution of the wave function loses its meaning. However, click distributions in low resolution can be analyzed in terms of the connection between click distributions for different sets of counters, as given by the wave function. With increasing resolution, the probabilities, and the wave function, gradually lose significance, whereby the onset remains beyond reach. Thus, the downward path from events on the spacetime scene does not extend beyond the onset. The notion that quantum mechanics deals with particles (or fields) is rooted in the historical evolution but appears unable to accomodate genuine fortuitousness. The latter concept is given its due place by fully accepting the abstract nature of the matrix variables. (shrink)

Die Editionswissenschaft, aber auch die editorisch arbeitenden Fachdisziplinen haben sich bisher nicht besonders intensiv um das spezifische Verhältnis von Kanon und Edition bemüht. Der vorliegende Band legt in einem interdisziplinären Zugriff exemplarische Studien aus der Literaturwissenschaft, der Musikwissenschaft und der Philosophie vor, die theoretische Fragestellungen der Kanonforschung mit Fällen der fachgeschichtlichen Editionspraxis verbinden, um so Konturen einer fachübergreifenden Beziehungsbeschreibung von Kanonbildung und Editionspraxis sichtbar zu machen. Dazu schlägt der Band vier Wege ein. In einer ersten, wissenschaftsgeschichtlich orientierten Rubrik werden „Aspekte (...) der Fachgeschichtsschreibung" aus philosophischer und neu- wie altgermanistischer Perspektive in den Blick genommen. Die zweite Rubrik „Ausgabentypologische Aspekte" befragt die Editionsformen in ihrem Bezug zu Kanonbildungsprozessen. Wie sich Autor-, Editor- und Leser-/Benutzer-Perspektiven auf Kanonisierungsphänomene niederschlagen, erörtert die dritte Rubrik „Produktions- und rezeptionsästhetische Aspekte". Schließlich wirft die vierte Rubrik „Wissenschaftspolitische Aspekte" ein Augenmerk auf die Auswirkungen von institutionellen, lebensweltlichen und biografischen Rahmenbedingungen auf Kanonisierungsfragen im Kontext von Editionen. (shrink)

The present article reports on the finding of the principle behind quantum mechanics. The principle, referred to as genuine fortuitousness, implies that the basic event, a click in a counter, comes without any cause and thus as a discontinuity in spacetime. From this principle, the formalism of quantum mechanics emerges with a radically new content, no longer dealing with things to be measured. Instead, quantum mechanics is recognized as the theory of distributions of uncaused clicks that form patterns laid down (...) by spacetime symmetry and is thereby revealed as a subject of unexpected simplicity and beauty. The departure from usual quantum mechanics is strikingly borne out by the absence of Planck's constant from the theory. The elimination of indeterminate particles as cause for the clicks, which the principle of genuine fortuitousness implies, is analogous to the elimination of the ether implied by the principle of relativity. (shrink)

Translation: Niels BOHR, "Light and Life." Nature, roč. 131, 1933, s. 421–423 (první část), s. 457–459 (druhá část).

Drei wichtige Manuskripte aus dem Nachlass von Richard Schaeffler - er lebte von 1926 bis 2019 - versammelt dieses Buch, ergänzt um eine Reflexion zur Theodizee und vier Beiträgen des Herausgebers über Leben und Werk des bedeutenden Philosophen. Die bisher unbekannten, autobiographisch geprägten Texte Schaefflers, die er kurz vor seinem Tod dem Herausgeber für eine spätere Veröffentlichung überließ, erscheinen hier erstmals. Bei näherem Hinsehen zeigt sich, dass Denken und Leben bei Schaeffler zu einer Einheit verschmelzen: Durch Lebenserfahrung angestoßen, eröffnet uns (...) das Denken die Möglichkeit einer Versöhnung mit der eigenen Lebensgeschichte. Das gilt in besonderer Weise für die Erfahrung von Leid, die Schaefflers Leben vor allem in der Jugend - als Halbjude in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus - und im Alter - angesichts von Krankheit und Siechtum - prägte. Wie kann Philosophie mit Leiden und Endlichkeit umgehen, ohne der Verzweiflung zu verfallen? Dem Leser gibt Schaeffler Zeugnis von seiner Selbstverständigung als Wissenschaftler: dass nämlich Philosophie nur dort ihren Namen verdient, wo sie nicht in der weltentrückten Beschaulichkeit eines Gelehrtenzimmers betrieben wird, sondern - als Lebensform eingeübt und erprobt - ihren Ausgang nimmt in den eigenen (Leid-) Erfahrungen - der Erfahrung bedrängender menschlicher Endlichkeit. Das Leben ist der Prüfstein des Denkens. Der Herausgeber Christoph Böhr ist ao. Professor für Philosophie an der Hochschule Heiligenkreuz/Wien und leitet dort die Forschungsstelle für Metaphysik. (shrink)